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We aimed to investigate whether the consumption of Egg White Hydrolysate (EWH) acts on nervous system disorders induced by exposure to Cadmium (Cd) in rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into (a) Control (Ct): H2O by gavage for 28 days + H2O (i.p. - 15th - 28th day); (b) Cadmium (Cd): H2O by gavage + CdCl2 - 1 mg/kg/day (i.p. - 15th - 28th day); (c) EWH 14d: EWH 1 g/kg/day by gavage for 14 days + H2O (i.p.- 15th - 28th day); (d) Cd + EWH cotreatment (Cd + EWHco): CdCl2 + EWH for 14 days; (e) EWH 28d: EWH for 28 days; (f) EWHpre + Cd: EWH (1st - 28th day) + CdCl2 (15th - 28th day). At the beginning and the end of treatment, neuromotor performance (Neurological Deficit Scale); motor function (Rota-Rod test); ability to move and explore (Open Field test); thermal sensitivity (Hot Plate test); and state of anxiety (Elevated Maze test) were tested. The antioxidant status in the cerebral cortex and the striatum were biochemically analyzed. Cd induces anxiety, and neuromotor, and thermal sensitivity deficits. EWH consumption prevented anxiety, neuromotor deficits, and alterations in thermal sensitivity, avoiding neuromotor deficits both when the administration was performed before or during Cd exposure. Both modes of administration reduced the levels of reactive species, and the lipid peroxidation increased by Cd and improved the striatum's antioxidant capacity. Pretreatment proved to be beneficial in preventing the reduction of SOD activity in the cortex. EWH could be used as a functional food with antioxidant properties capable of preventing neurological damage induced by Cd.
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Cadmio , Clara de Huevo , Estrés Oxidativo , Ratas Wistar , Animales , Masculino , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Cadmio/toxicidad , Clara de Huevo/química , Ratas , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Antioxidantes/uso terapéutico , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso/inducido químicamente , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso/prevención & control , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso/tratamiento farmacológico , Hidrolisados de Proteína/farmacología , Hidrolisados de Proteína/uso terapéutico , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/uso terapéutico , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/farmacologíaRESUMEN
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of an egg white hydrolysate (EWH) to protect white adipose tissue damage from cardiometabolic changes induced by severe hypertension. Male Wistar rats were uninephrectomised and divided: SHAM (weekly subcutaneous vehicle (mineral oil + propylene glycol, 1:1)), SHAM + EWH (subcutaneous vehicle plus EWH via gavage, 1 g/kg per day), DOCA (deoxycorticosterone acetate diluted in vehicle subcutaneously weekly in subsequent doses of 20 mg/kg -1st week, 12 mg/kg - 23th week, and 6 mg/kg -48th week, respectively, plus 1 % NaCl and 0·2 % KCl in drinking water), and DOCA + EWH. Body weight gain, food and water intake, glucose and lipid metabolism were evaluated. Oxidative stress was assessed by biochemical assay and immunofluorescence for NOX-1, nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), and caspase-3 in retroperitoneal white adipose tissue (rtWAT). Proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and 1ß), CD163+ macrophage infiltration, and immunohistochemistry for TNFα and uncoupling protein-1 were evaluated, as well as histological analysis on rtWAT. Glutathione peroxidase and reductase were also determined in plasma. EWH showed hypocholesterolemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties in the arterial hypertension DOCA-salt model. The results demonstrated the presence of functional changes in adipose tissue function by a decrease in macrophage infiltration and in the fluorescence intensity of NFκB, NOX-1, and caspase-3. A reduction of proinflammatory cytokines and restoration of antioxidant enzymatic activity and mitochondrial oxidative damage by reducing uncoupling protein-1 fluorescence intensity were also observed. EWH could be used as a potential alternative therapeutic strategy in the treatment of cardiometabolic complications associated with malignant secondary arterial hypertension.
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Tejido Adiposo Blanco , Acetato de Desoxicorticosterona , Clara de Huevo , Estrés Oxidativo , Ratas Wistar , Animales , Masculino , Tejido Adiposo Blanco/metabolismo , Tejido Adiposo Blanco/efectos de los fármacos , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Clara de Huevo/química , Ratas , Hipertensión/metabolismo , Hipertensión/inducido químicamente , Hidrolisados de Proteína/farmacología , Metabolismo de los Lípidos/efectos de los fármacos , Proteína Desacopladora 1/metabolismo , Grasa Intraabdominal/metabolismo , Grasa Intraabdominal/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
O-GlcNAcylation is a dynamic and reversible post-translational modification (PTM) controlled by the enzymes O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA). Changes in its expression lead to a breakdown in cellular homeostasis, which is linked to several pathological processes. Placentation and embryonic development are periods of high cell activity, and imbalances in cell signaling pathways can result in infertility, miscarriage, or pregnancy complications. O-GlcNAcylation is involved in cellular processes such as genome maintenance, epigenetic regulation, protein synthesis/degradation, metabolic pathways, signaling pathways, apoptosis, and stress response. Trophoblastic differentiation/invasion and placental vasculogenesis, as well as zygote viability and embryonic neuronal development, are all dependent on O-GlcNAcylation. This PTM is required for pluripotency, which is a required condition for embryonic development. Further, this pathway is a nutritional sensor and cell stress marker, which is primarily measured by the OGT enzyme and its product, protein O-GlcNAcylation. Yet, this post-translational modification is enrolled in metabolic and cardiovascular adaptations during pregnancy. Finally, evidence of how O-GlcNAc impacts pregnancy during pathological conditions such as hyperglycemia, gestational diabetes, hypertension, and stress disorders are reviewed. Considering this scenario, progress in understanding the role of O- GlcNAcylation in pregnancy is required.
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Epigénesis Genética , Placenta , Femenino , Embarazo , Humanos , Placenta/metabolismo , Procesamiento Proteico-Postraduccional , Transducción de Señal , Diferenciación Celular , N-Acetilglucosaminiltransferasas/genéticaRESUMEN
Resumo O artigo objetiva analisar aspectos da estruturação da rede de atenção à saúde nas regiões do estado de Mato Grosso e a narrativa sobre eles, de atores institucionais representantes da gestão, da prestação de serviços e da sociedade. Tem por base a pesquisa sobre governança e regionalização do SUS neste estado, de abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa, cuja base empírica contemplou dados secundários, documentos institucionais e entrevistas com atores-chave, estes representando a gestão, a prestação de serviços e a sociedade. Os aspectos da estrutura deste recorte focam: cobertura da ESF; disponibilidade de estabelecimentos/serviços de saúde; força de trabalho; despesas com saúde. Entre 2010 e 2018, em que pese a melhoria de vários indicadores explorados: a oferta e a distribuição de serviços e de profissionais evidenciam desigualdades regionais; há limitações financeiras, insuficiência de serviços e de profissionais. A Rede de Atenção à Saúde não está estruturada como regulamentada e sim como cada região - e seus municípios - a entendem e a adaptam, conforme sua capacidade instalada. A APS promoveu avanços, porém não tem conseguido ser efetiva e resolutiva frente às necessidades de saúde, não coordenando adequadamente o cuidado e tampouco orientando a RAS.
Abstract The article analyzes aspects of the structuring of the health care network in the regions of the State of Mato Grosso, and the narrative about them, by institutional actors representing management, service providers and society. It is based on research on governance and regionalization of the SUS in this state, with a quantitative and qualitative approach, the empirical basis of which included secondary data, institutional documents and interviews with key actors representing management, service providers and society. In this research, the focus was on coverage of the Family Health Strategy; availability of health services; workforce; expenses on health. Between 2010 and 2018, despite the improvement of several indicators examined: the supply and distribution of services and professionals reveal regional inequalities; there are financial limitations and a lack of services and professionals. The Health Care Network (HCN) is not structured as regulated, but rather as each region - and its municipalities - interprets and adapts it, according to its installed capacity. The PHC network has promoted advances, but it has not been able to be effective and resolute in terms of health needs, not providing care properly nor coordinating the HCN.
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The article analyzes aspects of the structuring of the health care network in the regions of the State of Mato Grosso, and the narrative about them, by institutional actors representing management, service providers and society. It is based on research on governance and regionalization of the SUS in this state, with a quantitative and qualitative approach, the empirical basis of which included secondary data, institutional documents and interviews with key actors representing management, service providers and society. In this research, the focus was on coverage of the Family Health Strategy; availability of health services; workforce; expenses on health. Between 2010 and 2018, despite the improvement of several indicators examined: the supply and distribution of services and professionals reveal regional inequalities; there are financial limitations and a lack of services and professionals. The Health Care Network (HCN) is not structured as regulated, but rather as each region - and its municipalities - interprets and adapts it, according to its installed capacity. The PHC network has promoted advances, but it has not been able to be effective and resolute in terms of health needs, not providing care properly nor coordinating the HCN.
O artigo objetiva analisar aspectos da estruturação da rede de atenção à saúde nas regiões do estado de Mato Grosso e a narrativa sobre eles, de atores institucionais representantes da gestão, da prestação de serviços e da sociedade. Tem por base a pesquisa sobre governança e regionalização do SUS neste estado, de abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa, cuja base empírica contemplou dados secundários, documentos institucionais e entrevistas com atores-chave, estes representando a gestão, a prestação de serviços e a sociedade. Os aspectos da estrutura deste recorte focam: cobertura da ESF; disponibilidade de estabelecimentos/serviços de saúde; força de trabalho; despesas com saúde. Entre 2010 e 2018, em que pese a melhoria de vários indicadores explorados: a oferta e a distribuição de serviços e de profissionais evidenciam desigualdades regionais; há limitações financeiras, insuficiência de serviços e de profissionais. A Rede de Atenção à Saúde não está estruturada como regulamentada e sim como cada região - e seus municípios - a entendem e a adaptam, conforme sua capacidade instalada. A APS promoveu avanços, porém não tem conseguido ser efetiva e resolutiva frente às necessidades de saúde, não coordenando adequadamente o cuidado e tampouco orientando a RAS.
Asunto(s)
Atención a la Salud , Humanos , Brasil , Ciudades , Atención a la Salud/organización & administración , Fuerza Laboral en SaludRESUMEN
Aluminum (Al) is a non-essential metal omnipresent in human life and is considered an environmental toxicant. Al increases reactive oxygen production and triggers immune responses, contributing to chronic systemic inflammation development. Here, we have tested whether an egg white hydrolysate (EWH) with potential bioactive properties can protect against changes in reproductive function in rats exposed to long-term Al dietary levels at high and low doses. Male Wistar rats received orally: low aluminum level group-AlCl3 at 8.3 mg/kg b.w. for 60 days with or without EWH (1 g/kg/day); high aluminum level group-AlCl3 at 100 mg/kg b.w. for 42 days with or without EWH (1 g/kg/day). The co-administration of EWH prevented the increased Al deposition surrounding the germinative cells, reducing inflammation and oxidative stress in the reproductive organs. Furthermore, the daily supplementation with EWH maintained sperm production and sperm quality similar to those found in control animals, even after Al exposure at a high dietary contamination level. Altogether, our results suggest that EWH could be used as a protective agent against impairment in the reproductive system produced after long-term exposure to Al at low or high human dietary levels.
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This study aimed to evaluate the potential for lowering blood pressure and beneficial effects on mesenteric resistance arteries (MRA) and conductance vessels (aorta) produced by dietary supplementation of an egg white hydrolysate (EWH) in rats with severe hypertension induced by deoxycorticosterone plus salt treatment (DOCA-salt), as well as the underlying mechanisms involved. The DOCA-salt model presented higher blood pressure, which was significantly reduced by EWH. The impaired acetylcholine-induced relaxation and eNOS expression observed in MRA and aorta from DOCA-salt rats was ameliorated by EWH. This effect on vessels (MRA and aorta) was related to the antioxidant effect of EWH, since hydrolysate intake prevented the NF-κB/TNFα inflammatory pathway and NADPH oxidase-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, as well as the mitochondrial source of ROS in MRA. At the plasma level, EWH blocked the higher ROS and MDA generation by DOCA-salt treatment, without altering the antioxidant marker. In conclusion, EWH demonstrated an antihypertensive effect in a model of severe hypertension. This effect could be related to its endothelium-dependent vasodilator properties mediated by an ameliorated vessel's redox imbalance and inflammatory state.
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While gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men are most affected by HIV in Cuba, infections among women have increased over time, but there has been little research to contextualise their vulnerability to HIV. The purpose of this study was to explore the role of gender and violence in shaping vulnerability to HIV among Cuban women. Qualitative in-depth interviews were conducted with women living with HIV at an outpatient HIV clinic in Havana. Narrative and thematic technique were used to systematically analyse the data. Participants described negotiating sexual relationships in a context where traditional gender norms merge with the paradox of increasing professional opportunities for women alongside growing economic precarity. Interconnected economic and emotional dependence along with violence influenced the acceptance of certain behaviours that heightened vulnerability to HIV, including inconsistent condom use and infidelity. Gender transformative approaches that recognise the complex interplay between gender norms, economic precarity and violence are needed to address women's vulnerability to HIV in the Cuban context. Such efforts can reinforce existing strategies to promote behaviourally focused prevention while creating an enabling environment for the integration and expansion of biomedical innovation in HIV prevention.
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Infecciones por VIH , Minorías Sexuales y de Género , Femenino , Infecciones por VIH/prevención & control , Infecciones por VIH/psicología , Homosexualidad Masculina , Humanos , Masculino , Conducta Sexual , ViolenciaRESUMEN
Resumo Este estudo analisa a estruturação da Rede de Atenção à Saúde nas regiões de saúde do estado de Mato Grosso, considerando as ações planejadas nos instrumentos de gestão do governo do estado e da Secretaria de Estado de Saúde (SES), nos anos de 2012 a 2017, em conformidade com as diretrizes da Portaria MS/GM nº 4.279, de 30 de dezembro de 2010, que orienta o processo de conformação das redes de atenção à saúde no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Trata-se de estudo qualitativo, de natureza exploratório-descritiva, do tipo documental, que analisou os documentos públicos referentes ao planejamento do governo na especificidade do setor de saúde, o que inclui o Plano Plurianual, o Plano Estadual de Saúde e o Plano Estratégico da SES. Os achados do estudo mostram que, embora algumas ações/atividades relacionadas às diretrizes da portaria estivessem contempladas nos documentos pesquisados, ainda não foram suficientes para o estabelecimento de uma rede de atenção regionalizada de qualidade e para o fortalecimento da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) com capacidade de ser coordenadora do cuidado e ordenadora da rede no estado de Mato Grosso.
Abstract This study analyzes the structuring of the Health Care Network in the health regions of the state of Mato Grosso, considering the actions planned in the management instruments of the State government and the State Department of Health (SES), in the years of 2012 to 2017, in accordance with the guidelines of Ordinance MS/GM No 4.279, of December 30, 2010, which guides the process of conformation of Health Care Networks within the scope of the Brazilian National Health System (SUS). This is a qualitative, exploratory-descriptive study, of documentary type, which analyzed the public documents related to government planning on the specificity of the health sector, which includes the Pluriannual Plan, the State Health Plan and the Strategic Plan of the SES. The findings of the study show that, although some actions/activities related to the guidelines of the Ordinance were included in the researched documents, they were not yet sufficient for establishing a quality regionalized care network and for strengthening the Primary Health Care (PHC) with the capacity to coordinate care and order the network in the state of Mato Grosso.
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Atención Primaria de Salud , Regionalización , Sistema Único de Salud , Prestación Integrada de Atención de Salud , Servicios Públicos de Salud , Sistemas de Salud , Gobierno LocalRESUMEN
This research aimed to investigate the biological properties of different hydrolysates derived from industrial and laboratory defatted rice bran proteins. Industrial and laboratory defatted rice bran protein concentrates were hydrolyzed with alcalase or flavorzyme. The degree of hydrolysis (DH), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), reducing power, total phenolic compounds (TPC), and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity, were determined in the hydrolysates and the molecular fractions lower than 3 kDa. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured using the tail-cuff method before and after oral administration of 80 mg/kg of different rice bran protein hydrolysate (RBPH) fractions lower than 3 kDa in male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. The highest values of in vitro antioxidant activity and TPC were observed in RBPH with alcalase defatted by industry (RBPH2A), and, in all cases, these bioactivities were higher in the molecular fractions lower than 3 kDa. Once again, fractions lower than 3 kDa obtained with alcalase showed a potent ACE inhibitory activity (RBPH1A<3 and RBPH2A<3). The administration of RBPH1A<3 caused a significant decrease in the SBP in SHR, where the maximum decrease was reached at 8 h after administration. SBP in WKY rats was not modified after the administration of RBPH1A<3. These results suggest that the rice bran protein hydrolysates obtained from industry after treatment with alcalase could be an interesting source of bioactive peptides, with potential action on hypertension and other related pathologies.
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Metagenomics is providing a broad overview of bacterial functional diversity; however, culturing and biobanking are still essential for microbiology. Here, we present the Bacterial Biobank of the Urban Environment (BBUE), a sizable culture collection for long-term storage and characterization of the microbiota associated with urban environments relevant for public health.
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[RESUMEN]. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo describir las oportunidades y los desafíos de los procesos de capacitación en la articulación de iniciativas regionales y nacionales de comunicación para la prevención de arbovirosis, usando como ejemplo las lecciones aprendidas en el contexto cubano. En febrero de 2016 y diciembre de 2017 profesionales del Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí participaron en la realización de talleres de fortalecimiento de capacidades de comunicación para la prevención de arbovirosis en la Atención Primaria de Salud con la incorporación paulatina de los más recientes enfoques promovidos por la Organización Panamericana de la Salud sobre el tema. Se capacitaron especialistas de diferentes perfiles profesionales a nivel nacional, provincial, municipal y de áreas de salud, se formaron y consolidaron equipos multidisciplinarios en los diferentes niveles, se asignaron y articularon tareas concretas a cada nivel, y se establecieron sitios de demostración de los enfoques de comunicación promovidos en los talleres. Asimismo, se identificaron necesidades de aprendizaje en comunicación social y se incorporaron a la estrategia nacional 2018-2021 actividades de capacitación del personal técnico y de monitoreo y evaluación con el objetivo de garantizar la implementación de acciones de comunicación y su sostenibilidad. No obstante, las instituciones participantes tendrán que afrontar desafíos propios de la comunicación en la prevención de las arbovirosis como, por ejemplo, la fluctuación del personal entrenado, la movilización de recursos para la comunicación, y la identificación de indicadores adecuados de evaluación.
[ABSTRACT]. The purpose of this paper is to describe the opportunities and challenges of training processes in the coordination of regional and national communication initiatives for arboviral disease prevention, using the lessons learned in the Cuban context as an example. In February 2016 and December 2017, professional staff from the Pedro Kourí Institute of Tropical Medicine attended workshops for strengthening communication capacities for arboviral disease prevention in primary health care settings through gradual introduction of the most recent approaches promoted by the Pan American Health Organization in this regard. National, provincial, municipal, and health area specialists with diverse professional profiles were trained; multidisciplinary teams were strengthened at the different levels; specific tasks were assigned and coordinated at each level; and demonstration sites were established for the communication approaches promoted in the workshops. Learning needs in the field of mass communication were also identified, and activities for training technical staff and for monitoring and evaluation were introduced in the national strategy 2018-2021 to guarantee the implementation and sustainability of communication activities. Notwithstanding, participating institutions will have to address the challenges characteristic of communication for arboviral disease prevention, which include the rotation of trained personnel, the mobilization of resources for communication, and the identification of appropriate evaluation indicators.
[RESUMO]. O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de descrever as oportunidades e os desafios da capacitação em articulação de iniciativas regionais e nacionais de comunicação para prevenção de arboviroses, a partir dos ensinamentos tirados com a experiência cubana. Em fevereiro de 2016 e em dezembro de 2017, profissionais do Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí, em Cuba, participaram de um seminário sobre o fortalecimento da capacidade de comunicação para prevenção de arboviroses na atenção primária à saúde com a incorporação gradual dos enfoques mais recentes promovidos pela Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS). Especialistas com diferentes perfis profissionais foram capacitados ao nível nacional, de província, do município e de áreas de saúde. Equipes multidisciplinares foram formadas e consolidadas nos diferentes níveis e elas receberam a incumbência de tarefas concretas coordenadas em cada nível e participaram da demonstração dos enfoques de comunicação apresentados nos seminários. Além disso, as necessidades de aprendizagem em comunicação social foram identificadas e atividades de capacitação do pessoal técnico e atividades de monitoramento e avaliação foram incorporadas à estratégia nacional 2018–2021 com o objetivo de garantir a implementação e a sustentabilidade das ações de comunicação. Porém, as instituições participantes terão de enfrentar os próprios desafios de comunicação na prevenção das arboviroses, por exemplo, rotatividade do pessoal capacitado, captação de recursos para comunicação e identificação dos indicadores adequados de avaliação.
Asunto(s)
Comunicación , Aedes , Infecciones por Arbovirus , Control de Vectores de las Enfermedades , Cuba , Comunicación , Infecciones por Arbovirus , Control de Vectores de las Enfermedades , Control de Vectores de las Enfermedades , Comunicación , Infecciones por ArbovirusRESUMEN
The purpose of this paper is to describe the opportunities and challenges of training processes in the coordination of regional and national communication initiatives for arboviral disease prevention, using the lessons learned in the Cuban context as an example. In February 2016 and December 2017, professional staff from the Pedro Kourí Institute of Tropical Medicine attended workshops for strengthening communication capacities for arboviral disease prevention in primary health care settings through gradual introduction of the most recent approaches promoted by the Pan American Health Organization in this regard. National, provincial, municipal, and health area specialists with diverse professional profiles were trained; multidisciplinary teams were strengthened at the different levels; specific tasks were assigned and coordinated at each level; and demonstration sites were established for the communication approaches promoted in the workshops. Learning needs in the field of mass communication were also identified, and activities for training technical staff and for monitoring and evaluation were introduced in the national strategy 2018-2021 to guarantee the implementation and sustainability of communication activities. Notwithstanding, participating institutions will have to address the challenges characteristic of communication for arboviral disease prevention, which include the rotation of trained personnel, the mobilization of resources for communication, and the identification of appropriate evaluation indicators.
O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de descrever as oportunidades e os desafios da capacitação em articulação de iniciativas regionais e nacionais de comunicação para prevenção de arboviroses, a partir dos ensinamentos tirados com a experiência cubana. Em fevereiro de 2016 e em dezembro de 2017, profissionais do Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí, em Cuba, participaram de um seminário sobre o fortalecimento da capacidade de comunicação para prevenção de arboviroses na atenção primária à saúde com a incorporação gradual dos enfoques mais recentes promovidos pela Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS). Especialistas com diferentes perfis profissionais foram capacitados ao nível nacional, de província, do município e de áreas de saúde. Equipes multidisciplinares foram formadas e consolidadas nos diferentes níveis e elas receberam a incumbência de tarefas concretas coordenadas em cada nível e participaram da demonstração dos enfoques de comunicação apresentados nos seminários. Além disso, as necessidades de aprendizagem em comunicação social foram identificadas e atividades de capacitação do pessoal técnico e atividades de monitoramento e avaliação foram incorporadas à estratégia nacional 20182021 com o objetivo de garantir a implementação e a sustentabilidade das ações de comunicação. Porém, as instituições participantes terão de enfrentar os próprios desafios de comunicação na prevenção das arboviroses, por exemplo, rotatividade do pessoal capacitado, captação de recursos para comunicação e identificação dos indicadores adequados de avaliação.
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RESUMEN El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo describir las oportunidades y los desafíos de los procesos de capacitación en la articulación de iniciativas regionales y nacionales de comunicación para la prevención de arbovirosis, usando como ejemplo las lecciones aprendidas en el contexto cubano. En febrero de 2016 y diciembre de 2017 profesionales del Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí participaron en la realización de talleres de fortalecimiento de capacidades de comunicación para la prevención de arbovirosis en la Atención Primaria de Salud con la incorporación paulatina de los más recientes enfoques promovidos por la Organización Panamericana de la Salud sobre el tema. Se capacitaron especialistas de diferentes perfiles profesionales a nivel nacional, provincial, municipal y de áreas de salud, se formaron y consolidaron equipos multidisciplinarios en los diferentes niveles, se asignaron y articularon tareas concretas a cada nivel, y se establecieron sitios de demostración de los enfoques de comunicación promovidos en los talleres. Asimismo, se identificaron necesidades de aprendizaje en comunicación social y se incorporaron a la estrategia nacional 2018-2021 actividades de capacitación del personal técnico y de monitoreo y evaluación con el objetivo de garantizar la implementación de acciones de comunicación y su sostenibilidad. No obstante, las instituciones participantes tendrán que afrontar desafíos propios de la comunicación en la prevención de las arbovirosis como, por ejemplo, la fluctuación del personal entrenado, la movilización de recursos para la comunicación, y la identificación de indicadores adecuados de evaluación.
ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to describe the opportunities and challenges of training processes in the coordination of regional and national communication initiatives for arboviral disease prevention, using the lessons learned in the Cuban context as an example. In February 2016 and December 2017, professional staff from the Pedro Kourí Institute of Tropical Medicine attended workshops for strengthening communication capacities for arboviral disease prevention in primary health care settings through gradual introduction of the most recent approaches promoted by the Pan American Health Organization in this regard. National, provincial, municipal, and health area specialists with diverse professional profiles were trained; multidisciplinary teams were strengthened at the different levels; specific tasks were assigned and coordinated at each level; and demonstration sites were established for the communication approaches promoted in the workshops. Learning needs in the field of mass communication were also identified, and activities for training technical staff and for monitoring and evaluation were introduced in the national strategy 2018-2021 to guarantee the implementation and sustainability of communication activities. Notwithstanding, participating institutions will have to address the challenges characteristic of communication for arboviral disease prevention, which include the rotation of trained personnel, the mobilization of resources for communication, and the identification of appropriate evaluation indicators.
RESUMO O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de descrever as oportunidades e os desafios da capacitação em articulação de iniciativas regionais e nacionais de comunicação para prevenção de arboviroses, a partir dos ensinamentos tirados com a experiência cubana. Em fevereiro de 2016 e em dezembro de 2017, profissionais do Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí, em Cuba, participaram de um seminário sobre o fortalecimento da capacidade de comunicação para prevenção de arboviroses na atenção primária à saúde com a incorporação gradual dos enfoques mais recentes promovidos pela Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS). Especialistas com diferentes perfis profissionais foram capacitados ao nível nacional, de província, do município e de áreas de saúde. Equipes multidisciplinares foram formadas e consolidadas nos diferentes níveis e elas receberam a incumbência de tarefas concretas coordenadas em cada nível e participaram da demonstração dos enfoques de comunicação apresentados nos seminários. Além disso, as necessidades de aprendizagem em comunicação social foram identificadas e atividades de capacitação do pessoal técnico e atividades de monitoramento e avaliação foram incorporadas à estratégia nacional 2018-2021 com o objetivo de garantir a implementação e a sustentabilidade das ações de comunicação. Porém, as instituições participantes terão de enfrentar os próprios desafios de comunicação na prevenção das arboviroses, por exemplo, rotatividade do pessoal capacitado, captação de recursos para comunicação e identificação dos indicadores adequados de avaliação.
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Infecciones por Arbovirus , Aedes , Control de Vectores de las Enfermedades , Comunicación , CubaRESUMEN
As the global public health community develops strategies for sustainable Zika prevention and control, assessment of the Cuban response to Zika provides critical lessons learned. Cuba's early and successful response to Zika, grounded in the country's long-standing dengue prevention and control program, serves as a model of rapid mobilization of intersectoral efforts. Sustaining this response requires applying the evidence generated within the Cuban dengue program that active community participation improves outcomes and is sustainable and cost-effective. There is also a need for implementation science efforts to assess the transferability of lessons learned from Zika prevention and control to other pathogens and from one context to another in addition to how to take these efforts to scale.
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Control de Mosquitos/métodos , Infección por el Virus Zika/prevención & control , Animales , Cuba , Países en Desarrollo , Vectores de Enfermedades , HumanosRESUMEN
This study aimed to verify whether a prolonged exposure to low-level mercury promotes haemodynamic disorders and studied the reversibility of this vascular damage. Rats were divided into seven groups: three control groups received saline solution (im) for 30, 60 or 90 days; two groups received HgCl2 (im, first dose, 4.6µg/kg, subsequent doses 0.07µg/kg/day) for 30 or 60 days; two groups received HgCl2 for 30 or 60 days (im, same doses) followed by a 30-day washout period. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured, along with analysis of vascular response to acetylcholine (ACh) and phenylephrine (Phe) in the absence and presence of endothelium, a nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, superoxide dismutase, a non-selective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor and an AT1 receptor blocker. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and antioxidant power were measured in plasma. HgCl2 exposure for 30 and 60 days: a) reduced the endothelium-dependent relaxation; b) increased the Phe-induced contraction and the contribution of ROS, COX-derived vasoconstrictor prostanoids and angiotensin II acting on AT1 receptors to this response while the NO participation was reduced; c) increased the oxidative stress in plasma; d) increased the SBP only after 60 days of exposure. After the cessation of HgCl2 exposure, SBP, endothelium-dependent relaxation, Phe-induced contraction and the oxidative stress were normalised, despite the persistence of the increased COX-derived prostanoids. These results demonstrated that long-term HgCl2 exposure increases SBP as a consequence of vascular dysfunction; however, after HgCl2 removal from the environment the vascular function ameliorates.
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Contaminantes Ambientales/toxicidad , Mercurio/toxicidad , Acetilcolina/farmacología , Animales , Aorta Torácica/efectos de los fármacos , Aorta Torácica/fisiología , Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Endotelio Vascular/efectos de los fármacos , Endotelio Vascular/fisiología , Contaminantes Ambientales/sangre , Contaminantes Ambientales/farmacocinética , Técnicas In Vitro , Masculino , Mercurio/sangre , Mercurio/farmacocinética , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Fenilefrina/farmacología , Ratas Wistar , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Vasoconstrictores/farmacología , Vasodilatadores/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Oxidative stress in known to contribute to the male reproductive dysfunction induced by mercury (Hg). Our study tested the hypothesis that the egg white hydrolysate (EWH), a potent antioxidant in vitro, is able to prevent the effects of prolonged Hg exposure on male reproductive system in rats. For this, rats were treated for 60 days with: a) Untreated - saline solution (i.m.); b) Hydrolysate - EWH (1 g/kg/day, gavage); c) Mercury - HgCl2 (1st dose 4.6 µg/kg, subsequent doses 0.07 µg/kg/day, i.m.); d) Hydrolysate-Mercury. At the end of the treatment, sperm motility, count and morphological studies were performed; Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) levels, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant capacity, histological and immunohistochemical assays on testis and epididymis were also carried out. As results, HgCl2-treatment decreased sperm number, increased sperm transit time in epididymis and impaired sperm morphology. However, these harmful effects were prevented by EWH. HgCl2-treatment also increased ROS levels, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant capacity in testis and epididymis as well as promoted testicular inflammation and histological changes in epididymis. EWH improved histological and immunohistochemical alterations, probably due to its antioxidant property. In conclusion, the EWH could represent a powerful natural alternative to protect the male reproductive system against Hg-induced sperm toxicity.
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Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Clara de Huevo/química , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Intoxicación por Mercurio/tratamiento farmacológico , Mercurio/toxicidad , Fragmentos de Péptidos/farmacología , Reproducción/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Peso Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Epidídimo/efectos de los fármacos , Inflamación/inducido químicamente , Inflamación/patología , Masculino , Intoxicación por Mercurio/etiología , Intoxicación por Mercurio/patología , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Fragmentos de Péptidos/uso terapéutico , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Recuento de Espermatozoides , Motilidad Espermática/efectos de los fármacos , Espermatozoides/efectos de los fármacos , Espermatozoides/patología , Testículo/efectos de los fármacos , Testículo/patologíaRESUMEN
La hiponatremia es la alteración electrolítica más frecuente en el medio hospitalario, y en un 30% de los casos se debe a un síndrome de secreción inapropiada de vasopresina (SIADH). El SIADH está descrito como cuadro paraneoplásico endocrinológico en múltiples tumores, entre los que excepcionalmente se encuentra el de ovario y las neoplasias ginecológicas en general. Presentamos un caso de SIADH paraneoplásico por un citoadenocarcinoma seroso de ovario de alto grado, estadio IV. Se trata del primer caso de SIADH crónico por cáncer de ovario tratado con Tolvaptán. En el presente caso el objetivo de eunatremia se alcanzó con una dosis baja de acuarético, lo que apoya la elevada sensibilidad, ya previamente documentada, de los SIADH tumorales al tratamiento con Tolvaptán.
Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disturbance in hospitals, and 30% of cases are due to syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). SIADH is described as an endocrine paraneoplastic syndrome in multiple tumors including, ovary and gynecological malignancies in general, although these are exceptional. We report a case of paraneoplastic SIADH for high-grade serous ovarian cystoadenocarcinoma stage IV. This is the first case of chronic SIADH for ovarian cancer treated with Tolvaptan. In this case the target of eunatremia was reached with a low dose of aquaretic, which supports the high sensitivity, as previously documented, of paraneoplasic SIADH to Tolvaptan.
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Humanos , Femenino , Adulto , Benzazepinas/uso terapéutico , Hiponatremia/tratamiento farmacológico , Síndrome de Secreción Inadecuada de ADH/complicaciones , Síndrome de Secreción Inadecuada de ADH/tratamiento farmacológico , Antagonistas de los Receptores de Hormonas Antidiuréticas/uso terapéutico , Cistadenocarcinoma Seroso/complicaciones , Hiponatremia/etiología , Neoplasias Ováricas/complicacionesRESUMEN
Objective To identify facilitators and barriers to the process of translating community empowerment strategies into the practice of the national Aedes aegypti control program in Cuba. Methods A case study of the process was conducted from 2005 to 2009 at national and provincial levels of the control program. Data from participant observation, in-depth interviews, and document analysis were triangulated and analyzed inductively and deductively. Results The main facilitators identified included a proposal for an empowerment strategy effective in reducing Aedes aegypti infestation, which was explained in such a way that it could be implemented by program staff; and a control program with national coverage capable of implementing the proposal. The principal barriers were the complexity of the strategy and the absence of organizational changes needed to facilitate its insertion into the control program. Each barrier or facilitator identified was either static or dynamic in nature. Dynamic factors are those that offer signals for action. Conclusions Multiple barriers and facilitators influence the process of translating community empowerment strategies into the practice of the Cuban Aedes aegypti control program. The analysis of these factors as either static or dynamic makes it possible to design more appropriate and effective strategies that can promote the process and increase the likelihood of success.