RESUMEN
RNA purification and cDNA synthesis represents the starting point for molecular analyses of snake venom proteins-enzymes. Usually, the sacrifice of snakes is necessary for venom gland extraction to identify protein-coding transcripts; however, the venom can be used as a source of transcripts. Although there are methods for obtaining RNA from venom, no comparative analysis has been conducted in the Bothrops genus. In the present study, we compared four commercial methods for RNA purification and cDNA synthesis from venom (liquid, lyophilized, or long-term storage) of four clinically relevant species of Peruvian Bothrops. Our results show that the TRIzol method presents the highest yield of RNA purified from venom (59 ± 11 ng/100 µL or 10 mg). The SuperScript First-Strand Synthesis System kit produced high amounts of cDNA (3.2 ± 1.2 ng cDNA/ng RNA), and the highest value was from combination with the Dynabeads mRNA DIRECT kit (4.8 ± 2.0 ng cDNA/ng RNA). The utility of cDNA was demonstrated with the amplification of six relevant toxins: thrombin-like enzymes, P-I and P-III metalloproteinases, acid and basic phospholipases A2, and disintegrins. To our knowledge, this is the first comparative study of RNA purification and cDNA synthesis methodologies from Bothrops genus venom.
Asunto(s)
Bothrops , Venenos de Crotálidos , Animales , ADN Complementario/genética , Bothrops/genética , Perú , Relevancia Clínica , Venenos de Crotálidos/genética , Proteínas , ARNRESUMEN
The Peruvian rattlesnake Crotalus durissus is a venomous species that is restricted to the Peruvian Departments of Puno and Madre de Dios. Although clinically meaningful in this region, Crotalus durissus venom composition remains largely elusive. In this sense, this work aimed to provide a primary description of Peruvian C. durissus venom (PCdV). The enzymatic activities (SVMP, SVSP, LAAO, Hyaluronidase and PLA2) of PCdV were analyzed and compared to Brazilian Crotalus durissus terrificus venom (BCdtV). PCdV showed higher PLA2 activity when compared to the Brazilian venom. PCdV also showed cytotoxicity in VERO cells. For proteomic analysis, PCdV proteins were separated by HPLC, followed by SDS-PAGE. Gel bands were excised and tryptic digested for MALDI-TOF/TOF identification. Approximately 21 proteins were identified, belonging to 7 families. Phospholipases A2 (PLA2, 66.63%) were the most abundant proteins of the venom, followed by snake venom serine proteinases (SVSPs, 13.37%), C-type lectins (Snaclec, 8.98%) and snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs, 7.13%), crotamine (2.98%) and phosphodiesterase (PDE, 0.87%). Moreover, antivenom recognition assays indicated that both Brazilian and Peruvian antivenoms recognize PCdV, indicating the presence of antigenically related proteins in crotalic venoms. The results reported here, may impact in the venom selection for the production of effective Pan-American crotalic antivenom.
Asunto(s)
Venenos de Crotálidos , Crotalus , Animales , Antivenenos , Chlorocebus aethiops , Venenos de Crotálidos/toxicidad , Humanos , Perú , Proteómica , Células VeroRESUMEN
Ecuador has been one of the most affected countries by the Corona Virus Disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic, by April 2020 this country presented the highest rates of mortality in Latin America. The purpose of the present study was to identify behaviors during confinement and sociodemographic variables associated with the mental health status of confirmed or suspected COVID-19 patients who were part of the epidemiological surveillance program in Ecuador that included mandatory confinement and self-isolation. A cross-sectional study was performed from March 22th to April 18th, 2020 using an online survey. The survey collected socio-demographic information and severity of depressive symptoms using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and anxiety symptoms through the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7. A total of 759 patients completed the questionnaire, 20.3% presented moderate to severe symptoms of depression and 22.5% moderate to severe symptoms of anxiety. Being a woman and from the Coastal region were risk factors. Exercising, maintaining daily routines, and keeping informed about the COVID-19 but limiting to an hour was associated with better mental health. Regression analysis indicated that the mentioned behaviors explained approximately 17% of the variance for depression sum scores and 11.8% of the variance for anxiety sum scores while controlling for gender and region. Understanding the association between sociodemographic variables and psychological states in patients with COVID-19 is relevant to tackle future public mental health problems and to implement health policies that are intended to palliate further psychiatric complications. Promotion of modifiable behaviors such as exercising, maintaining daily routines, and keeping informed about the COVID-19 but limiting to less than an hour is recommended.
Asunto(s)
Ansiedad/epidemiología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/psicología , Depresión/epidemiología , Neumonía Viral/psicología , Actividades Cotidianas , Adolescente , Adulto , Betacoronavirus , COVID-19 , Trazado de Contacto , Estudios Transversales , Ecuador/epidemiología , Monitoreo Epidemiológico , Ejercicio Físico , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Salud Mental , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pandemias , Cuestionario de Salud del Paciente , Cuarentena , Factores de Riesgo , SARS-CoV-2 , Factores Socioeconómicos , Adulto JovenAsunto(s)
Ansiedad/psicología , COVID-19/psicología , Depresión/psicología , Adulto , Ansiedad/epidemiología , COVID-19/epidemiología , Depresión/epidemiología , Ecuador/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Cuestionario de Salud del Paciente , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Bothrops brazili is a pitviper from Amazonian region, responsible for many accidents in Peru. Despite its relevance, its venom has not been extensively characterized. In the present work, Bothrops brazili venom (BbV) components were analyzed by RP-HPLC, SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF/TOF. Approximately 37 proteins were identified, belonging to 7 families. Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) were the most abundant proteins of the venom (33.05%), followed by snake venom serine proteinases (SVSPs, 26.11%), phospholipases A2 (PLA2, 25.57%), snake C-type lectins (CTLs, 9.61%), L-aminoacid oxidase (LAAO, 3.80%), cystein-rich secretory proteins (CRISP, 1.67%) and Bradykinin-potentiating peptide (BPP, 0.20%). In vitro enzymatic activities of BbV showed high levels of SVMP activity and reduced Hyal activity in comparison with other bothropic venoms. Furthermore, BbV reduced VERO cells viability. ELISA and Western Blotting showed that both Peruvian and Brazilian bothropic antivenoms were able to recognize BbV components. This work provides an overview of BbV venom content and indicates a potential efficiency of Peruvian and Brazilian antivenoms to treat accidents with this species.
Asunto(s)
Bothrops , Venenos de Crotálidos/toxicidad , Animales , Antivenenos , Western Blotting , Brasil , Chlorocebus aethiops , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Venenos de Crotálidos/metabolismo , Electroforesis en Gel de Poliacrilamida , L-Aminoácido Oxidasa/metabolismo , Perú , Fosfolipasas A2/química , Proteómica , Serina Proteasas/metabolismo , Células VeroRESUMEN
INTRODUCCIÓN: Desde diciembre de 2019 la neumonía por SARS-CoV-2 ha experimentado un fuerte avance presentando a la fecha más de nueve millones de casos a nivel mundial. El objetivo de esta revisión es describir las principales características de la neumonía por COVID-19 en la tomografía computada (TC) de tórax en pacientes adultos. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se buscaron en PubMed artículos que se centraran en las características de la infección por COVID-19 en la tomografía computada de tórax en adultos durante el último año, en inglés y español. Las palabras clave fueron: "COVID-19", "chest CT manifestations" "chest CT findings" y "chest CT features", excluyendo estudios en población pediátrica, cartas al editor y casos clínicos. Se examinaron títulos y resúmenes de artículos obtenidos y se descartaron estudios no atingentes al objetivo de la investigación. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvieron 21 artículos. Una gran variedad de hallazgos en la TC de tórax han sido reportados en los distintos artículos revisados, siendo los más característicos las opacidades en "vidrio esmerilado" de predominio periférico y bilateral; con o sin consolidaciones, que además pueden asociarse a engrosamiento septal interlobulillar, conformando un patrón en empedrado (crazy paving) y a engrosamiento perivascular. Menos frecuentes son el compromiso central, la presencia de nódulos, quistes y derrame pleural. CONCLUSIONES: La tomografía computada de tórax tiene un papel fundamental en la evaluación y manejo de los pacientes con COVID-19, con un evidente rol diagnóstico en ciertas situaciones. El conocimiento de sus características imagenológicas resulta de suma importancia en el contexto actual
Introduction: The new Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become an unprecedented global health emergency. The World Health Organization estimates global mortality from COVID-19 at 3.4%, however it will be higher in patients with comorbidities such as Cancer (5.6%), High Blood Pressure (6.0%), Chronic respiratory disease (6.3%), Diabetes (7.3%) and Cardiovascular Disease (10.5%). These diseases are among the most prevalent in the world, for this reason we pretend to synthesize their pathophysiology and role in COVID-19, in order to identify effective measures that decrease morbidity and mortality in these high risk groups. Methodology: A review was performed using the databases MEDLINE, PubMed and Google Scholar. Original articles and bibliographic review articles were considered, prioritizing the articles published this year. Results: SARS-CoV-2 uses the enzyme ACE2 as a functional receptor, which allows its entry into the host cell. Eventually, regulates its expression downward, with Angiotensin-II prevailing with its profibrotic, prothrombotic and proinflammatory functions, leading to the deleterious effects of the disease. Chronic non-transmissible diseases (NTCD) would have baseline alteration in ACE2 levels, dysregulation of the immune system, endothelial dysfunction, and chronic inflammation, which would be associated with increased susceptibility and severity in COVID-19. Conclusion: Prevention and identification of risk patients remains the main measure against COVID-19. It is necessary to emphasize efforts in the prevention of NTCD and the promotion of healthy lifestyles. The negative effects of prolonged confinement and suspension of health care services must be considered.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Radiografía Torácica , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19/diagnóstico por imagen , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos XRESUMEN
Beef cows' milk yield is typically determined by measuring milk yield once daily and then doubling this value to estimate daily production. However, it is not known whether this is accurate. Thus, we aimed to determine the association between morning and afternoon milk yield in grazing Nellore cows. Eighty Nellore cows were used, with initial weight of 516.0 ± 1.0 kg. The experiment was a completely randomized factorial scheme, with 20 replications and four treatments (i.e., + or - pre-partum supplementation in combination with + or - post-partum supplementation): PRMM-1 kg of supplement/cow/day for 90 days pre-partum; MMPS-1 kg of supplement/cow/day for 90 days post-partum; PRPS-1 kg of supplement/cow/day for 90 days pre-partum and 90 days post-partum; and MM-only mineral mix ad libitum during pre- and post-partum. Milk was sampled on days 45, 135, and 225 post-partum (early, middle, and late lactation, respectively). No effects were observed of pre- and post-partum supplementation on milk yield (P > 0.05). The afternoon/morning proportion of 0.45 in the early third of lactation was higher than other stages, which had a proportion of 0.41 (P < 0.05). Post-partum supplementation increased milk protein in the morning and afternoon milking (P < 0.05). There was also no effect of pre- and post-partum supplementation on afternoon-morning proportion other milk components (P > 0.05). We conclude that estimating daily milk production of grazing beef cattle by multiplying a once daily milking amount times two is not accurate. Under the conditions of this study, proportion of total daily production represented by the ratio of afternoon/morning milking was 0.45 in early lactation (first third) and 0.41 in mid- and late lactation.
Asunto(s)
Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los Animales , Suplementos Dietéticos , Lactancia/fisiología , Leche , Animales , Peso Corporal , Bovinos , Femenino , Proteínas de la Leche , Periodo Posparto , Distribución AleatoriaRESUMEN
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of different schemes of calves' supplementation in a creep feeding system, on the behavior of Bos indicus calves and dams, and also the influence of the calves' supplementation on dams' performance. Forty-eight Nellore male calves (147 ± 7 kg body weight and 3 months of age) in the suckling phase and their dams (476 ± 9 kg and 6 years of age) were studied in a completely randomized design. The experiment was divided into two periods of 71 days. The treatments were 5- and 10-g supplement dry matter (DM)/kg BW day offered in periods 1 and 2, respectively (5S/10S); 10- and 5-g supplement DM/kg BW day offered in periods 1 and 2, respectively (10S/5S); 7.5-g supplement DM/kg BW day in both periods 1 and 2 (7.5S); and mineral mix ad libitum in both periods 1 and 2 (MM). No differences (P < 0.05) in body condition score (BCS), final body weight (FBW), and average daily gain (ADG) were found in dams' performance. Calves from MM treatment spent more time (P < 0.05) grazing than the supplemented calves from 5S/10S and 10S/5S treatments, in the first period. No difference in suckling time was found between the treatments (P > 0.05) in the first evaluated period. Calves from 10S/5S treatment spent more time suckling and less time eating supplements (P < 0.05) than 5S/10S treatment animals, in the second evaluated period. Dams of MM treatment's calves had more idle time and lower grazing time when compared with the mothers of calves from 5S/10S and 10S/5S treatments. It was concluded that different schedules of Nellore calves' supplementation on pasture do not affect their mothers' performance, and supplementation decreases the grazing time of calves in the suckling phase.
Asunto(s)
Crianza de Animales Domésticos/métodos , Animales Lactantes/fisiología , Bovinos/fisiología , Conducta Alimentaria , Aumento de Peso , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Animales , Dieta/veterinaria , Suplementos Dietéticos/análisis , Femenino , Masculino , Distribución AleatoriaRESUMEN
This study assessed the effects of different amounts of supplement on the productive performance, nutrional caracteristics and behaviour of suckling beef calves, as well as on the productive performance of their dams on tropical pastures. Forty-four male Nellore beef calves with an average age of 120 days and an initial average body weight (BW) of 145±3.7 kg and their respective dams, with an average BW of 449±6.9 kg, were used. The amounts of supplement evaluated were as follows: 0 = calves received only mineral mixture ad libitum; 3, 6, and 9 = calves received 3, 6, or 9 g kg-1 BW of supplement, respectively, containing 250 g CP kg-1 (as-fed). The experimental design was completely randomized. A positive linear effect (P < 0.01) was observed in the intakes of dry matter and organic matter, and a cubic effect (P < 0.07) was observed for the intake of neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein. There was quadratic effect (P < 0.06) for total digestibility of neutral detergent fiber. A cubic effect (P < 0.01) was observed for the calves performance. However, the calves supplementation did not affect the milk yield and performance (P ≥ 0.21) of their dams. The supplementation decreased grazing time (P < 0.01) but did not influence suckling time (P ≥ 0.59). It is recommended supplying of supplement containing 250 g CP kg-1 (as-fed) in amount 6 g kg-1 BW to suckling beef calves managed in tropical pasture. Supplementation of suckling beef calves increases the intake of dry matter, decreases grazing time and forage intake. However, it does not affect the suckling time and productive performance of their dams.(AU)
Este estudo avaliou os efeitos de diferentes quantidades de suplemento sobre o desempenho, características nutricionais e comportamentais de bezerros de corte lactentes, bem como o desempenho de suas mães em pasto tropical. Foram utilizados quarenta e quatro bezerros de corte lactentes machos da raça Nelore com idade média de 120 dias e peso corporal médio de 145±3,7 kg, e suas respectivas mães, com peso corporal médio de 449±6,9 kg. As quantidades de suplemento avaliadas foram as seguintes: 0 = bezerros receberam somente mistura mineral ad libitum; 3, 6 ou 9 = bezerros receberam 3, 6 ou 9 g kg-1 PC de suplemento contendo 25 g de PB kg-1 (matéria natural). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado. Foi observado efeito linear positivo (P < 0,01) para o consume de matéria seca e matéria orgânica, e um efeito cúbico (P < 0,07) foi observado para o consume de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN). Houve um efeito quadrático (P < 0,06) para a digestibilidade total da FDN. Observou-se efeito cúbico (P < 0,01) quanto ao desempenho dos bezerros. No entanto, a suplementação não afetou (P ≥ 0,21) a produção de leite e o desempenho de suas mães. A suplementação diminuiu o tempo de pastejo (P < 0,01), mas não influenciou (P ≥ 0,59) o tempo de amamentação dos bezerros. Recomenda-se o fornecimento de suplemento contendo 25 g PB kg-1 na quantidade de 6 g kg-1 PC para bezerros de corte lactentes manejados em pastagem tropical. A suplementação de bezerros de corte lactentes aumenta o consumo de matéria seca, diminui o tempo de pastejo e o consumo de forragem. Contudo, não influencia o tempo de amamentação e o desempenho produtivo de suas mães.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Lactante , Bovinos , Suplementos Dietéticos/análisis , Conducta Alimentaria , Pastizales , Ingestión de AlimentosRESUMEN
This study assessed the effects of different amounts of supplement on the productive performance, nutrional caracteristics and behaviour of suckling beef calves, as well as on the productive performance of their dams on tropical pastures. Forty-four male Nellore beef calves with an average age of 120 days and an initial average body weight (BW) of 145±3.7 kg and their respective dams, with an average BW of 449±6.9 kg, were used. The amounts of supplement evaluated were as follows: 0 = calves received only mineral mixture ad libitum; 3, 6, and 9 = calves received 3, 6, or 9 g kg-1 BW of supplement, respectively, containing 250 g CP kg-1 (as-fed). The experimental design was completely randomized. A positive linear effect (P < 0.01) was observed in the intakes of dry matter and organic matter, and a cubic effect (P < 0.07) was observed for the intake of neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein. There was quadratic effect (P < 0.06) for total digestibility of neutral detergent fiber. A cubic effect (P < 0.01) was observed for the calves performance. However, the calves supplementation did not affect the milk yield and performance (P ≥ 0.21) of their dams. The supplementation decreased grazing time (P < 0.01) but did not influence suckling time (P ≥ 0.59). It is recommended supplying of supplement containing 250 g CP kg-1 (as-fed) in amount 6 g kg-1 BW to suckling beef calves managed in tropical pasture. Supplementation of suckling beef calves increases the intake of dry matter, decreases grazing time and forage intake. However, it does not affect the suckling time and productive performance of their dams.
Este estudo avaliou os efeitos de diferentes quantidades de suplemento sobre o desempenho, características nutricionais e comportamentais de bezerros de corte lactentes, bem como o desempenho de suas mães em pasto tropical. Foram utilizados quarenta e quatro bezerros de corte lactentes machos da raça Nelore com idade média de 120 dias e peso corporal médio de 145±3,7 kg, e suas respectivas mães, com peso corporal médio de 449±6,9 kg. As quantidades de suplemento avaliadas foram as seguintes: 0 = bezerros receberam somente mistura mineral ad libitum; 3, 6 ou 9 = bezerros receberam 3, 6 ou 9 g kg-1 PC de suplemento contendo 25 g de PB kg-1 (matéria natural). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado. Foi observado efeito linear positivo (P < 0,01) para o consume de matéria seca e matéria orgânica, e um efeito cúbico (P < 0,07) foi observado para o consume de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN). Houve um efeito quadrático (P < 0,06) para a digestibilidade total da FDN. Observou-se efeito cúbico (P < 0,01) quanto ao desempenho dos bezerros. No entanto, a suplementação não afetou (P ≥ 0,21) a produção de leite e o desempenho de suas mães. A suplementação diminuiu o tempo de pastejo (P < 0,01), mas não influenciou (P ≥ 0,59) o tempo de amamentação dos bezerros. Recomenda-se o fornecimento de suplemento contendo 25 g PB kg-1 na quantidade de 6 g kg-1 PC para bezerros de corte lactentes manejados em pastagem tropical. A suplementação de bezerros de corte lactentes aumenta o consumo de matéria seca, diminui o tempo de pastejo e o consumo de forragem. Contudo, não influencia o tempo de amamentação e o desempenho produtivo de suas mães.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Lactante , Bovinos , Conducta Alimentaria , Pastizales , Suplementos Dietéticos/análisis , Ingestión de AlimentosRESUMEN
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of replacing soybean meal with soybean in multiple supplements on nutritional parameters, microbial efficiency and productive and reproductive performance of heifers grazing in Urochloa decumbens during the drought period. Were used 39 crossbred heifers of initial age and initial weight of 21 months and 309.5±7 kg, respectively. The experimental design was completely randomized with four treatments with eight replicates, and a control treatment with seven replications. Two treatments had soybean meal as the protein source and two treatments had soybean as the protein source, containing 25% and 40% crude protein. The amount of supplement offered was 1.0 kg/animal/day. The animals of the control group received only mineral salt ad libitum. The supplemented animals had higher average daily gain (ADG) than control animals (P 0.10), and there was no difference in ADG among the supplements (P>0.10). There was an effect of supplementation (P 0.10) on intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC), total digestible nutrients (TDN) and neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDF). There were no differences (P>0.10) on intake of OM and DM grazing between the supplemented and non-supplemented. Supplementation improved DM digestibility and all constituents of the diet (P<0.10). It was found that the provision of multiple supplements optimises the performance of heifers grazing during the dry season, and that the substitution of soybean meal by soybean does not change productiveperformance of animals.
Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da substituição do farelo de soja pelo grão de soja sobre parâmetros nutricionais, eficiência de síntese microbiana e desempenho produtivo de novilhas Nelore sob pastejo em Urochloa decumbens durante o período da seca.Foram utilizadas 39 novilhas, com idade média inicial de 21 meses e peso médio inicial de 309,5±7 kg. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos com oito repetições, e o tratamento controle com sete repetições. Dois tratamentos tinham como fonte proteica o farelo de soja, e dois tratamentos tinham como fonte proteica o grão de sojain natura, contendo 25% e 40% de proteína bruta na MS. Ofertou-se 1 kg MS dia-1 de suplemento por animal. Os animais do grupo controle receberam apenas mistura mineral ad libitum. Os animais suplementados apresentaram GMD superior aos animais não suplementados (P 0,10), e não houve diferença de GMD entre os suplementados (P 0,10). Foi verificado efeito positivo da suplementação (P 0,10) sobre o consumo de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF), nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) e fibra em detergente neutro corrigida para cinzas e proteína (FDNcp). Não houve diferenças (P 0,10) no consumo de MO e MS de pasto entre os suplementados e os não suplementados. A suplementação melhorou a digestibilidade da MS e de todos os constituintes da dieta (P<0,10). Conclui-se que o fornecimento de suplemento múltiplo otimiza o desempenho de novilhas em pastejo no período daseca, e que a substituição do farelo de soja pelo grão de soja não altera o desempenho produtivo dosanimais.
Asunto(s)
Estación Seca , Poaceae , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Glycine max , Bovinos/metabolismoRESUMEN
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of replacing soybean meal with soybean in multiple supplements on nutritional parameters, microbial efficiency and productive and reproductive performance of heifers grazing in Urochloa decumbens during the drought period. Were used 39 crossbred heifers of initial age and initial weight of 21 months and 309.5±7 kg, respectively. The experimental design was completely randomized with four treatments with eight replicates, and a control treatment with seven replications. Two treatments had soybean meal as the protein source and two treatments had soybean as the protein source, containing 25% and 40% crude protein. The amount of supplement offered was 1.0 kg/animal/day. The animals of the control group received only mineral salt ad libitum. The supplemented animals had higher average daily gain (ADG) than control animals (P 0.10), and there was no difference in ADG among the supplements (P>0.10). There was an effect of supplementation (P 0.10) on intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC), total digestible nutrients (TDN) and neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDF). There were no differences (P>0.10) on intake of OM and DM grazing between the supplemented and non-supplemented. Supplementation improved DM digestibility and all constituents of the diet (P<0.10). It was found that the provision of multiple supplements optimises the performance of heifers grazing during the dry season, and that the substitution of soybean meal by soybean does not change productiveperformance of animals.(AU)
Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da substituição do farelo de soja pelo grão de soja sobre parâmetros nutricionais, eficiência de síntese microbiana e desempenho produtivo de novilhas Nelore sob pastejo em Urochloa decumbens durante o período da seca.Foram utilizadas 39 novilhas, com idade média inicial de 21 meses e peso médio inicial de 309,5±7 kg. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos com oito repetições, e o tratamento controle com sete repetições. Dois tratamentos tinham como fonte proteica o farelo de soja, e dois tratamentos tinham como fonte proteica o grão de sojain natura, contendo 25% e 40% de proteína bruta na MS. Ofertou-se 1 kg MS dia-1 de suplemento por animal. Os animais do grupo controle receberam apenas mistura mineral ad libitum. Os animais suplementados apresentaram GMD superior aos animais não suplementados (P 0,10), e não houve diferença de GMD entre os suplementados (P 0,10). Foi verificado efeito positivo da suplementação (P 0,10) sobre o consumo de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF), nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) e fibra em detergente neutro corrigida para cinzas e proteína (FDNcp). Não houve diferenças (P 0,10) no consumo de MO e MS de pasto entre os suplementados e os não suplementados. A suplementação melhorou a digestibilidade da MS e de todos os constituintes da dieta (P<0,10). Conclui-se que o fornecimento de suplemento múltiplo otimiza o desempenho de novilhas em pastejo no período daseca, e que a substituição do farelo de soja pelo grão de soja não altera o desempenho produtivo dosanimais.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Glycine max , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Poaceae , Estación Seca , Bovinos/metabolismoRESUMEN
The performance of female calves in creep-feeding system receiving only mineral mixture or multiple supplements; and milk production and pasture intake and digestibility of beef cows on Urochloa decumbens pastures, were assessed. Forty-eight suckling female calves aged 5 months on average, with an initial weight of 125.4 ± 1.34 kg, and their respective mothers initially weighing 435.2 ± 10.3 kg, were used. The experimental design was completely randomized. Supplements contained approximately 25% crude protein (CP) and a progressive substitution of soybean meal (SM) by cottonseed meal 38% protein (CM) at the levels of 0, 33, 67 and 100% for treatments CM0, CM33, CM67 and CM100, respectively. Urea was added to supplements in order to adjust the protein content of the supplements .In the control-group (MM) animals were fed only mineral mixture, ad libitum. The average daily gain (in g) was 687.8, 733.2, 820.0, 760.6 and 764.5, respectively, for treatments MM, CM0, CM33, CM67 and CM100. Female calves supplemented with multiple supplements showed highest weight gain. No effect of CM levels in the multiple supplement were verified (P>0.10) on average daily gain. The intakes in kg/day of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), digested DM and total digestible nutrients were superior (P 0.10) for animals supplemented with multiple supplementin relation to control animals. Total apparent digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, CP and NFC werehigher (P0.10). As a conclusion, utilizingmultiple supplements in the pre-weaning period provides highest weight gain to female calves.
Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho produtivo e nutricional de bezerras lactentes recebendo misturamineral ou suplementos múltiplos e a produção de leite, o consumo e a digestibilidade do pastoconsumido por vacas de corte, em pastagens de Uruchloa decumbens. Utilizaram-se 48 bezerras decorte, lactentes, com idade média de 5 meses e peso médio inicial de 125,4 + 1,34 kg, e suas respectivasmães com peso inicial médio de 435,2 + 10,3 kg. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramentecasualizado. Os suplementos continham aproximadamente 25% de proteína bruta (PB) e substituiçãoprogressiva do farelo de soja (FS) pelo farelo de algodão 38% (FA) aos níveis de 0; 33; 67 e 100%para os tratamentos FA0, FA33, FA67 e FA100, respectivamente. Adicionou-se ureia aos suplementosvisando ajustar o teor proteico dos suplementos. Os animais do tratamento controle (MM) receberamexclusivamente mistura mineral ad libitum; nos demais tratamentos os suplementos múltiplos foramfornecidos na quantidade de 0,5 kg/animal/dia. O ganho médio diário (g) foi 687,8; 733,2; 820,0; 760,6e 764,5, respectivamente, para os tratamentos MM, FA0, FA33, FA67 e FA100. As bezerras suplementadasapresentaram maior ganho em peso. Não se verificou efeito dos níveis de FA nos suplementos múltiplos(P>0,10) sobre o ganho médio diário. Os consumos em kg/dia de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica(MO), proteína bruta (PB), carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF), MS digerida e nutrientes digestíveistotais foram superiores (P<0,10) em animais suplementados com suplementos múltiplos em relaçãoaos animais suplementados apenas com mistura mineral. Entre os níveis de substituição do FS por FAobservou-se efeito linear decrescente com o aumento do nível de FA sobre o consumo de MS digeridae fibra em detergente neutro digerida.
Asunto(s)
Femenino , Animales , Lactante , Bovinos , Aumento de Peso , Brachiaria , Alimentación Animal , Suplementos DietéticosRESUMEN
The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of supplementation with multiple supplement or mineral mixture in the dry season (phase 1) and/or dry-rainy transition season (phase 2) on nutritional variables and productive performance of beef cattle in Uruchloa decumbens pasture. 40 heifers at initial age and average weight of 8 months and 200 ± 3.74 kg, respectively in a complete random design with four treatments and 10 replicates, were used. In the phase 1, two groups of animals were fed multiple supplement and the other two groups were fed only mineral mixture ad libitum. In the second phase of the experiment, the two groups that received multiple supplements, one continued to receive multiple supplements and the other was receiving only mineral. Regarding the two groups fed only mineral mixture in the phase 1, one continued receiving mineral mixture in phase 2 and the other receiving supplement in phase 2. In the phase 1, supplemented animals presented higher daily average gain (DAG), the supplementation increased intake in kg/day of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), CP, non fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), digested dry matter (DDM), and total digestible nutrients (TDN) and it improved digestibility of all dietary constituents (P 0.10), except those of neutral detergent fiber (NDFap) and ether extract (EE) (P 0.10). The supplementation in the dry-rainy transition season (phase2) increased intake in kg/day of DM, forage dry matter (FDM), OM, forage organic matter (FOM), CP,EE, DDM, digested neutral detergent fiber (DNDF) and indigestible neutral detergent fiber.
Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da suplementação com suplemento múltiplo ou mistura mineral durante o período da seca (fase 1) e/ou transição seca-águas (fase 2) sobre as variáveis nutricionais e o desempenho produtivo de novilhas de corte, em pastagem de Uruchloa decumbens. Utilizaram-se 40 novilhas com idade e peso médio iniciais, de 8 meses e 200 ± 3,74 kg, respectivamente. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e 10 repetições. Na fase 1, dois grupos de animais receberam suplemento múltiplo e os outros dois grupos receberam apenas mistura mineral ad libitum. Na fase 2 do experimento, dos dois grupos que recebiam suplemento múltiplo, um continuou a receber o suplemento múltiplo e o outro recebeu apenas mistura mineral ad libitum. Já com relação aos dois grupos que receberam apenas mistura mineral na fase 1, um continuou a receber mistura mineral e o outro passou a receber suplemento múltiplo. Na fase 1, os animais suplementados tiveram maior ganho médio diário (GMD); a suplementação aumentou o consumo (kg/dia) de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), PB, carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF), matéria seca digerida (MSD) e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) e melhorou a digestibilidade de todos os constituintes da dieta (P 0,10), com exceção da fibra em detergente neutro (FDNcp) e do extrato etéreo (EE) (P>0,10). A suplementação na transição seca-águas (fase 2) aumentou o consumo (kg/dia) de MS, matéria seca de forragem (MSF),MO, matéria orgânica de forragem (MOF), PB, EE, MSD, fibra em detergente neutro digerida (FDND)e fibra em detergente neutro indigestível. Houve efeito de interação sobre a suplementação na seca e natransição seca-águas sobre o GMD, consumo de CNF, sobre os coeficientes de digestibilidade da MS, MO, PB, FDNcp e sobre o teor de NDT.
Asunto(s)
Femenino , Animales , Bovinos , Aumento de Peso , Alimentación Animal , Suplementos Dietéticos , Estación SecaRESUMEN
The performance of female calves in creep-feeding system receiving only mineral mixture or multiple supplements; and milk production and pasture intake and digestibility of beef cows on Urochloa decumbens pastures, were assessed. Forty-eight suckling female calves aged 5 months on average, with an initial weight of 125.4 ± 1.34 kg, and their respective mothers initially weighing 435.2 ± 10.3 kg, were used. The experimental design was completely randomized. Supplements contained approximately 25% crude protein (CP) and a progressive substitution of soybean meal (SM) by cottonseed meal 38% protein (CM) at the levels of 0, 33, 67 and 100% for treatments CM0, CM33, CM67 and CM100, respectively. Urea was added to supplements in order to adjust the protein content of the supplements .In the control-group (MM) animals were fed only mineral mixture, ad libitum. The average daily gain (in g) was 687.8, 733.2, 820.0, 760.6 and 764.5, respectively, for treatments MM, CM0, CM33, CM67 and CM100. Female calves supplemented with multiple supplements showed highest weight gain. No effect of CM levels in the multiple supplement were verified (P>0.10) on average daily gain. The intakes in kg/day of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), digested DM and total digestible nutrients were superior (P 0.10) for animals supplemented with multiple supplementin relation to control animals. Total apparent digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, CP and NFC werehigher (P<0.10) for supplemented animals. The use of supplementation for female calves did not affectperformance of cows, milk yield or ingestion of dietary components (P>0.10). As a conclusion, utilizingmultiple supplements in the pre-weaning period provides highest weight gain to female calves.(AU)
Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho produtivo e nutricional de bezerras lactentes recebendo misturamineral ou suplementos múltiplos e a produção de leite, o consumo e a digestibilidade do pastoconsumido por vacas de corte, em pastagens de Uruchloa decumbens. Utilizaram-se 48 bezerras decorte, lactentes, com idade média de 5 meses e peso médio inicial de 125,4 + 1,34 kg, e suas respectivasmães com peso inicial médio de 435,2 + 10,3 kg. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramentecasualizado. Os suplementos continham aproximadamente 25% de proteína bruta (PB) e substituiçãoprogressiva do farelo de soja (FS) pelo farelo de algodão 38% (FA) aos níveis de 0; 33; 67 e 100%para os tratamentos FA0, FA33, FA67 e FA100, respectivamente. Adicionou-se ureia aos suplementosvisando ajustar o teor proteico dos suplementos. Os animais do tratamento controle (MM) receberamexclusivamente mistura mineral ad libitum; nos demais tratamentos os suplementos múltiplos foramfornecidos na quantidade de 0,5 kg/animal/dia. O ganho médio diário (g) foi 687,8; 733,2; 820,0; 760,6e 764,5, respectivamente, para os tratamentos MM, FA0, FA33, FA67 e FA100. As bezerras suplementadasapresentaram maior ganho em peso. Não se verificou efeito dos níveis de FA nos suplementos múltiplos(P>0,10) sobre o ganho médio diário. Os consumos em kg/dia de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica(MO), proteína bruta (PB), carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF), MS digerida e nutrientes digestíveistotais foram superiores (P<0,10) em animais suplementados com suplementos múltiplos em relaçãoaos animais suplementados apenas com mistura mineral. Entre os níveis de substituição do FS por FAobservou-se efeito linear decrescente com o aumento do nível de FA sobre o consumo de MS digeridae fibra em detergente neutro digerida.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Femenino , Lactante , Bovinos , Suplementos Dietéticos , Aumento de Peso , Brachiaria , Alimentación AnimalRESUMEN
The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of supplementation with multiple supplement or mineral mixture in the dry season (phase 1) and/or dry-rainy transition season (phase 2) on nutritional variables and productive performance of beef cattle in Uruchloa decumbens pasture. 40 heifers at initial age and average weight of 8 months and 200 ± 3.74 kg, respectively in a complete random design with four treatments and 10 replicates, were used. In the phase 1, two groups of animals were fed multiple supplement and the other two groups were fed only mineral mixture ad libitum. In the second phase of the experiment, the two groups that received multiple supplements, one continued to receive multiple supplements and the other was receiving only mineral. Regarding the two groups fed only mineral mixture in the phase 1, one continued receiving mineral mixture in phase 2 and the other receiving supplement in phase 2. In the phase 1, supplemented animals presented higher daily average gain (DAG), the supplementation increased intake in kg/day of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), CP, non fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), digested dry matter (DDM), and total digestible nutrients (TDN) and it improved digestibility of all dietary constituents (P 0.10), except those of neutral detergent fiber (NDFap) and ether extract (EE) (P 0.10). The supplementation in the dry-rainy transition season (phase2) increased intake in kg/day of DM, forage dry matter (FDM), OM, forage organic matter (FOM), CP,EE, DDM, digested neutral detergent fiber (DNDF) and indigestible neutral detergent fiber. (AU)
Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da suplementação com suplemento múltiplo ou mistura mineral durante o período da seca (fase 1) e/ou transição seca-águas (fase 2) sobre as variáveis nutricionais e o desempenho produtivo de novilhas de corte, em pastagem de Uruchloa decumbens. Utilizaram-se 40 novilhas com idade e peso médio iniciais, de 8 meses e 200 ± 3,74 kg, respectivamente. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e 10 repetições. Na fase 1, dois grupos de animais receberam suplemento múltiplo e os outros dois grupos receberam apenas mistura mineral ad libitum. Na fase 2 do experimento, dos dois grupos que recebiam suplemento múltiplo, um continuou a receber o suplemento múltiplo e o outro recebeu apenas mistura mineral ad libitum. Já com relação aos dois grupos que receberam apenas mistura mineral na fase 1, um continuou a receber mistura mineral e o outro passou a receber suplemento múltiplo. Na fase 1, os animais suplementados tiveram maior ganho médio diário (GMD); a suplementação aumentou o consumo (kg/dia) de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), PB, carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF), matéria seca digerida (MSD) e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) e melhorou a digestibilidade de todos os constituintes da dieta (P 0,10), com exceção da fibra em detergente neutro (FDNcp) e do extrato etéreo (EE) (P>0,10). A suplementação na transição seca-águas (fase 2) aumentou o consumo (kg/dia) de MS, matéria seca de forragem (MSF),MO, matéria orgânica de forragem (MOF), PB, EE, MSD, fibra em detergente neutro digerida (FDND)e fibra em detergente neutro indigestível. Houve efeito de interação sobre a suplementação na seca e natransição seca-águas sobre o GMD, consumo de CNF, sobre os coeficientes de digestibilidade da MS, MO, PB, FDNcp e sobre o teor de NDT. (AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Femenino , Bovinos , Suplementos Dietéticos , Alimentación Animal , Aumento de Peso , Estación SecaRESUMEN
Protein and energy requirements of beef cattle, aged between 4 and 18 months old, on tropical pastures, were estimated. Forty-six Nellore calves (138.3 ± 3.4 kg BW and 90-150 days old), kept on pasture, were distributed in a maintenance group (restricted feeding) or in nutritional plans, receiving a supplements with different amounts of protein and carbohydrate or non-supplemented. The net energy requirement for weight gain (NEg) was obtained by linear regression of logarithm of retained energy as a function of logarithm of empty body weight gain. The net energy requirement for maintenance (NEm) was estimated by the exponential relation between heat production and metabolizable energy intake. Net protein requirement for weight gain (RP) was estimated by multiple linear regression of retained protein in the weight gain of empty body (EBWG) and retained energy. The efficiency of metabolizable energy (ME) used for maintenance and for weight gain was 0.55 and 0.26, respectively. The ME requirement for maintenance was 124 kcal EBW-0.75. RP decreased in proportion to body weight increase. NEg and RP may be obtained by equations: RE (Mcal kg-1) = 0.044 x EBW0.75 x EBWG1.1302 and RP (g day-1) = -31.45 + 229.69 x EBWG 8.75 x RE, respectively.
Objetivou-se estimar as exigências de proteína e energia de bovinos de corte em pastagens tropicais dos 4 até 18 meses de idade. Foram utilizados 46 bezerros Nelore (138,3 ± 3,4 kg e 90-150 dias de idade) em pastagem, distribuídos em um grupo de mantença (alimentação restrita) ou em planos nutricionais, recebendo suplemento com diferentes quantidades de proteína e carboidrato, ou não suplementados. A exigência de energia líquida para ganho de peso (ELg) foi obtida por regressão linear do logaritmo da energia retida em função do logaritmo do ganho de peso corporal vazio. A exigência de energia líquida para mantença (ELm) foi estimada pela relação exponencial entre a produção de calor e consumo de energia metabolizável. A exigência líquida de proteína para ganho de peso (PR) foi estimada pela regressão linear múltipla da proteína retida no ganho de peso de corpo vazio (GPCVZ) e da energia retida. A eficiência de uso da energia metabolizável (EM) para mantença foi de 0,55 e para o ganho de peso foi de 0,26. A exigência de EM para mantença foi de 124 kcal PCVZ-0,75. A PR diminuiu com o aumento do peso corporal. O ELg e PR podem ser obtidos por meio das equações: ELg (Mcal kg-1) = 0,044 x PCVZ0,75 x GPCVZ1,1302, PR (g dia-1) = -31,45 + 229,69 x GPCVZ 8,75 x ER, respectivamente.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Bovinos , Bovinos/metabolismo , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales del Lactante , Pastizales/análisisRESUMEN
Protein and energy requirements of beef cattle, aged between 4 and 18 months old, on tropical pastures, were estimated. Forty-six Nellore calves (138.3 ± 3.4 kg BW and 90-150 days old), kept on pasture, were distributed in a maintenance group (restricted feeding) or in nutritional plans, receiving a supplements with different amounts of protein and carbohydrate or non-supplemented. The net energy requirement for weight gain (NEg) was obtained by linear regression of logarithm of retained energy as a function of logarithm of empty body weight gain. The net energy requirement for maintenance (NEm) was estimated by the exponential relation between heat production and metabolizable energy intake. Net protein requirement for weight gain (RP) was estimated by multiple linear regression of retained protein in the weight gain of empty body (EBWG) and retained energy. The efficiency of metabolizable energy (ME) used for maintenance and for weight gain was 0.55 and 0.26, respectively. The ME requirement for maintenance was 124 kcal EBW-0.75. RP decreased in proportion to body weight increase. NEg and RP may be obtained by equations: RE (Mcal kg-1) = 0.044 x EBW0.75 x EBWG1.1302 and RP (g day-1) = -31.45 + 229.69 x EBWG 8.75 x RE, respectively.(AU)
Objetivou-se estimar as exigências de proteína e energia de bovinos de corte em pastagens tropicais dos 4 até 18 meses de idade. Foram utilizados 46 bezerros Nelore (138,3 ± 3,4 kg e 90-150 dias de idade) em pastagem, distribuídos em um grupo de mantença (alimentação restrita) ou em planos nutricionais, recebendo suplemento com diferentes quantidades de proteína e carboidrato, ou não suplementados. A exigência de energia líquida para ganho de peso (ELg) foi obtida por regressão linear do logaritmo da energia retida em função do logaritmo do ganho de peso corporal vazio. A exigência de energia líquida para mantença (ELm) foi estimada pela relação exponencial entre a produção de calor e consumo de energia metabolizável. A exigência líquida de proteína para ganho de peso (PR) foi estimada pela regressão linear múltipla da proteína retida no ganho de peso de corpo vazio (GPCVZ) e da energia retida. A eficiência de uso da energia metabolizável (EM) para mantença foi de 0,55 e para o ganho de peso foi de 0,26. A exigência de EM para mantença foi de 124 kcal PCVZ-0,75. A PR diminuiu com o aumento do peso corporal. O ELg e PR podem ser obtidos por meio das equações: ELg (Mcal kg-1) = 0,044 x PCVZ0,75 x GPCVZ1,1302, PR (g dia-1) = -31,45 + 229,69 x GPCVZ 8,75 x ER, respectivamente.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Bovinos , Bovinos/metabolismo , Pastizales/análisis , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales del LactanteRESUMEN
Wine fermentation is a dynamic and complex process in which the yeast cell is subjected to multiple stress conditions. A successful adaptation involves changes in gene expression profiles where a large number of genes are up- or downregulated. Functional genomic approaches are commonly used to obtain global gene expression profiles, thereby providing a comprehensive view of yeast physiology. We used SAGE to quantify gene expression profiles in an industrial strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae under winemaking conditions. The transcriptome of wine yeast was analysed at three stages during the fermentation process, mid-exponential phase, and early- and late-stationary phases. Upon correlation with the yeast genome, we found three classes of transcripts: (a) sequences that corresponded to ORFs; (b) expressed sequences from intergenic regions; and (c) messengers that did not match the published reference yeast genome. In all fermentation phases studied, the most highly expressed genes related to energy production and stress response. For many pathways, including glycolysis, different transcript levels were observed during each phase. Different isoenzymes, including hexose transporters (HXT), were differentially induced, depending on the growth phase. About 10% of transcripts matched non-annotated ORF regions within the yeast genome and could correspond to small novel genes originally omitted in the first gene annotation effort. Up to 22% of transcripts, particularly at late-stationary phase, did not match any known location within the genome. As the available reference yeast genome was obtained from a laboratory strain, these expressed sequences could represent genes only expressed by an industrial yeast strain. Further studies are necessary to identify the role of these potential genes during wine fermentation.