RESUMEN

Las etiquetas de advertencia nutricional (EAN) informan a los estudiantes acerca de los alimentos procesados que exceden los niveles de nutrientes críticos. Sin embargo, aún es escasa la evidencia cómo funcionan las EAN en las decisiones alimentarias. El objetivo de esta investigación fue relacionar el efecto de las EAN en la toma de decisiones de alimentación de estudiantes universitarios, considerando los constructos de la teoría del comportamiento planificado (TCP), carrera de formación y variables sociodemográficas. A través de un muestreo no probabilístico se entrevistaron a 384 estudiantes universitarios. El cuestionario incluyó los factores de la TCP, correspondiente a las actitud, norma subjetiva, control percibido e intención de evitar la compra de alimentos procesados con EAN, más las carreras de formación y variables sociodemográficas. Los resultados del análisis factorial y regresión múltiple identificaron los determinantes de la intención de evitar comprar alimentos procesados con EAN. Los modelos muestran una actitud negativa de los estudiantes a las EAN lo que no activa la conducta de evasión por parte de los jóvenes. Mientras que la norma subjetiva, el control percibido y la formación en carreras de salud contribuyen positivamente a la intención de evitar alimentos con EAN. Los resultados evidencian que la TCP ayuda a entender el funcionamiento de las EAN en universitarios. Sin embargo, los hallazgos sugieren utilizar herramientas comunicacionales de mediano plazo dirigidas a jóvenes sin formación en salud para que estos realicen una elección informada de alimentos procesados y así reducir enfermedades no transmisibles asociadas a los malos hábitos alimentarios.

Nutrition Warning Labels (NWLs) inform students about processed foods that exceed critical nutrient levels. However, evidence on how NWLs influence food decisions is still scarce. The objective of this research was to relate the effect of NWLs on the decision-making of university students, considering the constructs of the theory of planned behavior (TPB), university major, and sociodemographic variables. Through non-probability sampling, 384 university students were interviewed. The questionnaire included the factors of the TPB, corresponding to the attitude, subjective norm, perceived control, and intention to avoid the purchase of foods processed with NWLs, plus field of study and sociodemographic variables. Factor analysis and multiple regression results identified the determinants of the intention to avoid buying processed foods with NWLs. The models showed a negative attitude of the students to the NWLs, which did not activate avoidance behavior on the part of young people. At the same time, the subjective norm, the perceived control, and the training in health careers contribute positively to the intention to avoid foods with NWLs. The results show that the TPB helps understand the operation of NWLs in university students. However, the findings suggest using medium-term communication tools aimed at young people without health training to make an informed choice of processed foods and thus reduce non-communicable diseases associated with poor eating habits.

RESUMEN

Nutritional warnings (NWs) as a front-of-package label were implemented as a public policy aiding consumers with recognizing processed foods with high levels of critical nutrients (sodium, saturated fats, carbohydrates, and calories). However, in spite of this tool being well positioned in consumer decision making, there is little extant knowledge about the relationship between the message sent by NW, nutritional knowledge, consumer motivation, and the intention to avoid consuming processed foods. To understand these dimensions' relations, a theoretical model was created and subsequently tested through structural equations. We applied a survey to 807 home food purchasing decision makers. The results show that the direct effect of NW messages raises the intention to avoid processed foods, while eating motivation is negative in its direct effect on the same avoidance intention. However, the message sent by NWs had a mediating effect between the intentions to avoid processed food and eating motivation but showed no such effect on nutritional knowledge. This suggests that the message sent by NWs was able to turn negative eating motivation into positive eating motivation to avoid processed foods. In conclusion, NWs help mitigate eating motivations, as well as boost the intention to avoid processed foods.

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RESUMEN

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) subjected to three consecutive, alternating treatments with emamectin benzoate (EMB) and deltamethrin (DM) during outbreaks of Caligus rogercresseyi in a farm located in southern Chile (Hornopiren, Chiloé), were studied to determine the effects of these treatments on the protein and enzymatic activity levels of cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A), flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in different tissues. Consecutive and alternating EMB/DM treatments resulted in a 10-fold increase and 3-fold decrease of CYP1A protein levels in the intestine and gills, respectively. Notably, CYP1A activity levels decreased in most of the analyzed tissues. FMO protein and activity levels markedly increased in the kidney and the intestine. GST was up-regulated in all tissues, either as protein or enzyme activity. When comparing consecutive EMB/DM treatments against previous studies of EMB treatment alone, CYP1A activity levels were similarly diminished, except in muscle. Likewise, FMO activity levels were increased in most of the analyzed tissues, particularly in the muscle, kidney, and intestine. The increases observed for GST were essentially unchanged between consecutive EMB/DM and EMB only treatments. These results indicate that consecutive EMB/DM treatments in rainbow trout induce the expression and activity of FMO and GST enzymes and decrease CYP1A activity. These altered activities of detoxification enzymes could generate imbalances in metabolic processes, synthesis, degradation of hormones and complications associated with drug interactions. It is especially important when analyzing possible effects of consecutive antiparasitic treatments on withholding periods and salmon farming yields.

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