RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The reference intervals for hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in pregnant Mexican women without diabetes are not well defined. The study aims to determine the reference intervals for HbA1c at each trimester in healthy Mexican pregnant women. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included healthy Mexican pregnant women in trimester 1 (T1), 6-13.6 weeks of gestation (WG), trimester 2 (T2), 14-27 WG, and trimester 3 (T3), ≥27-36 WG, with a maternal age > 18 years, and pregestational body mass index (BMI) ranging between 18.5-24.9 kg/m2. Women with gestational diabetes mellitus, pregestational diabetes, anemia, a pregestational BMI < 18.5 or ≥ 25 kg/m2, and any hematologic, hepatic, immunological, renal, or cardiac disease were excluded. HbA1c was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography based on the National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program-certified PDQ Primus guidelines. The HbA1c reference intervals were calculated in terms of the 2.5th to the 97.5th percentiles. RESULTS: We analyzed the HbA1c values of 725 women (T1 n = 84, T2 n = 448, and T3 n = 193). The characteristics of the participants were expressed as mean ± standard deviation and included: maternal age (28.2 ± 6.7 years), pregestational weight (54.8 ± 5.9 Kg), pregestational BMI (22.2 ± 1.7 Kg/m2), and glucose values using a 75 g-2 h oral glucose tolerance test; fasting 4.5 ± 0.3 mmol/L (81.5 ± 5.5 mg/dL), 1 h 6.4 ± 1.5 mmol/L (115.3 ± 26.6 mg/dL), and 2 h 5.7 ± 1.1 mmol/L (103.5 ± 19.6 mg/dL). Reference intervals for HbA1c, expressed as median and 2.5th to 97.5th percentile for each trimester were: T1: 5.1 (4.5-5.6%), T2: 5.0 (4.4-5.5%), and T3: 5.1 (4.5-5.6%). CONCLUSIONS: The reference range of HbA1C in healthy Mexican pregnant women during pregnancy was 4.4% to 5.6%. We suggest as upper limits of HbA1c value ≤5.6%, 5.5%, and 5.7% for T1, T2, and T3, respectively among Mexican pregnant women.
Asunto(s)
Hemoglobina Glucada/análisis , Adulto , Glucemia/análisis , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Edad Gestacional , Humanos , México , Embarazo , Trimestres del Embarazo , Valores de ReferenciaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To study the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in Mexican women with a history of infertility and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) compared with women without PCOS matched by age, pregestational body mass index (BMI), and parity. DESIGN: Historic cohort study. SETTING: Level three medical institution. PATIENT(S): Group 1 (n = 52), women with a history of infertility and PCOS, and group 2 (n = 52), women without PCOS. Inclusion criteria were singleton pregnancy with ≤ 13 weeks of gestation. Exclusion criteria were pregestational diabetes mellitus and/or concomitant diseases. INTERVENTION(S): Diagnosis of GDM was based on a 3-hour, 100-g oral glucose tolerance test (GTT) performed during the second trimester. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Incidence and relative risk (RR) for GDM. RESULT(S): The incidence of GDM was 26.9% and 9.6% for groups 1 and 2, respectively (RR = 2.8; 95% confidence interval 1.08-7.2). No other between-group differences were observed in the incidence of miscarriage, preterm birth, premature rupture of membranes, preeclampsia, stillbirth, fetal malformations, or small or large for gestational age newborns. CONCLUSION(S): Pregnant Mexican women with a history of infertility and PCOS are at increased risk for developing GDM. This risk should be considered beginning early in the second trimester for a timely intervention and to improve the maternal-fetal prognosis.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Gestacional/etnología , Infertilidad Femenina/etnología , Síndrome del Ovario Poliquístico/etnología , Adulto , Estudios de Cohortes , Diabetes Gestacional/diagnóstico , Femenino , Prueba de Tolerancia a la Glucosa , Humanos , Incidencia , México/epidemiología , Embarazo , Segundo Trimestre del Embarazo , Prevalencia , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To explore the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), defined by the previous criteria of the American Diabetes Association (ADA), as well as the criteria suggested by the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG), in an unselected group of urban Mexican pregnant women and to analyze the frequency of large for gestational age (LGA) newborns in this same group of women with use of both diagnostic criteria. METHODS: A cross-sectional study included 803 consecutive Mexican urban women with a singleton pregnancy, without concomitant diseases and no prior history of GDM, who underwent a 2-step screening protocol for diagnosis of GDM at admission to prenatal care. RESULTS: The ADA criteria identified 83 women (10.3%) whereas the IADPSG criteria diagnosed 242 women (30.1%) having GDM (P = .0001). Fasting glucose concentrations during the 100-g 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test were abnormal in 116 women (14.4%) and in 160 women (19.9%) on the basis of ADA and IADPSG criteria, respectively (P = .004). The frequency of LGA newborns was 7.4% based on IADPSG criteria and 6.0% based on ADA criteria-no significant difference (P = .64). CONCLUSION: With use of the IADPSG criteria, the prevalence of GDM increased almost 3-fold in comparison with that for the ADA criteria. Nevertheless, no significant difference was found in the prevalence of LGA newborns.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Gestacional/diagnóstico , Diabetes Gestacional/epidemiología , Diagnóstico Prenatal/métodos , Salud Urbana , Adolescente , Adulto , Peso al Nacer , Glucemia/análisis , Estudios Transversales , Diabetes Gestacional/sangre , Diabetes Gestacional/etnología , Femenino , Macrosomía Fetal/diagnóstico , Macrosomía Fetal/epidemiología , Macrosomía Fetal/etnología , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Recién Nacido Pequeño para la Edad Gestacional , Agencias Internacionales , Masculino , México/epidemiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Embarazo , Prevalencia , Salud Urbana/etnología , Agencias Voluntarias de Salud , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND/AIMS: To compare the gestational weight gain and adverse perinatal outcomes in urban Mexican women with prepregnancy overweight or obesity, under an early intensive obstetric and nutrition program versus women with prepregnancy normal weight. METHODS: A cohort of 546 pregnant women with prepregnancy normal weight (n = 201, NW), overweight (n = 171, OW) or obesity (n = 174, OB), ≤13 weeks of gestation and a singleton pregnancy. OW and OB groups were under early intensive obstetric and nutritional care and NW group was under routine prenatal care. Miscarriage, hypertensive disorders, premature rupture of membranes, preterm birth, stillbirth, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and large- or small-for-gestational-age newborns, were compared between groups. RESULTS: Weight gain was smaller in OB than in OW or NW (mean ± SD): 6.1 ± 4.4, 9.5 ± 5.1, 10.3 ± 5.4 kg, respectively (p < 0.001). OB women had the highest frequency of GDM (p < 0.001), lack of spontaneous labor (p < 0.001) and preeclampsia (p < 0.001), but no other between-group differences existed. CONCLUSION: Early intensive medical-nutrition prenatal care and adequate gestational weight gain may contribute to decreasing most maternal and newborn adverse outcomes associated with prepregnancy overweight or obesity.