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La aspergilosis pulmonar invasora (API) es una infección causada por hongos del género Aspergillus que afecta principalmente a pacientes inmunocomprometidos y corresponde a la forma más grave de aspergilosis. Se asocia a una alta morbi-mortalidad, siendo fundamental un diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno. Las manifestaciones clínicas son inespecíficas, por lo que un estudio adecuado es importante para el diagnóstico, principalmente en pacientes con factores de riesgo poco habituales. En la actualidad se han establecido categorías diagnósticas que consideran factores del hospedero, laboratorio micológico tradicional y biomarcadores como galactomanano. Éstos, junto a la mejor comprensión e interpretación de las imágenes tomográficas permiten ofrecer un manejo adecuado. En este artículo, se presentan dos casos clínicos de API en pacientes reumatológicos, y se discute la utilidad de los métodos diagnósticos.

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is an infection caused by fungi of the genus Aspergillus that mainly affects immunocompromised patients and corresponds to the most severe form of aspergillosis. It is associated with high morbidity and mortality, and diagnosis and timely treatment are essential. Clinical manifestations are nonspecific, so an adequate study is important for diagnosis, mainly in patients with unusual risk factors. At present, diagnostic categories have been established that consider factors of the host, traditional mycological laboratory and biomarkers such as galactomannan. These, together with the better understanding and interpretation of the tomographic images, allow us to offer an adequate management. In this article, two clinical cases of API in rheumatological patients are presented, and the usefulness of the diagnostic methods is discussed.

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La espirometría es una prueba fundamental en la evaluación funcional respiratoria. Actualmente es muy utilizada debido a su bajo costo y aceptable reproducibilidad incluso en niños entre 2 y 6 años de vida. Considerando la importancia de aplicar procedimientos estandarizados para realizar espirometrías, el año 2006 un comité de especialistas en función pulmonar de la Sociedad Chilena de Enfermedades Respiratorias, elaboró un manual de procedimientos para realizar espirometrías. El año 2014 se publicaron ecuaciones de referencia para adultos chilenos y recientemente se han publicado recomendaciones para estandarizar el informe de los resultados de las pruebas de Función Pulmonar por las Sociedades Americana y Europea de Enfermedades Respiratorias ATS/ERS 2017. El objetivo de esta publicación ha sido actualizar el manual de procedimientos ya existente e incluir los nuevos conceptos de espirometrías en preescolares, valores de referencia, formato e interpretación de los informes.

Spirometry is a basic test for assessing pulmonary function. This test is largely used nowadays, because of its low cost and acceptable reproducibility. Its feasibility has been shown even in 2 to 6 year old children. Considering the importance of applying standardized techniques in spirometry, a committee of specialists on pulmonary function from Chilean Respiratory Society, published in 2006 a procedures manual on spirometry. By 2014 new spirometric reference equations for healthy Chilean adults were published and more recently in 2017, the American Thoracic Society and the European Respiratory Society have published recommendations for a standardized pulmonary function report. The aim of this manual is to report international norms performing spirometry, in order to promote their application in clinical and laboratory practice. In addition, this reviewed manual encloses newest concepts on spirometry in preschool children, reference values, and a general assent way for interpreting and reporting spirometric values at clinical and at laboratory work is proposed.

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BACKGROUND: To correctly interpret spirometric results, reference values should come from the same population. Current spirometric reference equations have been under scrutiny due to deficiencies to fit adequately for Chilean population, specially, for those aged over 65 years old. AIM: To develop new spirometric reference values for Chilean adults, based on national studies in which spirometries were performed in healthy non-smoker adults. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A standardized database of spirometric values was developed combining spirometric data collected from five population-based studies, in which healthy nonsmoker adults participated. Spirometries from 448 males aged 19 to 84 years and from 726 females aged 19 to 94 years, obtained according to guidelines from the American Thoracic and European Respiratory Societies, were analyzed. Using multiple regression models, which included height, gender, and age, the theoretical value and inferior limits of normality were calculated for 1st second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV1/FVC, and forced mid-expiratory flow rate (FEF25-75). RESULTS: Reference values and lower limits of normality (LLN) were constructed for Chilean adults of both genders. The new proposed set of equations had a better fit, when compared with the current reference values used in Chile. CONCLUSIONS: The new spirometric references values derived from this study, fit better than currently used ones. Therefore, they should be used as new references values for Chilean adults.

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Background: To correctly interpret spirometric results, reference values should come from the same population. Current spirometric reference equations have been under scrutiny due to deficiencies to fit adequately for Chilean population, specially, for those aged over 65 years old. Aim: To develop new spirometric reference values for Chilean adults, based on national studies in which spirometries were performed in healthy non-smoker adults. Material and Methods: A standardized database of spirometric values was developed combining spirometric data collected from five population-based studies, in which healthy nonsmoker adults participated. Spirometries from 448 males aged 19 to 84 years and from 726 females aged 19 to 94 years, obtained according to guidelines from the American Thoracic and European Respiratory Societies, were analyzed. Using multiple regression models, which included height, gender, and age, the theoretical value and inferior limits of normality were calculated for 1st second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV1/FVC, and forced mid-expiratory flow rate (FEF25-75). Results: Reference values and lower limits of normality (LLN) were constructed for Chilean adults of both genders. The new proposed set of equations had a better fit, when compared with the current reference values used in Chile. Conclusions: The new spirometric references values derived from this study, fit better than currently used ones. Therefore, they should be used as new references values for Chilean adults.

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As a result of the availability of programmes to detect and treat respiratory disease in Chile there has been a greater use of spirometry in diagnosis. To be able to correctly interpret spirometry results there must be reference patterns which, ideally come from the same population in which they will be used. In order to facilitate the use and application of new spirometric reference equations recently calculated for the adult population, there follows a series of nomograms. These nomograms have been designed for each of the following parameters: gender, age, and size of subjects between 19 and 50 years old and also for subjects over 51 years old. These equations are taken from 5 national studies. These studies included a population which complied with universal criteria to determine reference values ( 1.174 subjects, between 19 and 94 years old), spirometries were carried out on this population following international recommendations (ATS).

La actual disponibilidad de programas de detección y tratamiento de enfermedades respiratorias en Chile ha determinado una mayor utilización de la espirometría en el diagnóstico de dichas enfermedades. La adecuada interpretación de los resultados de la espirometría requiere disponer de patrones de referencia idealmente originados en la misma población en la cual se utilizarón. Para facilitar el uso y aplicación de nuevas ecuaciones de referencia espirométricas recientemente modeladas en población adulta chilena, se presentan nomogramas diseñados para cada uno de los parámetros en base al género, edad y talla para sujetos entre 19 y 50 años y en mayores de 51 años. Estas ecuaciones derivan de 5 estudios nacionales que incluyeron población que cumplió criterios universales para determinar valores de referencia, (1.174 sujetos, 19 a 94 años), que efectuaron espirometrías siguiendo recomendaciones internacionales (ATS).

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The six-minute walk test has been shown as a very useful tool in the functional assessment of patients with chronic respiratory diseases enclosing patients with pulmonary hypertension. Methodological standardization of this test is fundamental for interpreting its results, as well as for using it in the short and long-term clinical follow up of our patients. The purpose of these guidelines is justly to spread out in our country the proper way to perform this useful test. In this context, indications, contraindications, limitations, security measures and detailed instructions about how to carry out, how to report and how to interpret the 6 minute walk test are described in these guidelines.

La prueba de caminata de 6 minutos ha demostrado ser una herramienta muy útil en la evaluación funcional de los pacientes con enfermedades respiratorias crónicas, incluyendo pacientes con hipertensión pulmonar. Para su correcta interpretación y uso clínico en el seguimiento de pacientes, es fundamental estandarizar la técnica. El propósito de este instructivo es justamente difundir a nivel nacional, la manera de efectuar esta técnica en forma correcta. En este contexto, este instructivo describe las indicaciones, contraindicaciones, limitaciones, medidas de seguridad y entrega detalles sobre la ejecución, informe e interpretación de la prueba de caminata de 6 minutos.

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Polysaccharide 23 valent pneumococcal vaccine commercially available from 1983 includes 23 serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae, representing near 90% of strains involved in invasive pneumococcal disease in immune competent adults. Vaccine confers protection against invasive pneumococcal disease. Immunization is recommended in adults over 65 years old, in patients affected by chronic diseases (cardiopathies, COPD, nephropathies, diabetes mellitus, hepatic cirrhosis, chronic breakage in brain-blood barrier, functional or anatomical asplenia, alcoholism), in immunocompromised hosts, including HIV infection, chemotherapy treatment and hematological malignancies. Influenza vaccine is prepared with particulated antigens, including two influenza A strains and one influenza B strain, selected according to influenza epidemiological worldwide surveillance the year before. On account of continuous antigenic changes (drifts), it is necessary to modify the vaccine antigen's composition yearly. Cost/effectiveness evaluation has confirmed the efficacy of influenza vaccine in reducing morbidity and mortality associated to influenza epidemic and health economical resources involved in patient care. Besides, clinical trials have confirmed that immunization reduces the risk of acquiring pneumonia, of hospitalization and death in elderly people during the influenza epidemic, when vaccine antigenic composition is similar to the circulating strains. Vaccination is recommended annually in healthy adults over 65 years old, in patients with chronic diseases (cardiopathies, COPD, nephropathies, diabetes mellitus, hepatic cirrhosis, chronic breakage of blood-brain barrier, functional or anatomical asplenia, alcoholism). It is also recommended in women who will be in the second or third trimester of pregnancy during the influenza season, in immunocompromised hosts, in institutionalized patients (geriatrics), health care workers, and travelers to geographical areas that are affected by the influenza epidemic.

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Polysaccharide 23 valent pneumococcal vaccine commercially available from 1983 includes 23 serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae, representing near 90% of strains involved in invasive pneumococcal disease in immune competent adults. Vaccine confers protection against invasive pneumococcal disease. Immunization is recommended in adults over 65 years old, in patients affected by chronic diseases (cardiopathies, COPD, nephropathies, diabetes mellitus, hepatic cirrhosis, chronic breakage in brain-blood barrier, functional or anatomical asplenia, alcoholism), in immunocompromised hosts, including HIV infection, chemotherapy treatment and hematological malignancies. Influenza vaccine is prepared with particulated antigens, including two influenza A strains and one influenza B strain, selected according to influenza epidemiological worldwide surveillance the year before. On account of continuous antigenic changes (drifts), it is necessary to modify the vaccine antigen's composition yearly. Cost/effectiveness evaluation has confirmed the efficacy of influenza vaccine in reducing morbidity and mortality associated to influenza epidemic and health economical resources involved in patient care. Besides, clinical trials have confirmed that immunization reduces the risk of acquiring pneumonia, of hospitalization and death in elderly people during the influenza epidemic, when vaccine antigenic composition is similar to the circulating strains. Vaccination is recommended annually in healthy adults over 65 years old, in patients with chronic diseases (cardiopathies, COPD, nephropathies, diabetes mellitus, hepatic cirrhosis, chronic breakage of blood-brain barrier, functional or anatomical asplenia, alcoholism). It is also recommended in women who will be in the second or third trimester of pregnancy during the influenza season, in immunocompromised hosts, in institutionalized patients (geriatrics), health care workers, and travelers to geographical areas ...

La vacuna anti neumocóccica polivalente disponible desde 1983 incluye 23 serotipos de Streptococcus pneumoniae, que representan cerca de 90% de las cepas que ocasionan enfermedad neumocóccica invasora en adultos inmunocompetentes. La vacuna confiere protección contra la enfermedad neumocóccica invasora. Se recomienda vacunar a los adultos sanos sobre 65 años de edad, portadores de enfermedades crónicas (cardiopatías, EPOC, nefropatías, diabetes mellitus, cirrosis hepática, pérdida crónica de LCR, asplenia funcional o anatómica, alcoholismo), inmunocomprometidos incluyendo los infectados por VIH, quimioterapia y neoplasias hematológicas. La vacuna anti influenza se prepara con antígenos particulados, e incluye dos tipos antigénicos de virus influenza A y una de influenza B, seleccionados de acuerdo al perfil epidemiológico que arroja la vigilancia mundial de influenza en el año anterior. Debido al cambio antigénico que se produce cada año, es necesario modificar la composición de la vacuna. Los estudios de costo-efectividad han confirmado la eficacia de la vacuna anti influenza en reducir la morbimortalidad asociada a la epidemia de influenza y los gastos de salud involucrados en el manejo de los enfermos. Además, los estudios clínicos han confirmado que la vacunación reduce el riesgo de neumonía, hospitalización y muerte en la población senescente durante la epidemia de influenza, cuando la cepa de la vacuna es similar a la presente en la comunidad. Se recomienda vacunar anualmente a los adultos sanos sobre 65 años de edad, portadores de enfermedades crónicas (cardiopatías, EPOC, nefropatías, diabetes mellitus, cirrosis hepática, pérdida crónica de LCR, asplenia funcional o anatómica, alcoholismo), mujeres embarazadas con más de 3 meses de gestación, inmunocomprometidos, pacientes institucionalizados (geriátricos, residentes en casas de reposo), trabajadores de la salud, viajeros a áreas geográficas de epidemia.

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La evidencia de exposición previa a Chlamydia pneumoniae fue evaluada en 353 sujetos sanos de Santiago de Chile. Se efectuó determinación sérica de anticuerpos (IgG) específicos anti-Chlamydia pneumoniae con antígenos de la cepa AR-39 proporcionados por la Washington Research Foundation, con técnica de inmunofluorescencia indirecta. Títulos iguales o mayores de 1:16 fueron considerados positivos. 134 sueros fueron positivos para Chlamydia penumoniae, con título máximo de 1:256. Concluimos que en esta muestra la seroprevalencia fue de 38 por ciento y que en un título igual o mayor de 1:512 sugiere el diagnóstico de infección aguda por Chlamydia pneumoniae

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Se revisa la literatura existente sobre intoxicaciones por fosfuros de hidrógeno, a consecuencia de un caso clínico tratado en la UCI de adultos del hospital Gustavo Fricke, en Diciembre de 1993. Se analiza el manejo, tratamiento y pronóstico de éstas, a partir de las cuales se proponen algunas medidas preventivas

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Se estudia en forma retrospectiva, 104 casos de cáncer de vesícula biliar, intervenidas entre junio 1980 y junio 1990, de los cuales 87 son mujeres (83,7%) y 17 son hombres (18,8%) con un promedio de edad de 82,8 años y 60,8 años respectivamente. Dada la inespecificidad de la clínica del cancer vesicular, en la mayoría de los casos, la primera hipótesis diagnóstica fue patología vesicular benigna. El síntoma preponderante fue dolor (87 casos), y el signo más frecuente la ictericia (60 casos). Se encontró litiasis vesicular asociada en 51 pacientes (49%). La afección se presentó en estado avanzado, encontrándose metástasis hepáticas en un 49% infiltración de órganos vecinos en 50%, compromiso ganglionar en 37% y metástasis peritoneales 21%. El tipo histológico predominante fue el adenocarcinoma. Se efectuaron 42 laparotomías exploradoras más biopsia, y 49 colecistectomía más derivaciones biliodigestivas, coledocostomías, biopsias y otros procedimientos. Veintiún pacientes (24,4%) fallecieron durante su hospitalización, específicamente durante el postoperatorio. De los pacientes dados de alta no fue posible un seguimiento adecuado para determinar sobrevida, por inasistencia a controles y fichas clínicas incompletas

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