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Childhood obesity is an increasing problem at the global level and considered as a risk factor for obesity development and the associated co-morbidities in adult life. In this study, the occurrence of Bacteroides fragilis group, Clostridium spp., Bifidobacterium spp. and Escherichia coli in 84 faecal samples from 30 obese, 24 overweight and 30 lean children was verified by culture technique and quantitative determination by quantitative PCR. In addition, Lactobacillus spp. and Methanobrevibacter smithii were also analysed. A correlation between the body mass index (BMI) and these bacteria was sought. Bacteroides vulgatus, Clostridium perfringens and Bifidobacterium adolescentis were most prevalent in all samples evaluated by culture-method. The B. fragilis group were found at high concentrations in obese and overweight children when compared with the lean ones (p 0.015). The obese and overweight children harboured higher numbers of Lactobacillus spp. than lean children (p 0.022). The faecal concentrations of the B. fragilis group (r = 0.24; p 0.026) and Lactobacillus spp. (r = 0.44; p 0.002) were positively correlated with BMI. Bifidobacterium spp. were found in higher numbers in the lean group than the overweight and obese ones (p 0.042). Furthermore, a negative correlation between BMI and Bifidobacterium spp. copy number (r = -0.22; p 0.039) was observed. Our findings show some difference in the intestinal microbial ecosystem of obese children compared with the lean ones and a significant association between number of Lactobacillus spp. and B. fragilis group and BMI.

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Avian mycoplasmosis causes great economic losses to the poultry industry, and one of the major agents involved is Mycoplasma synovie (MS). Serum from commercial poultry breeders (n = 2781) was tested for MS by serum plate agglutination (SPA), hemagglutination inhibition (HI), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). From 2,781 samples tested, 736 (26.46%) were positive in SPA. From 712 SPA-positive sera, 30 samples (4.21%) were positive in HI, and 150 samples (21.06%) were positive in ELISA. Copositivity between ELISA and HI was 90%, and conegativity was 82.0%. Agreement between HI and ELISA was rejected by McNemar's test (P ≤ .001), and Kappa coefficient showed a weak correlation between the two techniques (k = 0.25; 0.21 ≤ k < 0.40). Weak statistical correlation was observed between all serological tests (SPA, HI, and ELISA), and they should only be used for initial screening for MS.

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ABSTRACT Due to technological advances and professional commitment, the Brazilian poultry industry has become the main exporter and second major producer of chicken meat in the world. These methods involve the issue of environmental contamination by pathogenic microorganisms which can result in productive losses for the poultry industry as a whole. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the microbiological conditions of a hatching house in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The technique of plate sedimentation was the methodology used, with two culture mediums for growing specific bacteria and fungi. Thirty monitorings were carried out, with two different culture mediums, Mac Conkey Agar and Sabouraud Dextrose Agar. It was observed that the indices of fungus and bacterial contamination were not elevated in the places where the plates had been exposed, except in the vaccination machine where the number of enterobacteria was 52.7 colony forming units (CFU). The results indicate that the method of counting of fungal and bacterial colonies can be a simple way to monitor the sanitary efficiency of the hatching house.

RESUMO O setor avícola brasileiro atingiu, graças ao avanço tecnológico e à competência dos profissionais ligados ao setor, o posto de maior exportador e segundo maior produtor mundial de carne de frango. Estes métodos incluem a questão de contaminação do ambiente por micro-organismos patogênicos que podem trazer perdas produtivas na cadeia avícola como um todo. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar as condições microbiológicas de um incubatório do Estado de São Paulo. A metodologia empregada foi a da técnica da placa de sedimentação com meios de cultura específicos para o crescimento de bactérias e de fungos. Foram realizados 30 monitoramentos, expondo-se as placas de Petri com dois meios de culturas diferentes, ágar Mac Conkey e ágar Sabouraud dextrose. Observamos que os índices de contaminação fúngica e bacteriana não foram elevados nos locais onde as placas foram expostas, exceto na máquina de vacinação onde o número de enterobactérias foi 52,7 unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC). Podemos concluir que o método de contagem de colônias fúngicas e bacterianas pode ser uma maneira simples de monitorar a eficiência sanitária do incubatório.

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ABSTRACT This study evaluated the influence of different dietary supplementation levels of vitamin E (Vit E) (0, 12 and 120 mg/kg) and zinc (Zn) (0, 40 and 400 mg/kg) on the performance of broilers during their first 42 days. A total of 1,440 1-day chicks were distributed in 36 floor pens containing 40 birds each (half of each sex). Broilers had free access to feed and water at all time. The broilers were fed start diet (days 1 to 21), growing diet (days 22 to 35) and final diet (days 36 to 42). A completely randomized 3 x 3 factorial design was used, with 9 treatments and 4 replicates. The increase of the supplementation of zinc in the diet of the broilers resulted in significant improvement (p 0.05) in the average gain of live weight of the chickens in the initial and growth phases and in the total period of raising. The feed consumption for the chickens was influenced by the levels of zinc used in all of the phases and in the total period of raising of the chickens, there being observed a decrease in the feed consumption of the chickens that received 400 mg/kg of Zn, except in the final phase of raising. The treatments studied did not influence the gain feed ratio.

RESUMO Este experimento objetivou avaliar o efeito da suplementação de diferentes níveis isolados e associados de vitamina E (Vit E) (0, 12 e 120 mg/kg) e do zinco (Zn) (0, 40 e 400 mg/kg) na dieta sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte até 42 dias de idade. Foram alojados 1.440 pintos de um dia, em 36 boxes com 40 aves cada (metade de cada sexo). A ração e a água foram fornecidas ad libitum. Os frangos receberam dieta inicial (1 a 21 dias), de crescimento (22 a 35 dias) e final (36 a 42 dias). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, em fatorial 3 x 3, com 9 tratamentos e 4 repetições. O aumento da suplementação de Zn na dieta dos frangos resultou em melhoria significativa (p 0,05) no ganho médio de peso vivo nas fases inicial e de crescimento e no período total de criação. O consumo de ração pelos frangos foi influenciado pelos níveis de Zn utilizados em todas as fases e no período total de criação dos frangos, observando-se diminuição da ingestão alimentar nos frangos que receberam 400 mg/kg de Zn, exceto na fase final de criação. Os tratamentos utilizados não influenciaram a conversão alimentar.

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1. Our objective was to evaluate the toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1), administered singly or in combination to broilers. 2. Feeds were prepared with concentrations equal to 0, 50 and 200 microg AFB1/kg, and/or 0, 50 and 200 mg FB1/kg, and offered to broiler chicks from 8 to 41 d of age. The experimental design was totally randomised, in a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement with 9 treatments and 12 birds per treatment. Animals were vaccinated against Newcastle disease on d 14 of life and killed at 41 d. 3. Compared with controls, all mycotoxin-treated groups at 41 d had lower body weight and weight gain, and higher relative heart weight. The relative weight of the liver increased only in birds fed diets containing 200 mg FB1, singly or in combination with AFB1. 4. At 35 d, all groups receiving mycotoxin-treated rations had reduced geometrical mean antibody titres, with birds from groups fed combinations of AFB1 and FB1/kg having even lower values, when compared to the other groups. 5. Histological changes were observed only in liver from birds fed mycotoxin-contaminated rations, and in kidneys of birds fed the diet containing 200 microg AFB1 and 200 mg FB1/kg. Main alterations included vacuolar degeneration and cell proliferation of bile ducts in the liver, and hydropic degeneration in renal tubules in the kidneys. 6. We concluded that AFB1 and FB1 in combination have primarily additive effects on body weight, liver structure and immunological response of broilers at the concentrations used.

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ABSTRACT This investigation aimed to demonstrate the occurrence of serological reactions to Salmonella spp. in backyard domestic poultry for private consumption located next to parent flocks in the State of São Paulo. Three parent flocks officially recognised as free from S. Pullorum (SP), S. Gallinarum (SG), S. Enteritidis (SE), S. Typhimurium (ST) and 15 neighboring backyard flocks were selected. A sample of 406 chickens from the backyard flocks was bled, and the diagnostic was carried out by the agglutination tests in plate and in tubes. The frequency found was 73% of flocks with chickens reacting to the antigens of SP. The frequency of reacting chickens was 16.5% for the antigen of SP. The results show that the etiological agent studied is widespread among the backyard flocks, posing a constant risk for the commercial poultry flocks that need to adopt and keep good biosecurity practices to preserve their health status.

RESUMO Esta pesquisa objetivou demonstrar a ocorrência de reações sorológicas contra Salmonella spp. nas populações de aves de explorações não tecnificadas e com finalidade de subsistência, em propriedades rurais localizadas em áreas geográficas próximas a granjas de reprodutoras (matrizeiros) do Estado de São Paulo. Foram selecionadas três granjas de matrizes, oficialmente reconhecidas como sendo livres de S. Pullorum (SP), S. Gallinarum (SG), S. Enteritidis (SE), S. Typhimurium (ST), e 15 criações vizinhas, cuja população de aves foi amostrada com colheita e processamento de 406 soros sangüíneos. O diagnóstico foi realizado pela técnica de soroaglutinação rápida em placa e lenta em tubos. A freqüência encontrada foi igual a 73% de propriedades com aves sororeagentes ao antígeno testado de SP (teste da pulorose). A ocorrência observada de aves sororeagentes foi de 16,5%. Os dados obtidos sugerem que o agente estudado está amplamente difundido nas criações informais de aves de fundo de quintal, colocando em risco constante os criatórios de exploração industrial, os quais necessitam adotar e manter boas práticas de biosseguridade para preservar a integridade sanitária dos plantéis.

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ABSTRACT This study was conducted to evaluate the serological responses of 952 flocks of breeder chickens with ages between 6 and 65 weeks, from several areas of the country during the years of 2003 and 2004. A total of 139,096 and 121,818 serum samples were analyzed by rapid serum agglutination test for Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae, respectively. The sera were inactivated at 56º C, for 30min and processed by the rapid serum agglutination test with commercial antigens. Similar parts of antigen and serum were added, the solution was mixed and after 2min the presence or not of clots was verified, indicating the antigenantibody formation. Initially crude serum was used, and later serum diluted in the proportion of 1:10 in saline 0.85% of NaCl. Of the analyzed samples, 1.58% (1920) resulted positive for the tested antigen in the dilution 1:10 of M. synoviae and negative for M. gallisepticum. Considering these results, the presence of MS in these flocks can be suspected, indicating that rapid serum agglutination test can be used as a control, to facilitate the laboratorial procedures followed, leading to other serological tests and isolation actions and the identification of agents with greater precision.

RESUMO O estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar sorologicamente 952 lotes de galinhas reprodutoras com idade entre 6 e 65 semanas, de diversas regiões do País durante os anos de 2003 e 2004. Foram analisadas 139.096 e 121.818 amostras de soro através da prova de soroaglutinação rápida para Mycoplasma gallisepticum e Mycoplasma synoviae, respectivamente. Os soros foram inativados a 56º C, por 30min e processados à prova de soroaglutinação rápida com antígenos comerciais. Adicionou-se partes iguais de antígeno e soro, homogenizando a mistura e após 2min verificou-se a presença ou não de grumos, indicando a formação de reação antígeno-anticorpo. Inicialmente utilizou-se soro bruto, e posteriormente soro diluído na proporção de 1:10 em salina 0,85% de NaCl. Das amostras analisadas, 1,58% (1920) apresentaram resultado positivo na diluição 1:10 ao antígeno testado de MS e negativas ao antígeno testado de M. gallisepticum. Considerandose esses resultados pode-se suspeitar da presença de M. synoviae nesses plantéis, indicando que a prova de soroaglutinação rápida pode ser utilizada preliminarmente como monitoria, facilitando a conduta laboratorial a ser seguida, direcionando outros testes sorológicos e ações de isolamento e a identificação dos agentes com maior precisão.

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ABSTRACT This investigation aimed to demonstrate the occurrence of serological reactions to Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in domestic backyard poultryfor self consumtion located next to parent flocks in the State of São Paulo. Fifteen backyard flocks around 3 parent flocks officially recognized as free from MG and MS were selected.Sera from 406 chickens were researched on antibodies anti MG and MS, by means of plate agglutination test. The frequencies found were 73% and 100% of flocks with chickens reacting to the antigens of MG and MS, respectively. The frequencies of reacting chickens were 30.3% and 40.6% for the antigens of MG and MS, respectively. The results showed that the aetiological agents studied are widespread among the backyard flocks, posing a constant risk for the commercial poultry flocks, which need to adopt and keep good biosecurity practices to preserve their sanitary status.

RESUMO Pesquisou-se anticorpos anti Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) e Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) nas populações de aves de produção não tecnificada e com finalidade de subsistência, em propriedades rurais em áreas geográficas próximas a granjas de reprodutoras (matrizeiros) do Estado de São Paulo. Foram selecionadas quinze criações vizinhas a 3 granjas de matrizes, consideradas livres de MG e MS. Soros sanguíneos de 406 galinhas foram estudados quanto a presença de anticorpos anti MG e MS. A avaliação foi realizada pela técnica de soroaglutinação rápida em placa. As freqüências de positividade encontradas foram de 73% e 100% das aves aos antígenos de MG e MS, respectivamente. As ocorrências observadas de aves sororreagentes foram de 30,3% e 40,6% para os antígenos de MG e MS, respectivamente. Os resultados indicaram que MG e MS estão amplamente difundidos nas criações informais de aves de fundo de quintal, colocando em risco constante os criatórios de exploração industrial, os quais necessitam adotar e manter boas práticas de biossegurança para preservar a integridade sanitária dos plantéis.

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O interesse pelos bioensaios frente à larvas de Aedes aegypti e Culex quinquefasciatus deve-se ao fato de que estas espécies estão distribuídas por todo o território nacional, sendo portanto uma atividade realizada por inúmeros pesquisadores do Brasil. Os óleos essenciais de Syzigium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry, Lippia sidoides Cham.,e Hyptis martiusii Benth.,foram testados no combate ao transmissor da dengue e da filariose. As larvas de terceiro estádio foram expostas em triplicatas a diferentes concentrações (1000, 500, 250, 100, 50, 25 e 10 ppm). As análises foram observadas após dez minutos do início do tratamento, e mostraram resultados bastante significativos, com potencialidade de mortalidade de até 100 por cento das larvas testadas, indicando acentuados efeitos tóxicos de alguns constituintes voláteis presentes nos óleos. Para os óleos de S. aromaticum, L. sidoides e H. martiusii foram constatadas, frente à Aedes aegypti, valores respectivos de CL50 de 21,4; 19,5 e 18,5 ppm e frente ao Culex quinquefasciatus, 14,5; 16,6 e 27,5 ppm, respectivamente.

The interest for a biological assay against larvae of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus is due to the fact that these species are distributed by the whole national territory, being therefore an activity carried out by countless researchers of Brazil. The essential oils of Syzigium aromaticum, Hyptis martiusii and Lippia sidoides were tested in the combat of the transmitter of the dengue and of the filariosis, using larvae of third stadium were exposed in triplicate to different concentrations (1000, 500, 250, 100, 50, 25 and 10 ppm). The larvicidal activity was observed after ten minutes of the beginning of the treatment, in the end showed very significant results, with mortality potentials of up to 100 percent of the tested larvae, indicating accentuated toxical effects in some representatives of the volatile compounds present in the oils. For the oils of S. aromaticum, L. sidoides and H. martiusii DL50 of 1,0; 1,0 and 8,0 ppm, respectively, were observed.

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RESUMO O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da aflatoxina B 1 (AFB1) e da fumonisina B1 (FB1) sobre os níveis séricos da enzima aspartato amino-transferase (AST) e de proteínas totais de frangos de corte alimentados com ração contendo as toxinas isoladas e em associação, nos níveis de 0, 50 e 200 ?g de AFB1/kg e 0, 50 e 200 mg de FB1/kg. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 x 3, com 9 tratamentos e 12 repetições, totalizando 108 aves. As aves foram alimentadas com as rações contaminadas a partir do 8 o dia até o 41o dia de idade. Aos 41 dias de idade, houve um aumento (p < 0,05) nos níveis de AST das aves que receberam dietas contendo AFB1 e FB1, com exceção do grupo que recebeu somente 50 ?g de FB1/kg. Este aumento foi maior quanto mais elevados foram os níveis de AFB1, sendo que um efeito tóxico aditivo foi observado nos tratamentos de associação com 50 mg de AFB1/ kg e 50 ou 200 mg de FB1/kg. Aos 28 dias de idade, observou-se uma redução (p < 0,05) na concentração de proteína dos grupos que receberam ração com 200 ?g de AFB1/kg, com ou sem FB1, porém esta redução não foi observada aos 41 dias de idade. Conclui-se que a intoxicação de frangos de corte com AFB1 e FB1, isoladas ou associadas, causa um aumento na concentração sérica de AST e uma redução nos níveis de proteínas totais após 20 dias de exposição contínua através da ração.

ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of dietary aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) on the seric levels of aspartate amino-transferase (AST) and total protein of broiler chicks. The mycotoxins were added to rations, singly and in combination, at levels of 0, 50 and 200 ?g AFB1/kg, and 0, 50 and 200 mg FB1/kg. A completely randomized 3 x 3 factorial design was used, with 9 treatments and 12 replications per treatment (total: 108 birds). Broilers were fed the contaminated rations from days-of-age 8 to 41. At 41 days of age, the concentration of AST increased (p < 0.05) in all groups receiving AFB1 and FB1, with the exception of birds fed 50 mg FB1/kg alone. Higher levels of AST were found in broilers fed the highest levels of AFB1, and an additive effect was observed in the association treatments 50 ?g AFB1/kg and 50 or 200 mg FB1/kg. Total protein decreased (p < 0.05) at 28 days of age in groups receiving 200 ?g AFB1/kg alone or in combination with FB1. However this reduction was not found at 41 days of age. In conclusion, AFB1 and FB1, singly or in combination at the levels studied, cause an increase in the serum levels of AST and a decrease of total proteins after 20 days of continuous exposition through the diet.

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The convenience of combining the measurement of antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA), protein tyrosine phosphatase (IA-2A), and autoantibodies to insulin (IAA) in diabetic patients was assessed. We analysed 71 type 1 and 115 adult-onset diabetic patients. The latter were grouped into three categories according to the time of evolution to insulin dependence. The main findings were as follows: (i) in type 1 diabetes, the combined analysis of GADA and IA-2A showed a sensitivity of 87.4% and was not appreciably improved by adding IAA; (ii) out of 31 adults who required insulin immediately or within the first two years of diagnosis, 41.9, 29.0, and 6.5% were positive for at least one, two or all three, and all three markers, respectively; GADA was the most prevalent (35.5%) and IA-2A the least represented (16.1%); (iii) 34 adult patients with slow evolution to insulin dependence showed a completely different profile: 5.9% were GADA positive and 23.5% were IAA positive and no double or triple positivity was observed as all patients were IA-2A negative; and (iv) 50 type 2 patients who had not required insulin treatment showed a low incidence of GADA (4%) as the only marker present. We conclude that a combined double-antigen test for GADA and IA-2A is a useful strategy for prospective screening of type 1 diabetes. However, in adults, the profile of individual markers discloses the course to insulin dependence. Therefore, it seems advisable to measure the markers separately, to allow a better classification of these patients, and help define their treatment.

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Few studies have tried to characterize the efficacy of parenteral support of critically ill infants during short period of intensive care. We studied seventeen infants during five days of total parenteral hyperalimentation. Subsequently, according to the clinical conditions, the patients received nutritional support by parenteral, enteral route or both up to the 10th day. Evaluations were performed on the 1st, 5th, and 10th days. These included: clinical data (food intake and anthropometric measurements), haematological data (lymphocyte count), biochemical tests (albumin, transferrin, fibronectin, prealbumin, retinol-binding protein) and hormone assays (cortisol, insulin, glucagon). Anthropometric measurements revealed no significant difference between the first and second evaluations. Serum albumin and transferrin did not change significantly, but mean values of fibronectin (8.9 to 16 mg/dL), prealbumin (7.7 to 18 mg/dL), and retinol-binding protein (2.4 to 3. 7 mg/dL) increased significantly (p < 0.05) from the 1st to the 10th day. The hormonal study showed no difference for insulin, glucagon, and cortisol when the three evaluations were compared. The mean value of the glucose/insulin ratio was of 25.7 in the 1st day and 15. 5 in the 5th day, revealing a transitory supression of this hormone. Cortisol showed values above normal in the beginning of the study. We conclude that the anthropometric parameters were not useful due to the short time of the study; serum proteins, fibronectin, prealbumin, and retinol-binding protein were very sensitive indicators of nutritional status, and an elevated glucose/insulin ratio, associated with a slight tendency for increased cortisol levels suggest hypercatabolic state. The critically ill patient can benefit from an early metabolic support.

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OBJECTIVES: A nutritional evaluation of infants born from HIV seropositive mothers was carried out during their follow up and diagnostic investigation. The energy balance (EB) of infected and noninfected children were compared. METHODS: The energy balance (intake energy, fecal energy, and resting energy expenditure) was prospectively determined by indirect calorimetry, considering 13 infants (6 girls and 7 boys) between 1 and 6 months of age, born from HIV positive mothers. This was made in two opportunities: before and after the diagnosis of the disease. A full nutritional assessment, including clinical examination and anthropometric measures (weight, height and skinfold thickness), was also determined in these two opportunities. After the definite diagnosis, the infants were finally assembled in 2 different groups: infected (5 in 13) and noninfected (8 in 13). The children were monthly submitted to clinical evaluations and orientation, during all the study. RESULTS: By analyzing the anthropometric measures of the two groups, it was observed that the infected group had malnutritional manifestations since the first evaluation. The resting energy expenditure (kcal/kg/dia) of the infected group was higher than that of the noninfected group: 64.5-/+16.8 vs 48.0-/+5.7 (p<0.05) at the first evaluation and 68.0-/+11.7 vs 51.8-/+3.1 (p<0.05) at the second, respectively. CONCLUSION: The higher resting energy expenditure of the children in the infected group might be the cause of the protein energy malnutrition during the asymptomatic phase when the diagnosis was uncertain.

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OBJECTIVE: To characterize the type of malnutrition and to determine the usefulness of anthropometric indices in children with chronic liver disease (CLD). METHODS: 11 children (aged 5 - 105 mo) with CLD underwent anthropometric evaluation when they were clinically stable. The nutritional evaluation was made by the determination of Weight/Age (W/A), Height/Age (H/A) and Weight/Height (W/E) Z scores. The nutritional evaluation by Waterlow's method was also made. The fat and protein body deposits were estimated by triceps skinfold and midarm muscular circumference measurements. The analysis of the 24-hour recall was used to evaluate the quality and pattern of the feeding. RESULTS: The mean weight / age (W/A = -1.18) and height / age (H/A = - 1.26) Z scores were depressed under 1 SD, whereas mean weight / height (W/H) Z score was normal. The interpretation of the nutritional evaluation by Waterlow's method shows normal mean of the weight and almost normal mean of the height. Only three patients had normal triceps skinfold thickness (TSF) Z score, and the same occurred with five of them with the midarm muscular circumference. The quality and pattern of the feeding was adequate in only 4 patients. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that chronic malnutrition is common in childhood CLD and that weight/height values underestimate the degree of acute malnutrition compared with TSF thickness, most likely because of the inflated patient weight caused by organomegaly. The reduction of the triceps skinfold thickness best reflected the nutritional impairment of the patients. The quality of feeding of the patients was mostly inadequate.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluated the effect of short-term oral supplementation in the nutritional status of 14 patients with cystic fibrosis in 19 hospital admissions. METHODS: All patients received standard pulmonary therapy, and to 13 patients (Group I = GI) a high-fat oral supplement was offered besides the standard diet. The control group (GII) received the same diet except for the supplement. Anthropometric measurements, quantitative assessment of energy intake and serum biochemical parameters were determined on admission and prior to discharge from hospital. RESULTS: There was no difference in the weight gain between groups (median: GI=+1000 g; GII=+550 g), nor in the variations of height, skinfolds and body fat. Z scores were calculated (mean-/+SD: weight/age, GI=-2.19-/+1.0, GII=-2.57-/+1.1; height/age, GI=-1.73-/+1.4, GII=-2.06-/+1.4 ), showing that those patients had chronic severe malnutrition, with no changes in Z Score in this period. The diet offered to the patients provided the RDA for calories only in the supplemented group, and this value was significantly higher compared to the non-supplemented group (mean -/+ SD : GI= 146-/+20% RDA; GII=105-/+13%RDA). The energy intake was significantly higher in group I (mean-/+SD: GI=126-/+22%RDA; GII= 81-/+27%RDA), and it increased significantly by the end of admission in this group. The biochemical assessment revealed low levels of prealbumin in both groups on admission (mean-/+SD: GI=11-/+10mg/dl; GII=8-/+8 mg/dl), with significant increase only in group I (mean-/+SD: GI=23-/+15 mg/dl; GII=8-/+11 mg/dl). No variations in the levels of triglycerides were observed, but the cholesterol levels increased significantly in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Although the weight gain was similar in both groups, prealbumin increased only in the supplemented group. This group had a higher energy intake than the non-supplemented one, and it reached the RDA for calories.

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Lactentes desnutridos com diarréia apresentam balanço energético negativo nos primeiros dias de internaçäo. A estimativa da energia ingerida, da energia fecal e do gasto energético de repouso tornam-se extremamente úteis no planejamento do fornecimento calórico diário para essas crianças. Estudaram-se 13 lactentes(10 do sexo masculino) com idades inferiores a 12 meses, desnutridos com diarréia, em 3 ocasiöes durante a internaçäo: no período inicial (PI), na recuperaçäo (PR) e no período de alta (PA). As ingestöes e perdas, diárias de energia foram calculadas a partir dos conteúdos energéticos de leite, urina e fezes que foram determinadas por bomba calorimétrica. O gasto energético de repouso (GER) foi medido por calorimetria indireta. No PI a ingestäo diária correspondeu à metade do PA (59,7 ñ 12,2 vs. 132,9 ñ 27,9 Kcal/Kg, -p (menor que) 0,05). O GER aumentou no PR significativamente (71,1 ñ 11.4 vs. 58,3 ñ 10,9 Kcal/kg, p (menor que) 0.05). Os balanços médicos de energia foram significativamente diferentes nos 3 períodos: PI= -21 ñ 20; pr= 29 ñ 22; PA 29ñ 22; PA= 52 ñ 21 Kcal/Kg/dia, p (menor que) 0,01. Em conclusäo pode-se afirmar que o balanço negativo de energia no PI foi consequente a menor ingestäo e a maior perda fecal (proporcionalmente ao ingerido) de energia. Os balanços efetuados durante a recuperaçäo hospitalar desses pacientes foram úteis como fonte de informaçöes para um adequado tratamento nutricional

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Determinaram-se o gasto de energia em repouso (GER) e o quociente respiratorio (QR) de 8 lactentes desnutridos e infectados, apos a admissao hospitalar (Adm) e durante a recuperacao (Rec), que durou em media 37 dias. As idades variam de 3 a 12 meses e apresentavam um deficit medio de peso para a idade superior a 35%. Utilizou-se a tecnica de calorimetria indireta, empregando-se um calorimetro de circuito fechado. As determinacoes de VO2 e VCO2 foram efetuadas por cromatografia gasosa. A atividade fisica foi avaliada pelo score de Scopes e Ahmed. Os dados pareados mostraram que o GER, calculado pelo peso real foi semelhante entre a Adm = 70,4+/-17,4kcal/kg/dia e Rec = 79,4+/-14,7 kcal/kg/dia. Quando o GER foi calculado pelo peso/altura houve diferenca significativa entre Adm = 44,5+/-7,3 kcal/kg/dia e Rec = 55,3+/-9,5 (p<0,05).O aumento da atividade fisica na Adm como na Rec proporcionou aumento semelhante (20%) e significativo (p<0,05) do GE (tanto por peso real como por peso/altura). O QR sa Adm=0,76+/-0,09 foi significativamente menor do que na Rec = 0,83+/-0,16 p<0,05).Os AA especulam que a admissao, o GER diminuido (calculado pelo peso/altura) traduz a menor massa celular ativa dos lactentes desnutridos infectados. Conclui-se que o QR e um bom parametro para avaliar a normalizacao da atividade metabolica desses desnutridos em recuperacao nutricional .

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Os autores determinaram o consumo de 02, produçäo de CO2 e gasto energético num grupo de RNTAIG, através da técnica de calorimetria indireta, empregando colorímetro nacional de circuito fechado. O objetivo do trabalho foi a determinaçäo da açäo dinâmico-específica (ADE) do leite materno no metabolismo energético dentro de um ciclo de mamadas em situaçäo de termoneutralidade e atividade física basal. A avaliaçäo da ADE pela análise da variável múltipla "VO2, VCO2 e GE" mostrou-se mais sensível do que através das variáveis isoladas, e a apresentaçäo dos resultados utilizando o referencial "superfície corpórea" foi mais discriminativo do que o "quilograma de peso". O aumento da atividade metabólica devido a ADE foi da ordem de 10 a 15%, aumento esse que persistiu até 90 min após a mamada, retornando a seguir aos valores da pré-mamada

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Os autores apresentam a casuistica e o protocolo terapeutico adotado na UTI do Pronto-Socorro Infantil Sabara, frente aos disturbios hidreletroliticos agudos. Sao ressaltados os passos fundamentais da correcao desses disturbios e a importancia da utilizacao correta do protocolo terapeutico

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