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Medium-scale pig production systems, which make up 30 % of Mexico's pig farms, face two key obstacles impacting their economic and financial performance. The first is the absence of a sales plan based on pigs' weight, which negatively affects both profitability and resource management. The second obstacle is inadequate waste management, which hampers efforts to mitigate environmental impacts generated by pig farms. Based on this criterion, this study aims to determine technical and economic optimum levels of a medium-scale pig farm and evaluate its associated environmental impacts. Based on the last farm sale weight (116.3 kg - base scenario), technical and economic optimum levels were estimated using a production function, resulting in a technical optimum of 155 kg and an economic optimum of 127 kg. An environmental assessment of the pig fattening process was carried out following the principles of the Life Cycle Analysis methodological framework. Using a cradle-to-farm gate perspective, and establishing 1 kg of live-weight pig as the functional unit. The results indicated that production at maximum weight level (155 kg), increased environmental impacts by 60 % to 75 % compared to the base scenario. In contrast, at the maximum economic benefit level (127 kg), environmental impacts increased by 5 % to 10 %. Feed production represented the largest contribution (over 74 %) in six impact categories. The results provide valuable information for medium-scale pig farms to mitigate the environmental burdens associated with the optimal production weight and to direct efforts towards achieving future economic and environmental efficiency.

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To estimate the economic and financial viability of a pig farm in central sub-tropical Mexico within a 5-year planning horizon, a Monte Carlo simulation model was utilized. Net returns were projected using simulated values for the distribution of input and product processes, establishing 2021 as base scenario. A stochastic modelling approach was employed to determine the economic and financial outlook. The findings reveal a panorama of economic and financial viability. Net income increased by 555%, return on assets rose from 3.36% in 2022 to 11.34% in 2026, and the probability of decapitalization dropped from 58% to 13%, respectively in the aforesaid periods. Similarly, the probability of obtaining negative net income decreased from 40% in 2022 to 18% in 2026. The technological, productive, and economic management of the production unit allowed for a favorable scenario within the planning horizon. There is a growing interest in predicting the economic sectors worth investing in and supporting, considering their economic and development performance. This research offers both methodological and scientific evidence to demonstrate the feasibility of establishing a planning schedule and validating the suitability of the pork sector for public investment and support.

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In order to analyze the environmental performance of Smallholder Dairy Farms (SHDFs) located in the State of Mexico, a Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) was carried out using two methodological approaches (A1 and A2) to estimate and interpret environmental impacts. A1 consisted in obtaining the average inputs and outputs of 15 SHDFs to generate a representative farm life cycle inventory, while A2 included an individual environmental impact analysis per SHDF to obtain average values of the contributions per analyzed midpoint impact category. The feed production subsystem generated the highest contributions to environmental impacts per liter of raw milk produced. Estimated emissions based on A2 approach, resulted in higher environmental impacts compared to results obtained with A1. The estimated values for the midpoint impact categories obtained with A2: Climate change, Fossil depletion, Terrestrial acidification, and Agricultural land occupation, were 8.73%, 30.77%, 100%, and 20.49% higher compared to A1 approach, respectively. While A2 provides more accurate results, it requires more time and resources compared to the integration of a panel of representative dairy farms.

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El propósito del presente trabajo está orientado a generar una reflexión entre el gremio odontológico profesional y los estudiantes de las licenciaturas en Odontología respecto a la contaminación global que estamos generando y a la crítica situación del planeta, así como sus consecuencias ambientales y climatológicas, sobre lo importante que es educar bajo la perspectiva de una Odontología Verde y Sostenible a través de la ambientalización curricular en las escuelas y facultades de Odontología para generar un tipo de cultura y conciencia proambiental. De igual forma para señalar lo sencillo que es ambientalizar agradable y relajantemente nuestro entorno educativo y laboral, así como realizar algunas prácticas odontológicas ecológicas y ambientales en la práctica privada que cuestan poco o nada y que, por el contrario, el gran efecto positivo que éstas tendrán en el medio ambiente y la reducción de los niveles de contaminación actuales. Si realmente logramos generar una nueva cultura y conciencia que se preocupe por el medio ambiente en el campo de la Odontología, los resultados para todos se verán reflejados en un mejor ambiente social, educativo de trabajo y de salud (AU)

The purpose of this work is aimed at generating a reflection between the professional dental guild and the students of the Bachelor's Degrees in Dentistry regarding the global pollution that we are generating and the critical situation of the planet and its environmental and climatological consequences, on how important it is educate under the perspective of a Green and Sustainable Dentistry through the greening of the curriculum in the Schools and Faculties of Dentistry to generate a type of culture and pro-environmental awareness. Likewise, point out how simple it is to pleasantly and relaxingly green our educational and work environment, as well as perform some ecological and environment, as well perform some ecological and environment, dental practices in private practice that cost little or nothing and that, on the contrary, the great positive effect that these will have on the environment and the reduction of current pollution levels. If we truly manage to generate a new culture and awareness that cares about the environment in the field of Dentistry, the results for all will be reflected in a better social, educational, work and health environment (AU)

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The aim of this work was to determine endometrial mRNA expression and uterine protein localization of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 during the estrous cycle and peri-implantation period in sows. Uterine tissues were collected from pregnant sows on days 12, 14, 16, and 18 after artificial insemination and from non-pregnant animals on days 2 and 12 of the estrous cycle (day 0 = day of estrus). Using immunohistochemistry, a positive signal for VEGF and its receptor VEGFR2 was found in uterine luminal epithelial cells, endometrial glands, stroma, blood vessels, and myometrium. A VEGFR1 signal was only found in endometrial and myometrial blood vessels and stroma. By day 18 of gestation, the mRNA expression levels of VEGF, VEGFR1, and VEGFR2 were higher than those observed on days 2 and 12 of the estrous cycle and on days 12, 14, and 16 of gestation. Then, a primary culture of sow endometrial epithelial cells was established to define the potential of the selective inhibition of VEGFR2 after treatment with inhibitor SU5416 and determine its effects on the expression pattern of the VEGF system. The endometrial epithelial cells treated with SU5416 showed a dose-dependent decrease in VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 mRNA expression. The present study provides additional evidence on the importance of the VEGF system during peri-implantation, as well as on the specific inhibitory activity of SU5416 in epithelial cells, which, as demonstrated, express the protein and mRNA of VEGF and its receptors VEGFR1 and VEGFR2.

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The study of pollution effects in the marine environment has become important in recent decades, and the exposure to simultaneous pollutants has become especially relevant. Indeed, the study of key organisms, such as ecosystem engineers, can show a broader view of the effects of pollutants. In this context, we evaluate in situ the effects of a short (7-day) pollution pulse of combined solutions of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (Cu + PAHs, Cd + PAHs, Cu + Cd, and Cu + Cd + PAHs) on the development and morphological features of Macrocystis pyrifera sporophytes over a period of 90 days. Additionally, we determined the effects on the community structure associated with this kelp. This study evidenced a smaller number of blades and a decreased size of blades and holdfasts, as well as the death of individuals exposed to a secondary mix of metals (Cu + Cd) and a tertiary mix of pollutants (Cu + Cd + PAHs). Regarding the effects on the accompanying fauna, low richness and diversity were registered. M. pyrifera grazers, according to the mixture of pollutants, were either absent or diminished. These results show that the pulse of contamination in the early stages of M. pyrifera negatively affects its development and morphometry, as well as its role as an ecosystem engineer, due to a negative alteration in the species composition.

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The Vietnamese pot-bellied pig is a breed with high investigation potential. However, at the reproductive level, its testicular characteristics are still unknown, as well as the different stages of its development. Therefore, the objective of this work is to describe the postnatal testicular development of Vietnamese pot-bellied pigs. In this study, we used pigs grouped into the neonatal stage, animals at zero weeks; prepubertal stage, animals at three and eight weeks; pubertal stage, animals at twelve and sixteen weeks; and postpubertal stage animals at twenty, twenty-four, twenty-eight and thirty-two weeks of age. The neonatal stage is characterized by gonocytes at different migration phases. In the prepubertal stage, gonocytes were differentiated into spermatogonia at 3 weeks of age, and the first spermatocytes were observed at 7 weeks of age. Puberty was determined to start at 12 weeks because seminiferous tubules are found with complete spermatogenesis and the highest peaks in positive cell counting of androgen receptors (AR) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) factor that later decreased and further stabilized in the following weeks. In the postpubertal stage, an increase in seminiferous tubule areas was observed. The number of apoptotic cells ranged from low to null at all ages. Testosterone (T) and gonadotropin levels had two important peaks at 3 and 24 weeks. The seminiferous epithelium cycle was found to have 11 stages according to acrosome development. These characteristics of Vietnamese pot-bellied pig testes, which are different from rat testes and more similar to human testicles, make them a viable model to study human male reproductive biology. The postnatal testicular development of pot-bellied pigs is different from the postnatal testicular development of other breeds. Therefore, due to this difference in size and easy manipulation, the Vietnamese pig is an alternative for investigation compared to other pig breeds.

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The biomedical potential of the edible red seaweed Agarophyton chilense (formerly Gracilaria chilensis) has not been explored. Red seaweeds are enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids and eicosanoids, which are known natural ligands of the PPARγ nuclear receptor. PPARγ is the molecular target of thiazolidinediones (TZDs), drugs used as insulin sensitizers to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. Medical use of TZDs is limited due to undesired side effects, a problem that has triggered the search for selective PPARγ modulators (SPPARMs) without the TZD side effects. We produced Agarophyton chilense oleoresin (Gracilex®), which induces PPARγ activation without inducing adipocyte differentiation, similar to SPPARMs. In a diet-induced obesity model of male mice, we showed that treatment with Gracilex® improves insulin sensitivity by normalizing altered glucose and insulin parameters. Gracilex® is enriched in palmitic acid, arachidonic acid, oleic acid, and lipophilic antioxidants such as tocopherols and ß-carotene. Accordingly, Gracilex® possesses antioxidant activity in vitro and increased antioxidant capacity in vivo in Caenorhabditis elegans. These findings support the idea that Gracilex® represents a good source of natural PPARγ ligands and antioxidants with the potential to mitigate metabolic disorders. Thus, its nutraceutical value in humans warrants further investigation.

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Heavy metals (HMs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are persistent toxicants in coastal environments. Notably, in comparison to individual metal toxicity, knowledge about the effects of HMs and PAHs mixtures on kelps remains scarce. Accordingly, we performed in vitro experiments to determine the individual and combined effects of Cu, Cd, and PAHs on spore release, settlement, and germination on Macrocystis pyrifera and Lessonia spicata, two key-habitat forming kelp species of the coast of the Valparaíso Region in Chile. This region concentrates highly polluting industries, mainly due to unrestrained mining and fossil-fuel energy production. Single Cu, Cd, and PAHs treatments included concentrations in the ranges 5-200, 0.125-2000, and 0.05-100 µg/L, respectively, and a toxic-free treatment. Cu, Cd, and PAHs concentrations causing 20-50% (IC20, IC50) arrested spore release, settlement, and germination were determined, and the results shown in both species that single Cu, Cd, and PAHs IC20 values were generally lower on spore release than on spore settlement and germination, probably due to the absence of a cell wall in spores compared to later stages. Binary equitoxic IC20s mixture treatments changed from an antagonistic response to another with a greater inhibitory effect on spore release, from hour 1 to 7, whereas in IC50 treatments, the response was always antagonistic. The tertiary IC20 mixture of Cu+Cd+PAHs produced generally an antagonistic effect. Remarkably, all IC20 equitoxic mixture treatments showed a synergistic response on spore settlement in both kelps, suggesting that these toxicants are extremely harmful to kelp population persistence near highly polluted sites.

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Introducción: Evaluar la precisión de la cirugía artroscópica de Latarjet­Bankart, mediante tomografía computada post operatoria. Describir resultados y complicaciones en la primera serie prospectiva de esta técnica en Chile.Material y Método: Quince pacientes fueron sometidos a cirugía de estabilización mediante la técnica artroscópica de Latarjet­Bankart. Se realizó una evaluación de la posición del injerto de coracoides mediante tomografía computada considerando los índices: ángulo tornillo - superficie articular, tornillo excesivamente largo, distancia línea articular - borde injerto en plano axial (método tangente), distancia borde injerto ­ superficie articular (método del círculo) en planos axial y coronal y relación posición injerto ­ diámetro glenoideo.Resultados: Se obtuvo un ángulo tornillo ­ superficie promedio de 32.9°. En un paciente se objetivó un tornillo de largo excesivo (+ 4 mm). De acuerdo al método tangente axial la distancia fue de 0 mm [0 mm ­ 2,5 mm], método circulo axial 0 mm [-0,8 mm ­ 1 mm], circulo coronal 0 mm [-1 mm ­ 2 mm]. En el 100% de los casos la posición injerto ­ diámetro glenoideo, fue bajo el 50% o subecuatorial. El injerto se encontró en posición "flush" en todos los pacientes. En un paciente fue necesario convertir a cirugía abierta. En un paciente ocurrió una factura parcial del injerto y un paciente presento una fractura de glenoides y una plexitis transitoria de 5 semanas. Un 13% de los pacientes presentó recurrencia al seguimiento a los 2 años.Conclusión: Es factible realizar esta técnica quirúrgica de manera artroscópica, con una baja necesidad de conversión y complicaciones, logrando una posición óptima del injerto.Tipo de estudio: Serie de Casos. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Introduction: Evaluate the feasibility and precision of arthroscopic Latarjet-Bankart surgery, using computed tomography. Describe outcomes and complications in the first prospective series of this technique in Chile.Method: Fifteen patients underwent surgery using the arthroscopic Latarjet-Bankart technique. We evaluated the position of the coracoid graft by Computed Tomography, considering the following indices: screw angle - joint surface, excessively long screw incidence, joint line distance - graft edge in axial plane (tangent method), distance graft edge - joint surface (circle method) in axial and coronal planes, graft position relationship - glenoid diameter. Results: A screw angle - surface 32.9 ° was obtained. In one patient a screw of excessive length (+ 4mm). According to the axial tangent method the distance was 0mm [0mm - 2.5mm], axial circle method 0mm [-0.8mm - 1mm], coronal circle 0mm [-1mm - 2mm], in 100% of the cases the graft position - glenoid diameter was under 50% or subequatorial. The graft was found in the "flush" position in all patients. In one patient was necessary to convert to open surgery. One patient with partial graft fracture. One patient had a major complication, which was a glenoid fracture and a transient plexitis of 5 weeks. Instability recurrence was observed in 13% of patients at 2 years follow-up.Conclusion: It's feasible to perform this technique arthroscopically, with a low conversion and complications rate, obtaining an optimal position of the graft. Type study: Case Series. Level of Evidence: IV

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A recent molecular taxonomic study along the Chilean coast (18° S-53° S) described 18 candidate species of bladed Bangiales of which only two were formally described. Few studies focused on local genetic and morphological diversity of bladed Bangiales and attempted to determine their intertidal distribution in contrasting habitats, and none were performed in Chile. To delimit intertidal distributions of genetic species, 66 samples of bladed Bangiales were collected at Maitencillo (32° S) in four zones: a rocky platform, a rocky wall, and two boulders zones surrounded by sandy and rocky bottoms, respectively. These samples were identified based on sequences of the mitochondrial COI and chloroplast rbcL markers. We also collected 87 specimens for morphological characterization of the most common species, rapidly assessing their putative species identity using newly developed species-diagnostic (PCR-RFLP) markers. Eight microscopic and two macroscopic morphological traits were measured. We described and named three of four species that predominate in Maitencillo (including Pyropia orbicularis): Pyropia variabilis Zapata, Meynard, Ramírez, Contreras-Porcia, sp. nov., Porphyra luchea Meynard, Ramírez, Contreras-Porcia sp. nov., and Porphyra longissima Meynard, Ramírez, Contreras-Porcia, sp. nov. With the exception of Po. longissima restricted to boulders surrounded by sandy bottom, and a morphotype of Py. variabilis restricted to rocky walls, the other species/morphotypes have overlapping intertidal distributions. Except for Po. longissima, which is clearly differentiated morphologically (longest and thinnest blades), we conclude that morphology is not sufficient to differentiate bladed Bangiales. Our findings underscore the importance of refining our knowledge of intrinsic and environmental determinants on the distribution of bladed Bangiales.

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MAIN CONCLUSION: The transcriptional modulation of desiccation tolerance factors in P. orbicularis explains its successful recuperation after water deficit. Differential responses to air exposure clarify seaweed distribution along intertidal rocky zones. Desiccation-tolerant seaweed species, such as Pyropia orbicularis, can tolerate near 96% water loss during air exposure. To understand the phenotypic plasticity of P. orbicularis to desiccation, several tolerance factors were assessed by RT-qPCR, Western-blot analysis, and enzymatic assays during the natural desiccation-rehydration cycle. Comparative enzymatic analyses were used to evidence differential responses between P. orbicularis and desiccation-sensitive species. The results showed that during desiccation, the relative mRNA levels of genes associated with basal metabolism [trehalose phosphate synthase (tps) and pyruvate dehydrogenase (pdh)] were overexpressed in P. orbicularis. Transcript levels related to antioxidant metabolism [peroxiredoxin (prx); thioredoxin (trx); catalase (cat); lipoxygenase (lox); ferredoxin (fnr); glutathione S-transferase (gst)], cellular detoxification [ABC transporter (abc) and ubiquitin (ubq)], and signal transduction [calmodulin (cam)] increased approximately 15- to 20-fold, with the majority returning to basal levels during the final hours of rehydration. In contrast, actin (act) and transcription factor 1 (tf1) transcripts were down-regulated. ABC transporter protein levels increased in P. orbicularis during desiccation, whereas PRX transcripts decreased. The antioxidant enzymes showed higher specific activity in P. orbicularis under desiccation, and sensitive species exhibited enzymatic inactivation and scarce ABC and PRX protein detection following prolonged desiccation. In conclusion, the reported findings contribute towards understanding the ecological distribution of intertidal seaweeds at the molecular and functional levels.

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In Mexico, small-scale dairy systems (SSDS) represent over 78 % of dairy farms and contribute with 37 % of national milk production; however, they face high feeding costs. The objective of this study was to assess the performance of SSDS during the dry season in terms of milk yields, milk composition and feeding costs under traditional feeding strategies, to identify areas of opportunity for improving their profitability. The information was collected from 22 SSDS every month during dry season. Feeds were classified in quality forages (QF), supplements (SU) and straws (ST). Two factors were identified: factor 1-a positive relationship among QF, SU, milk yield and ration cost and factor 2-represented straw usage. Four feeding strategies were identified: (1) low-cost feeding strategy; (2) home-grown feeding strategy; (3) high-cost feeding strategy; and (4) straw-based feeding strategy. There were differences (P < 0.001) among feeding strategies for QF, SU, ST, total dry matter offered (TDMO), ration cost (RC), external inputs, home-grown inputs and milk yield. There were no significant (P > 0.05) differences among feeding strategies for fat and protein contents in milk. It is concluded that to improve performance and profitability and enhance sustainability in SSDS, farmers should base feeding strategies on home-grown quality forages, as it was the case in group 2 which showed lower feeding cost and better milk yield. It is also recommended to increase the inclusion of quality forages like grazing pastures and maize silages during the dry season and to avoid the inclusion of straws.

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The objective of this work was to determine the effect of family labour on the profitability and competitiveness of small-scale dairy farms in the highlands of Central Mexico. Economic data from 37 farms were analysed from a stratified statistical sampling with a Neyman assignment. Three strata were defined taking herd size as criterion. Stratum 1: herds from 3 to 9 cows plus replacements, Stratum 2: herds from 10 to 19 cows and Stratum 3: herds from 20 to 30 cows. The policy analysis matrix was used as the method to determine profitability and competitiveness. The coefficient of private profitability (CPP) when the economic cost of family labour is included in the cost structure was 8.0 %, 31.0 % and 46.0 %. When the economic cost of family labour is not included, CPP increase to 47.0 %, 57.0 % and 66.0 % for each strata, respectively. The private cost ratio (PCR) when family labour is included was 0.79, 0.51 and 0.42 for strata 1, 2 and 3, respectively. When family labour is not included, the PCR was 0.07, 0.25 and 0.26. Net profit per litre of milk including family labour was US$0.03 l(-1) for Stratum 1, US$0.09 for Stratum 2 and US$0.12 l(-1) for Stratum 3; but increased to $0.12, 0.14 and 0.15, respectively, when the economic cost of family labour is not included. It is concluded that family labour is a crucial factor in the profitability and competitiveness of small-scale dairy production.

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El queso Oaxaca tradicional goza de gran reconocimiento y consumo a nivel nacional, al ser elaborado con leche cruda de vaca es considerado como factor de riesgo para la salud, sin embargo, contiene flora natural no patógena como las bacterias lácticas (BAL), que le proporciona características extraordinarias y su reconocida tipicidad siendo importante su caracterización. Se realizó el conteo, aislamiento y caracterización fenotípica (pruebas morfológicas, bioquímicas, factores de crecimiento y fermentación) de coliformes totales, BAL, levaduras y Staphylococcus spp.en las etapas de leche, cuajada y queso. Todos los recuentos se encontraron fuera de la normativa mexicana (NOM-243-SSA1-2010); se observó diferencia (p<0,05) entre la etapa de leche y queso para coliformes totales, BAL y levaduras. Se aislaron 43 cepas de BAL, 38 de coliformes, 24 de levaduras y 16 de Staphylococcus spp. El 72,1% de las BAL correspondió al género Lactococcus y el 27,9% a Lactobacillus, se detectó la presencia de E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus y Rhodotorula spp. Los resultados muestran deficientes prácticas de higiene en la elaboración de queso Oaxaca, siendo importante la identificación de la microbiota autóctona y monitoreo en toda la cadena productiva a fin de obtener un producto artesanal inocuo y de mejor calidad.

The traditional Oaxaca cheese is highly regarded nationally and its consumption, being made from raw cow’s milk is considered as a risk factor to health, however is nonpathogenic natural flora and lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which provides unique characteristics and typicality recognized to be important characterization. Count was performed, isolation and phenotypic characterization (morphological and biochemical tests, growth factors and fermentation) of total coliforms, LAB, yeasts and Staphylococcus in the stages of milk, curd and cheese. All counts were found outside Mexican standards (NOM-243-SSA1-2010), was difference (p<0.05) between the stage of milk and cheese for total coliforms, LAB and yeasts. 43 strains were isolated from BAL, coliform 38, 24 yeasts, and 16 Staphylococcus. The 72.1% of the BAL corresponded to the genus Lactococcus and 27.9% for Lactobacillus, we detected the presence of E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Rhodotorula spp. The results show poor hygiene practices in Oaxaca cheese making and it is important to identify the indigenous microbiota and monitoring throughout the production chain in order to get a handmade product safe and of better quality.

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Objetivo. Evaluar los efectos del remplazo valvular cardíaco y de los anticoagulantes sobre la evolución del embarazo. Material y métodos. Se estudiaron en forma retrospectiva la evolución y resultados de 124 embarazos en 113 mujeres portadoras de prótesis valvular cardíaca (87 del tipo mecánico y 40 biológicas). Tres mujeres tenían implantadas dos prótesis valvulares. Las gestante recibieron atención prenatal y el embarazo fue resuelto en el Instituto Nacional de Perinatología. Se describe el control médico otorgado así como las complicaciones maternas, fetales y neonatales derivadas de los anticoagulantes utilizados. Resultados. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre el número de abortos, nacimimentos pretérmino, pérdidas fetales o bajo peso al nacer, con respecto al tipo de prótesis valvular (biológica o mecánica), ni con el anticoagulante utilizado

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Objetivo. Presentar la experiencia obtenida en el Instituto Nacional de Perinatología en el control prenatal multidisciplinario de las mujeres con padecimiento cardiaco que se embarazan. Material y método. En forma retrospectiva, se analizaron los expedientes de 1093 mujeres con diagnóstico confirmado de cardiopatía, seleccionándose 1169 embarazos (un gemelar doble) que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión establecidos en el protocolo de estudio. En 53 mujeres se habían resuelto dos embarazos en la institución, en 10 fue el tercer embarazo y en una con cardiopatía reumática tipo estenosis mitral, se resolvieron cuatro gestaciones. La mayoría de las pacientes fueron referidas del Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez" para su atención perinatal. Resultados. La cardiopatía reumática fue la más frecuente (60.30 por ciento), seguidas por la de origen congénito (33.10 por ciento). De las cardiopatías reumáticas, la doble lesión mitral ocupó el primer lugar (42.13 por ciento) y entre las congénitas, la comunicación interventricular (32.81 por ciento). 124 pacientes eran portadoras de prótesis valvular cardiaca [87 mecánicas y 40 biológicas, (tres pacientes utilizaban doble prótesis)]. En 312 embarazos se presentaron una o más complicaciones, de las cuales el retardo en el crecimineto intrauterino (7.52 por ciento) fue la más común. En 29 gestantes se presento descompensación cardiovascular. Hubo 30 abortos espontáneos y siete muertes fetales. En 977 (83.57 por ciento) el embarazo se resolvió entre la semana 37 y 41 de gestación, la vía de nacimiento en el 64.8 por ciento fue vaginal. El peso de lo neonatos vivos tuvo un promedio de 2864.4 ñ 5266.9 gramos. Se presentaron ocho defunciones maternas: cinco con cardiopatía congénita (cuatro Eisenmenger, una tetralogía de Fallot) y tres con cardiopatía reumática (una de ellas con prótesis de tipo mecánico). 19 recién nacidos murieron en la etapa neonatal temprana. La frecuencia de bajo peso al nacer fue de 8.46 por ciento. Dos neonatos presentaron cardiopatía congénita

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Se presentan 84 embarazos (3 gemelares) en 80 mujeres con lupus eritematoso sistémico. A pesar de un control prenatal multidisciplinario, en 83 por ciento de los casos, se presentó una o más complicaciones durante el embarazo, predominó el nacimiento pretérmino, la ruptura prematura de membranas y la enfermedad hipertensiva aguda del embarazo. La enfermedad se exacerbó en 15/84 casos (17.85 por ciento). El deterioro de la función renal fue la manifestación más frecuente. Se presentaron nueve abortos, tres muertes fetales y una neonatal. Dos neonatos presentaron bloqueo cardiaco congénito. No se presentó ningún caso de muerte materna

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