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Temos a expectativa de que esta coletânea, ao reunir análises e iniciativas de enfrentamento aos desafios impostos pela pandemia sob diferentes angulações teóricas, possa contribuir para a compreensão ampliada das interfaces cada vez mais estreitas e complexas que unem a comunicação e a saúde. E não apenas no enfrentamento de uma pandemia de proporções extraordinárias como a de covid-19, mas também no cotidiano das pessoas, dos serviços, das ações e das políticas públicas de saúde e comunicação, sem o que dificilmente ampliaremos nossa capacidade de garantir e expandir direitos de cidadania e melhor responder a crises futuras.

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Uma trajetória individual que reverbera em suas práticas e pesquisas, interfaces da comunicação e da saúde ao longo do processo de construção do Sistema Único de Saúde no Brasil. Em entrevista à Reciis, a cientista social Janine Cardoso aborda as campanhas sobre aids, a cobertura jornalística das epidemias de dengue e o contexto da pandemia de Covid-19. Os direitos à saúde e à comunicação, a articulação com os princípios do SUS e práticas dialógicas são pensados em diferentes conjunturas, das lutas pela redemocratização do país ao momento atual, em que os discursos de negação da ciência e da democracia encontram força. Janine Cardoso é professora do Programa de PósGraduação em Informação e Comunicação em Saúde (PPGICS), do Instituto de Comunicação e Informação Científica e Tecnológica em Saúde (Icict), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz).

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This study analyzedthe dengue and influenza A (H1N1) epidemics in the printed media of Espírito Santo state (ES). All reports from November 2007 to December 2010were collected from the newspaper A Tribuna. The data collected from the Health Information Systems were quantitatively analyzed as per their editorial characteristics, theirdate of distribution and the number of reported cases and deaths due to the respective pathologies. Dengue was pinpointedin 1.870 articles, 133.641 notifications and 94 deaths in the period. H1N1 was pinpointedin 411 news stories, 519 cases and 15 deaths. There was a significant statistic difference in the representations of dengue and influenza A (H1N1) concerning the cover, the editorials, the editorial space and type of opinionated report. There was a stronger statistical correlation between the number of deaths, notifications and news reports of dengue, when compared to the same correlations for influenza A (H1N1). The number of reported cases directly influences the spread of the news of the diseases studied. Contemporary epidemics are complex events, in which media constructions participate actively, bringing risk perceptions intofocusthat may exponentially raise tensions and meddle in health policies. (AU)

El estudio analizó las epidemias de dengue y influenza A (H1N1) en los medios impresos de Espírito Santo (ES). Recolectamos todos los artículos que abordaron estas epidemias, desde noviembre de 2007 hasta diciembre de 2010, en la revista A Tribuna. Los artículos fueron analizados en relación con sus características editoriales, distribución temporal y relación con el número de casos reportados y muertes de las respectivas patologías recogidas en los Sistemas de Información de Salud. Dengue registró 1.870 artículos, 133.641 informes y 94 muertes en el período. El H1N1 ya registró 411 noticias, 519 casos y 15 muertes. Hubo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en las representaciones de dengue y influenza A (H1N1) con respecto a la portada, editoriales, espacio editorial y tipo de artículo de opinión. Hubo una correlación estadística más fuerte entre el número de muertes por dengue, notificaciones y noticias, cuando se compararon las mismas correlaciones para la gripe A (H1N1). El número de casos reportados influye directamente en la mediatización de las enfermedades estudiadas. Las epidemias contemporáneas son eventos complejos, en los que participan activamente las construcciones de los medios, poniendo en escena percepciones de riesgo que pueden aumentar exponencialmente las tensiones e interferir con las políticas de salud. (AU)

O estudo analisouas epidemias de dengue e de influenza A (H1N1) na mídia impressa do Espírito Santo (ES). Foram coletadas todas as matérias que abordavam essas epidemias, no período de novembro de 2007 a dezembro de 2010, no periódico A Tribuna. Foram analisadas as matérias em relação às suas características editoriais, à distribuição temporal e à relação com o número de casos notificados e mortes pelas respectivas patologias, coletado nos Sistemas de Informação em Saúde. A dengue registrou 1.870 matérias, 133.641 notificações e 94 mortes no período. Já a H1N1 registrou 411 notícias, 519 casos e 15 mortes. Houve diferença estatisticamente significante nas representações de dengue e de influenza A (H1N1) no que diz respeito à chamada na capa, aos editorias, ao espaço editorial e ao tipo de matéria opinativa. Houve correlação estatística mais forte entre o número de mortes, notificações e notícias de dengue, quando comparadas às mesmas correlações para influenza A (H1N1). A quantidade de casos notificados influencia diretamente na midiatização das doenças estudadas. As epidemias contemporâneas constituem eventos complexos dos quais as construções midiáticas participam ativamente, colocando em cena percepções de risco que podem elevar exponencialmente as tensões e interferir nas políticas de saúde. (AU)

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This article aims to reflect on communication and health projects and strategies involved in the struggle for the right to health, construction and defense of the Unified Health System. Drawing on studies, debates and deliberations that have been ongoing since the 8th National Health Conference and based on contemporary communication configurations, it problematizes tensions, challenges and opportunities related to digital culture, journalistic coverage and public communication in health institutions in Brazil.

Este artigo tem como objetivo refletir sobre projetos e estratégias de comunicação e saúde envolvidos na luta pelo direito à saúde, construção e defesa do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Em diálogo com estudos, debates e deliberações em curso desde a 8ª Conferência Nacional de Saúde e com base nas configurações comunicacionais contemporâneas, problematiza tensões, desafios e potencialidades relacionados à cultura digital, à cobertura jornalística e à comunicação pública nas instituições de saúde no Brasil.

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Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo refletir sobre projetos e estratégias de comunicação e saúde envolvidos na luta pelo direito à saúde, construção e defesa do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Em diálogo com estudos, debates e deliberações em curso desde a 8ª Conferência Nacional de Saúde e com base nas configurações comunicacionais contemporâneas, problematiza tensões, desafios e potencialidades relacionados à cultura digital, à cobertura jornalística e à comunicação pública nas instituições de saúde no Brasil.

Abstract This article aims to reflect on communication and health projects and strategies involved in the struggle for the right to health, construction and defense of the Unified Health System. Drawing on studies, debates and deliberations that have been ongoing since the 8th National Health Conference and based on contemporary communication configurations, it problematizes tensions, challenges and opportunities related to digital culture, journalistic coverage and public communication in health institutions in Brazil.

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Os inibidores de apetite são comercializados no Brasil há mais de 30 anos. Em 2010, a Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa) iniciou um processo de revisão da avaliação de risco desses fármacos e cancelou, em 2011, o registro dos três emagrecedores à base de anfetamina (anfepramona, femproporex,mazindol), permitindo que apenas a sibutramina fosse comercializada. A decisão foi revogada em 2014 pelo Congresso Nacional, que autorizou a volta ao mercado brasileiro dos anorexígenos derivados da anfetamina. Este artigo analisa a construção dos sentidos sobre risco por jornais diários durante a cobertura noticiosa da controvérsia relativa aos emagrecedores, nesses dois momentos antagônicos. Com base na semiologia dos discursos sociais, foram analisadas 25 notícias de 2011 e 2014 que demonstraram que o discurso do risco,embora presente na maioria dos textos, foi minimizado pela cobertura política que privilegia os conflitos de interesses, os embates travados com a autoridade sanitária e as contradições do processo.(AU)

Appetite suppressants are sold in Brazil over 30 years. In 2010, the Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária- Anvisa (National Health Surveillance Agency) began a process to review the risk assessment of these drugs and in 2011 cancelled the register of the three amphetamine-based anorexigenics (anfepramone,fenproporex, mazindol), only allowing to be marketed in Brazil the sibutramine. In 2014, the Congressrevoked the decison-making by Anvisa and authorized the sale of the amphetamine derivatives. This paper analyzes how the meanings of risk were built by daily newspapers during the coverage of the appetite suppressants controversy, considering these two antagonistic moments. Based on the social semiotics, weanalyzed 25 newspaper articles published in 2011 and in 2014, which showed that the discourse of risk doesnot assume the center of the discursive scene, resulting in a political coverage that favours the conflicts ofinterests, as well as the disputes with the Anvisa and the contradictions of the process

Los inhibidores del apetito se venden en Brasil hace más de 30 años. En 2010, la Agência Nacional deVigilância Sanitária ­ Anvisa (Agencia Nacional de Vigilancia Sanitaria) inició un proceso de revisión dela evaluación de riesgos de estos fármacos y ha cancelado, en 2011, la inscripción en el registro de los tresinhibidores del apetito de la familia de las anfetaminas (dietilpropión, fenproporex, mazindol), permitiendoque sólo la sibutramina fuese mantenida en el mercado. La decisión ha sido revocada en 2014 por el Congreso Nacional, que autorizó la comercialización de los inhibidores del apetito derivados de la anfetamina.En este artículo se analiza la construcción del sentido del riesgo en periódicos diarios durante la coberturade la controversia relativa a esos fármacos, en los dos momentos antagónicos. Basado en la teoría de losdiscursos sociales, se analizaron 25 noticias de los años 2011 y 2014, que mostraron que el discurso delriesgo ha sido infravalorado por la cobertura política que privilegia los conflictos de intereses, así como lasdisputas con la autoridad sanitaria, y las contradicciones del proceso.

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Este artigo baseia-se em um estudo que teve como objetivo analisar as imagens que despertam maior interesse e maior número de compartilhamentos por parte dos internautas a partir do dispositivo em rede Instagram sobre a epidemia de Zika. O recorte temporal abrange novembro e dezembro de 2015, ou seja, os dois meses posteriores à revelação por pesquisadores e autoridades médicas de que a infecção pelo vírus Zika poderia estar associada a casos de microcefalia diagnosticados em recém-nascidos. No estudo, recorremos ao ImageCloud, um aplicativo desenvolvido pelo Laboratório de Estudos sobre Imagem e Cibercultura, da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo e que permite visualizar uma grande quantidade de imagens em bases de dados, como, por exemplo, nas redes sociais. A análise foi encaminhada a partir dos pressupostos teóricos da análise do discurso.

This article bases on a study aiming to analyze the images on Zika virus epidemic that aroused a great publicinterest and a great number of sharings from the device Instagram. The period of analysis covers November and December 2015, namely two months after researchers and medical authorities have proclaimed that the infection could be associated with cases of microcephaly diagnosed in newborns. This study used the ImageCloud, a tool developed by Laboratório de Estudos sobre Imagem e Cibercultura, da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (Laboratory for studies of Image and Cyberculture, from Federal University of Espirito Santo), which allows us to visualize a lot of images in databases like, for example, on social networks. The theoretical base used to the analysis in question was the discourse analysis.

El presente artículo es basado en estudio que ha tenido como finalidad analizar las imágenes que han despertado gran interese y han sido compartidas por los internautas a partir del dispositivo en red Instagram acerca de la epidemia de Zika. El recorte temporal abarcó noviembre y diciembre de 2015, es decir, los dos meses posteriores a la revelación por investigadores y autoridades médicas de que la infección por el virus podría estar asociada a casos de microcefalia diagnosticados en recién nacidos. En el estudio,hemos recurrido a ImageCloud, una aplicación desarrollada por el Laboratório de Estudos sobre Imageme Cibercultura, da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (Laboratorio de estudios acerca de la imagen y cibercultura, de la Universidad Federal de Espírito Santo), y que permite visualizar una cantidad grande de imágenes en bases de datos, como, por ejemplo, en las redes sociales. El análisis ha sido realizado a partir de los presupuestos teóricos del análisis del discurso.

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Direct electric current has several therapeutic uses such as antibacterial and antiprotozoal action, tissues scarring and regeneration, as well as tumor treatment. This method has shown promising results in vivo and in vitro, with significant efficacy and almost no side effects. Considering lack of studies regarding direct electric current mutagenic and/or genotoxic effects, the present work evaluated both aspects by using five different bacterial experimental assays: survival of repair-deficient mutants, Salmonella-histidine reversion mutagenesis (Ames test), forward mutations to rifampicin resistance, phage reactivation, and lysogenic induction. In these experimental conditions, cells were submitted to an approach that allows evaluation of anodic, cathodic, and electro-ionic effects generated by 2 mA of direct electric current, with doses ranging from 0.36 to 3.60 Coulombs. Our results showed these doses did not induce mutagenic or genotoxic effects.

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Cisplatin is currently used in tumor chemotherapy to induce the death of malignant cells through blockage of DNA replication. It is a commonly used chemotherapeutic agent binding mono- or bifunctionally to guanines in DNA. Escherichia coli K12 mutant strains deficient in nucleotide excision repair (NER) were submitted to increasing concentrations of cisplatin, and the results revealed that uvrA and uvrB mutants are sensitive to this agent, while uvrC and cho mutants remain as the wild type strain. The time required for both gene expression turn-off and return to normal weight DNA in wild-type E. coli was not accomplished even after 4 h post-treatment with cisplatin, while the same process takes place within 1.5 h after ultraviolet radiation (UV). Besides, a heavily damaging action of cisplatin can be seen not only by persistent nicks on genomic DNA, but also by NER gene expression exceeding manifold that seen after equivalent lethal doses of UV. Moreover, cisplatin caused an increase in uvrB gene expression from its putative upstream promoter P3 in an SOS-independent manner.

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The draft genome of Dietzia cinnamea strain P4 was determined using pyrosequencing. In total, 428 supercontigs were obtained and analyzed. We here describe and interpret the main features of the draft genome. The genome contained a total of 3,555,295 bp, arranged in a single replicon with an average G+C percentage of 70.9%. It revealed the presence of complete pathways for basically all central metabolic routes. Also present were complete sets of genes for the glyoxalate and reductive carboxylate cycles. Autotrophic growth was suggested to occur by the presence of genes for aerobic CO oxidation, formate/formaldehyde oxidation, the reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle and the 3-hydropropionate cycle for CO(2) fixation. Secondary metabolism was evidenced by the presence of genes for the biosynthesis of terpene compounds, frenolicin, nanaomycin and avilamycin A antibiotics. Furthermore, a probable role in azinomycin B synthesis, an important product with antitumor activity, was indicated. The complete alk operon for the degradation of n-alkanes was found to be present, as were clusters of genes for biphenyl ring dihydroxylation. This study brings new insights in the genetics and physiology of D. cinnamea P4, which is useful in biotechnology and bioremediation.

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Este trabalho reflete sobre as relações entre saúde, política e risco, a partir da análise da cobertura das epidemias de dengue realizada nas últimas três décadas pelo Jornal Nacional (JN), da Rede Globo de Televisão. Discutir como a lógica do risco incide sobre essas narrativas constitui seu principal objetivo e, para tanto, nos propomos a identificar e analisar a forma como o telejornal construiu as epidemias de 1986, 1987, 1990/91, 1998, 2002 e 2008. O período compreende mais do que a reemergência e o recrudescimento deste que é considerado um dos mais graves problemas de saúde pública no mundo. Assinala também diferentes conjunturas históricas, das lutas pela redemocratização e o direito à saúde no país. Corresponde, de forma muito particular, à ascenção da lógica do risco e à crescente preocupação com a saúde na agenda de indivíduos, instituições, governos e da mídia. Nas vertentes predominantes, tais movimentos reforçam a dimensão individual dos cuidados à saúde, a descoletivização dos riscos, apagando sua desigual distribuição pela generalização da sensação de insegurança, ao mesmo tempo em que participam da configuração de novas formas de regulação social. Tendo em vista essas questões, buscamos considerar a historicidade das narrativas jornalísticas e da própria configuração dos discursos do risco, privilegiando pontos de cruzamento entre a saúde pública e o jornalismo. A problematização se concentra em três eixos centrais: as operações que tecem as causas e responsabilidades sobre os eventos epidêmicos; as formas de expor o sofrimento e as mortes, em conexão com a concepção de justiça social que anima esses relatos; os posicionamentos sociodiscursivos que o telejornal propõe para si e para o telespectador. Ao longo das conjunturas analisadas, encontramos processos heterogêneos, permeados por ambiguidades, linhas de continuidades e deslocamentos, tanto em relação aos modelos mais tradicionais de prevenção de doenças transmissíveis quanto às estratégias para narrar os fatos jornalísticos. Em contraposição ao que foi identificado nos anos anteriores, no entanto, observa-se em 2008 o encontro da lógica do risco com novos posicionamentos do telejornal, resultando em um tipo de politização singular do evento. A análise de um conjunto de operações permitiu identificar o endereçamento dos telespectadores como potenciais vítimas da dengue, a desqualificação de políticos (e da política), das autoridades sanitárias, favorecendo a sensação de indignação e a projeção, que se quer inconteste, do julgamento efetuado pelo JN.

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Introduction: Euphorbia tirucalli Lineu, commonly known as Aveloz, is a very common plant found in tropical regions [1]. The ingestion or contact with its latex causes symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhea, pallor, skin irritation, hepatotoxicity as well as carcinogenesis [2]. Moreover, the Aveloz latex is also responsible for a few important activities against some infectious and neoplastic diseases. Aveloz latex phytochemical composition may vary according to seasonal aspects and geographic location [3], and it is used either orally or topically in traditional medicine. Popularly known as an antitumoral agent (breast, prostate, lung, kidney), it is used not only in Brazil, but in several other countries. According to the literature, the latex could have a dual behaviour, activating or inhibiting tumoral events [3-6]. However, there are few reports discussing these mechanisms. Besides, the mutagenic and genotoxic potentials of phytochemical and homeopathic Aveloz have not yet been described. Several experimental methods have been used to evaluate the mutagenic and genotoxic effects, such as Inductest, the Ames test and the chromotest. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the genotoxic and mutagenic potentials of Aveloz latex and Aveloz phytotherapic and homeopathic solutions. Methodology: In this study, Aveloz 5 and 30cH are prepared according to Brazilian Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia [7], from Aveloz latex collected in the Center for Natural Products Research (NPPN) at the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro [8]. The Aveloz phytochemical solution was prepared following the doses used in folk medicine: 2 drops diluted in 250ml of water and 2 drops diluted in 25 ml of water. All test solutions were submitted to the following methodologies: (a) Inductest: assesses the ability of physical or chemical agents to promote lysogenic induction as a response to DNA damage in lysogenic bacteria; (b) The Ames test: uses indicator strains of Salmonella typhimurium, which are sensitive to substances that can induce different types of mutation; (c) Chromotest: evaluates the genotoxicity of chemicals through the induction of the bacterial SOS system. Results: In the Inductest there was no decrease in bacterial survival fraction and no increase in lysogenic cycle. As measured by The Ames test and the chromotest no mutagenic or genotoxic potentials were detected. Discussion: The homeopathic and the phytochemical Aveloz solutions were unable to produce lysogenic induction or mutagenesis in bacterial cells and they were also unable to produce genotoxic effects, as measured by chromotest. Conclusion: Our results showed that no mutagenic or genotoxic damages were induced by all Aveloz preparations studied, thus we are led to believe that patients using Aveloz as a complementary therapy present no side effects in relation to mutagenesis and genotoxicity. (AU)

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Introduction: Euphorbia tirucalli Lineu, commonly known as Aveloz, is a very common plant found in tropical regions [1]. The ingestion or contact with its latex causes symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhea, pallor, skin irritation, hepatotoxicity as well as carcinogenesis [2]. Moreover, the Aveloz latex is also responsible for a few important activities against some infectious and neoplastic diseases. Aveloz latex phytochemical composition may vary according to seasonal aspects and geographic location [3], and it is used either orally or topically in traditional medicine. Popularly known as an antitumoral agent (breast, prostate, lung, kidney), it is used not only in Brazil, but in several other countries. According to the literature, the latex could have a dual behaviour, activating or inhibiting tumoral events [3-6]. However, there are few reports discussing these mechanisms. Besides, the mutagenic and genotoxic potentials of phytochemical and homeopathic Aveloz have not yet been described. Several experimental methods have been used to evaluate the mutagenic and genotoxic effects, such as Inductest, the Ames test and the chromotest. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the genotoxic and mutagenic potentials of Aveloz latex and Aveloz phytotherapic and homeopathic solutions. Methodology: In this study, Aveloz 5 and 30cH are prepared according to Brazilian Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia [7], from Aveloz latex collected in the Center for Natural Products Research (NPPN) at the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro [8]. The Aveloz phytochemical solution was prepared following the doses used in folk medicine: 2 drops diluted in 250ml of water and 2 drops diluted in 25 ml of water. All test solutions were submitted to the following methodologies: (a) Inductest: assesses the ability of physical or chemical agents to promote lysogenic induction as a response to DNA damage in lysogenic bacteria; (b) The Ames test: uses indicator strains of Salmonella typhimurium, which are sensitive to substances that can induce different types of mutation; (c) Chromotest: evaluates the genotoxicity of chemicals through the induction of the bacterial SOS system. Results: In the Inductest there was no decrease in bacterial survival fraction and no increase in lysogenic cycle. As measured by The Ames test and the chromotest no mutagenic or genotoxic potentials were detected. Discussion: The homeopathic and the phytochemical Aveloz solutions were unable to produce lysogenic induction or mutagenesis in bacterial cells and they were also unable to produce genotoxic effects, as measured by chromotest. Conclusion: Our results showed that no mutagenic or genotoxic damages were induced by all Aveloz preparations studied, thus we are led to believe that patients using Aveloz as a complementary therapy present no side effects in relation to mutagenesis and genotoxicity.

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Although titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) has been considered to be biologically inert, finding use in cosmetics, paints and food colorants, recent reports have demonstrated that when TiO(2) is attained by UVA radiation oxidative genotoxic and cytotoxic effects are observed in living cells. However, data concerning TiO(2)-UVB association is poor, even if UVB radiation represents a major environmental carcinogen. Herein, we investigated DNA damage, repair and mutagenesis induced by TiO(2) associated with UVB irradiation in vitro and in vivo using Saccharomyces cerevisiae model. It was found that TiO(2) plus UVB treatment in plasmid pUC18 generated, in addition to cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), specific damage to guanine residues, such as 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoG) and 2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-formamidopyrimidine (FapyG), which are characteristic oxidatively generated lesions. In vivo experiments showed that, although the presence of TiO(2) protects yeast cells from UVB cytotoxicity, high mutation frequencies are observed in the wild-type (WT) and in an ogg1 strain (deficient in 8-oxoG and FapyG repair). Indeed, after TiO(2) plus UVB treatment, induced mutagenesis was drastically enhanced in ogg1 cells, indicating that mutagenic DNA lesions are repaired by the Ogg1 protein. This effect could be attenuated by the presence of metallic ion chelators: neocuproine or dipyridyl, which partially block oxidatively generated damage occurring via Fenton reactions. Altogether, the results indicate that TiO(2) plus UVB potentates UVB oxidatively generated damage to DNA, possibly via Fenton reactions involving the production of DNA base damage, such as 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine.

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