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The lockdown during the first wave of COV- ID-19 in Spain has been related to higher levels of anxiety in the general population. However, the emotional impact on Spanish caregivers of individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) has not been studied so far.

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Antecedentes. El confinamiento durante la primera oleada de COVID-19 en España se ha relacionado con niveles mayores de ansiedad en la población general. Sin embargo, no se ha estudiado el impacto emocional en los cuidadores de personas con trastornos del neurodesarrollo (TND).Método. Se distribuyó un cuestionario a las organizaciones que prestan apoyo a las personas con TND y sus familias. Se analizaron los datos de los cuidadores de personas con trastorno del espectro autista (TEA) (N=17), síndrome de Down (N=25) y síndrome de Williams (N=18).Resultados. Los cuidadores informaron de preocupaciones relacionadas con la situación de pandemia y confinamiento. Los cuidadores de personas con TEA mostraron mayor preocupación sobre los conflictos familiares. Los tres grupos informaron de niveles de ansiedad más altos durante el confinamiento. Predijeron la ansiedad el trastorno de ansiedad previo y el diagnóstico del hijo/a. Conclusiones. Los predictores de ansiedad en los cuidadores de individuos con TND difieren de los reportados previamente en la población general española. Los resultados sugieren que el confinamiento fue especialmente duro paralas familias de personas con TEA. Las políticas públicas deberían considerar las necesidades de las personas con TND y sus cuidadores para minimizar las consecuencias negativas de la pandemia. (AU)

Background. The lockdown during the first wave of COVID-19 in Spain has been related to higher levels of anxietyin the general population. However, the emotional impact on Spanish caregivers of individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) has not been studied so far. Methods. An online questionnaire was distributed to Spanish organisations providing support to individuals with NDD and their families. Data from caregivers of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (N = 17), Down syndrome (DS)(N = 25) and Williams syndrome (WS) (N = 18) were analysed. Results. All caregivers reported concerns directly related to the pandemic and lockdown situation. Caregivers of individuals with ASD showed higher level of concern about the possibility of family conflict. All three groups reported higher levels of anxiety during the lockdown. Anxiety was predicted by previous anxiety disorder and the child’s diagnosis. Conclusions. Predictors of anxiety in caregivers of individuals with NDD differ from those previously reported in the general Spanish population. The results suggest that confinement in Spain was especially demanding for families of individuals with ASD. Public policies should consider the particular needs of people with NND and their caregivers to minimise the negative consequences of the ongoing pandemic.(AU)

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Introducción: De acuerdo con una perspectiva neuroconstructivista, la existencia de atipicidades sutiles en procesos de bajo nivel tiene un impacto en cascada sobre los dominios para los que tales procesos son relevantes. Diferentes alteraciones en un mismo proceso pueden dar cuenta del fenotipo de trastornos distintos. Según los criterios clasificatorios actuales, los trastornos del lenguaje pueden estar presentes en distintas condiciones evolutivas. La teoría del muestreo temporal se ha propuesto como posible marco explicativo de dichos trastornos. En este trabajo se revisa esta teoría, aplicando para ello los postulados neuroconstructivistas mencionados. Desarrollo: La teoría del muestreo temporal plantea cómo alteraciones en la percepción del parámetro acústico del tiempo de ascenso de la amplitud en la ventana temporal lenta de la señal auditiva y, ligado a ello, posibles alteraciones en el acoplamiento entre dicha señal y las oscilaciones neurales de la corteza auditiva acarrean dificultades para el desarrollo lingüístico y musical. Tales alteraciones se vinculan a experiencias distintas con la información estimular, derivadas de diferencias en los umbrales de discriminación del tiempo de ascenso de la amplitud y en el input recibido asociado a este parámetro. Conclusiones: La teoría analizada ofrece una explicación consistente con el marco neuroconstructivista. Existe evidencia acerca de las dificultades perceptivas del tiempo de ascenso de la amplitud y su relación con los dominios lingüístico y musical en niños con trastorno del desarrollo del lenguaje y/o con dislexia. Estudios futuros deberían analizar el alcance de esta teoría para explicar los trastornos del lenguaje en otras condiciones evolutivas.(AU)

Introduction: From a neuroconstructivism perspective, subtle atypicalities in low-level processes have a cascading impact on the domains for which these processes are relevant. Atypicalities in a given process contribute to accounting for the phenotype of different developmental disorders. According to current classification criteria, language disorders can occur in different developmental conditions. The temporal sampling theory has been proposed as a framework for such disorders. In this work, this theory is reviewed and analyzed from the aforementioned neuroconstructivism claims. Development: The temporal sampling theory explains how atypicalities in the perception of the rise time acoustic parameter in the slowest temporal window of the auditory signal and, linked to this, potential atypicalities in the entrainment of the signal and the neural oscillations in the auditory cortex involve difficulties for language and music development. These atypicalities are linked to a different experience with the stimuli. In turn, the different experience derives from differences in rise time discrimination thresholds and in the received input that is related to this parameter. Conclusions: The temporal sampling theory offers an explanation that is consistent with the neuroconstructivism perspective. There is evidence of rise time perception difficulties and their relationship with language and music in children with developmental language disorder and/or dyslexia. Future studies should analyze the reach of this theory to explain language disorders in different developmental conditions.(AU)

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INTRODUCTION: From a neuroconstructivism perspective, subtle atypicalities in low-level processes have a cascading impact on the domains for which these processes are relevant. Atypicalities in a given process contribute to accounting for the phenotype of different developmental disorders. According to current classification criteria, language disorders can occur in different developmental conditions. The temporal sampling theory has been proposed as a framework for such disorders. In this work, this theory is reviewed and analyzed from the aforementioned neuroconstructivism claims. DEVELOPMENT: The temporal sampling theory explains how atypicalities in the perception of the rise time acoustic parameter in the slowest temporal window of the auditory signal and, linked to this, potential atypicalities in the entrainment of the signal and the neural oscillations in the auditory cortex involve difficulties for language and music development. These atypicalities are linked to a different experience with the stimuli. In turn, the different experience derives from differences in rise time discrimination thresholds and in the received input that is related to this parameter. CONCLUSIONS: The temporal sampling theory offers an explanation that is consistent with the neuroconstructivism perspective. There is evidence of rise time perception difficulties and their relationship with language and music in children with developmental language disorder and/or dyslexia. Future studies should analyze the reach of this theory to explain language disorders in different developmental conditions.

TITLE: La teoría del muestreo temporal aplicada a los trastornos del lenguaje: análisis desde una perspectiva neuroconstructivista.Introducción. De acuerdo con una perspectiva neuroconstructivista, la existencia de atipicidades sutiles en procesos de bajo nivel tiene un impacto en cascada sobre los dominios para los que tales procesos son relevantes. Diferentes alteraciones en un mismo proceso pueden dar cuenta del fenotipo de trastornos distintos. Según los criterios clasificatorios actuales, los trastornos del lenguaje pueden estar presentes en distintas condiciones evolutivas. La teoría del muestreo temporal se ha propuesto como posible marco explicativo de dichos trastornos. En este trabajo se revisa esta teoría, aplicando para ello los postulados neuroconstructivistas mencionados. Desarrollo. La teoría del muestreo temporal plantea cómo alteraciones en la percepción del parámetro acústico del tiempo de ascenso de la amplitud en la ventana temporal lenta de la señal auditiva y, ligado a ello, posibles alteraciones en el acoplamiento entre dicha señal y las oscilaciones neurales de la corteza auditiva acarrean dificultades para el desarrollo lingüístico y musical. Tales alteraciones se vinculan a experiencias distintas con la información estimular, derivadas de diferencias en los umbrales de discriminación del tiempo de ascenso de la amplitud y en el input recibido asociado a este parámetro. Conclusiones. La teoría analizada ofrece una explicación consistente con el marco neuroconstructivista. Existe evidencia acerca de las dificultades perceptivas del tiempo de ascenso de la amplitud y su relación con los dominios lingüístico y musical en niños con trastorno del desarrollo del lenguaje y/o con dislexia. Estudios futuros deberían analizar el alcance de esta teoría para explicar los trastornos del lenguaje en otras condiciones evolutivas.

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BACKGROUND: Individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) show difficulties in attributing false beliefs, whereas they are better at attributing emotions. This study examines whether being asked about the emotion linked to a false belief, instead of explicitly about the belief, facilitates performance on theory of mind (ToM) tasks. METHOD: Thirty children with WS and 90 typically developing children, who were individually matched on mental age (50-112 months), were administered six explicit (i.e. questions on belief) and six implicit (i.e. questions on emotion) trials of false belief tasks. RESULTS: Theory of mind competences were related to cognitive development. Children with WS performed comparably to typically developing children on the emotion questions. CONCLUSION: Correct answers to questions on emotion reveal an implicit understanding of false belief. The Representational redescription process could be impaired in the domain of ToM in this population. This finding has relevant implications for the design of supports aiming to optimise the development of ToM competences in individuals with WS.

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Thermoluminescent response of LiF:Mg,Cu,P+PTFE under clinical photon irradiation was obtained. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) were irradiated for determining entrance surface dose (ESD) in a solid water phantom when using standard clinical adult treatment protocols. A Monte Carlo simulation of photon interaction with matter was performed and absorbed dose determined. ESD calculated by MCNPX code was greater than those determined by direct measurements in phantom. The results obtained open the possibility for using this material as a TLDs in medical accelerators.

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Municipal wastewater was amended with organic garbage leachates at a concentration around 700 mgCOD(soluble)/L and fed to three different anaerobic systems to compare their performance: a down flow fluidized bed (DFFB), an expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) and a zeolite-packed anaerobic filter reactor (ZPF). The DFFB and EGSB reactors were operated at HRT of 6 and 4 h and the ZPF reactor at 12 and 36 h. Organic loads rate for the DFFB reactor were 2.3+/-0.9 and 4.8+/-1.8 gCOD/L.d, with removal efficiencies around 40% and a methane productivity of 0.2+/-0.03 L/L(reactor).d. For the EGSB reactor, organic loads tested were 2.1+/-0.9 and 4.3+/-1.3 gCOD/L.d, removal efficiencies attained were of 77.6+/-12.7% and 84.4+/-4.9%, respectively at both conditions and total suspended solids were removed in 54.6+/-19.3%, while methane productivity at 4 h HRT was of 1.29+/-0.4 L/L(reactor).d. The ZPF reactor was operated at lower organic loading rates, 1.4+/-0.27 and 0.42+/-0.13 gCOD/L.d and attained removal efficiencies of 48+/-18% and 83+/-8%, respectively, reaching a methane productivity of 0.21+/-0.09 and 0.12+/-0.04 L/L(reactor).d, 83+/-8.0% of total suspended solids were retained in the reactor and as HRT was increased ammonium concentrations increased in 39%. Specific methanogenic activity in all systems was around 0.2 gCOD-CH(4)/gVSS d.

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The aim of this study is to assess the efficiency of radiosurgery (RS) in the treatment of brain cavernomas. The series included intra-axial 17 lesions in 15 patients, 10 women and 5 men. Eleven were infratentorial lesions (brain stem and cerebellum) and 6 supratentorial (thalamus, hippocampus, brain cortex and paraventricular region). Fifteen lesions bled once or twice. Two lesions revealed by focal epilepsy displayed a rim of hemosiderin on MRI. RS was performed for all 17 lesions. The risk of morbidity was considered too high for surgery in 13 patients and 2 patients wished to be treated by RS. RS was delivered by a 6 MeV linear accelerator with a conic collimators device. Stereotactic localization and dosimetry were carried out with STP system 3.O (Fischer-Liebinger TM, Germany). Doses ranged between 16 and 23 Gy, the lower doses being delivered to brain stem lesions. All the lesions received a single fraction isocentric radiation. Lesion volumes ranged between 0.7 and 4.7 cm(3). Twelve lesions disappeared on MRI, the volume reduced (50-80%) in 3 lesions, and did not change in 2 lesions. Volume reduction was significant (P<0.01, P<0.001). In the follow up, 4 patients experienced bleeding, 1 of them died. Edema diagnosed in 2 patients at 3 and 13 months was treated by corticosteroids. The risk of hemorrhage without treatment in this group of patients was estimated about 34.45% a year. Hemorrhage incidence observed after RS was 7.17% (significant with P<0.01, P<0.001). At the end of follow up, 12 patients were symptom-free, 2 had sequels from bleeding, 1 patient died. Radiosurgery is an efficient treatment of cavernomas leading to a total disappearance of 70% of the lesions and significantly reducing the risk of new hemorrhages.

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A wastewater containing a mixture of methanol, isopropyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, acetic anhydride, methyl, ethyl and isopropyl acetate, acrylic acid, butyl and methyl acrylate, o, m and p-xylene and styrene was fed to an UASB reactor. Isopropanol addition diminished the removal efficiency to 60% and required a long adaptation time for its total mineralization. When acrylic acid was added to the mixture, the removal dropped to 83% and recovered after 40 days. As for the rest of the substrates, p-m-o-xylene addition had no effect on reactor performance, although in batch assays it showed low mineralization. Also the effect of volumetric organic load on removal efficiency was followed up. After diminishing the HRT to 4 and 3 h yielding 4.8 and 6.5 gCOD L(-1) d(-1), removal efficiencies decreased to 79 and 74% respectively.

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En el Servicio de Radioterapia de la Unidad de Oncología del Hospital General de México, entre agosto de 1993 a diciembre de 1995, se realizó una investigación sobre altas dosis de radiación con hipofraccionamiento administradas en pacientes con recurrencias locorregionales de melanoma maligno, previamente manejado por los servicios quirúrgicos de nuestra unidad. Un total de 28 lesiones en 22 pacientes con diagnóstico de melanoma maligno metastásico o recurrente fueron tratados con altas dosis de radiación por fracción. El seguimiento osciló entre nueve y 30 meses (promedio 11.2 meses). Fueron analizados dos esquemas de tratamiento: Esquema A: 40 Gy en ocho fracciones administradas en cuatro semanas y esquema B: 24 Gy en tres fracciones, una por semana. Se analizó la respuesta local a estas dosis y el control del dolor. Veintiún campos de tratamiento fueron tratados con el esquema A y siete con el esquema B. Se obtuvieron respuestas completas en siete campos de tratamiento, parciales (entre 50 y 90 por ciento) en 12 campos y menores de 50 por ciento o estatismo en nueve campos. Se obtuvo paliación total del dolor en 18 pacientes. Existe evidencia de progresión de la enfermedad en seis pacientes, a pulmón en cuatro casos y óseas en dos. Seis pacientes se encuentran con vida y sin actividad tumoral, ocho están vivos con actividad tumoral y los ocho restantes se perdieron con actividad tumoral. El análisis de estos datos muestra que el melanoma maligno es más radiosensible de lo que tradicionalmente se había señalado y puede tener un manejo en el papel de estas lesiones, ya sea en la paliación local, en la satelitosis y en el control del dolor

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