RESUMEN
Early administration of blood products following severe trauma is pivotal for establishing hemostasis and achieving successful outcomes. Platelet transfusions, in particular, provide rapid control of hemostasis and help to restore platelet dysfunction induced by trauma. In the U.S. platelets used for therapeutic purposes are stored at room temperature with a limited shelf life of 5-7 days. Issues with room temperature storage of platelets, including an increased risk of bacterial growth and a decline in platelet hemostatic function, have led to a resurgence in interest in cold-stored platelets for therapeutic transfusion. This review presents the current state of cold-stored platelets and cold-stored whole blood as treatment for actively bleeding patients. Usage of cold stored platelets in alternative areas, such as in the field of regenerative medicine, is also discussed.
Asunto(s)
Plaquetas/fisiología , Conservación de la Sangre/métodos , Criopreservación/métodos , Hemorragia/terapia , Animales , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Humanos , RatasRESUMEN
Essentials In vivo function of platelets stored at various conditions was studied in normo- and hypotension. Refrigerated platelets stored up to 5 days performed as well as those stored at room temperature. Platelet adhesion and thrombus formation were higher in ruptured vessels of hemorrhaged animals. In vivo data suggest that refrigerated platelets are hemostatically effective during hypotension. SUMMARY: Background There is renewed interest in the therapeutic use of cold-stored platelets for bleeding patients. However, critical information is absent or partially available in vitro. Therefore, thrombus formation and platelet adhesion were studied in vivo, in situ, using bleeding and thrombosis models in instrumented rats, and confocal intravital videomicroscopy. Objectives We tested the hypothesis that refrigerated (4 °C) platelets (stored for 24 h or 5 days) participated in thrombus formation as well as platelets stored at room temperature (RT, 22 °C). This hypothesis was tested in normovolemia and hemorrhagic hypotension. Methods & Results After fluorescently-labeled platelet infusion, endothelial injury and vessel rupture were laser-induced in cremaster microvessels and platelet adhesion in > 230 developing thrombi was evaluated. Blood samples were collected for biochemistry and coagulation assays while multiple systemic physiologic parameters were recorded. Hemorrhagic hypotension study animals were subjected to 40% hemorrhage, leading to hypotension and hemodilution, during in vivo platelet adhesion assessments. The fluorescence intensity associated with labeled platelet adherence provided a quantitative index of adhesion. Cold-stored platelets performed as well as those stored at RT in normovolemic animals. During hypotension, cold-stored platelets still performed as well as RT-stored platelets, whereas platelet adhesion and thrombus formation were increased relative to normovolemic animals, in bleeding model experiments. Conclusions We found the methodology suitable for evaluating platelet function in vivo after different storage conditions in fully monitored animals. Refrigerated platelets (stored up to 5 days) participated as well as RT-stored platelets in thrombi formed after hemorrhage, suggesting that refrigerated platelets are effective during hypotensive situations.
Asunto(s)
Plaquetas/fisiología , Conservación de la Sangre/métodos , Agregación Plaquetaria/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Coagulación Sanguínea , Arterias Carótidas/patología , Adhesión Celular , Frío , Criopreservación , Citometría de Flujo , Colorantes Fluorescentes/química , Hemorragia/sangre , Hipotensión/sangre , Microscopía Intravital , Masculino , Microcirculación , Distribución Normal , Activación Plaquetaria , Adhesividad Plaquetaria , Pruebas de Función Plaquetaria , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Trombosis/patologíaRESUMEN
This paper reports the first biological and molecular characterization of a nucleopolyhedrovirus isolated from the soybean and cotton pest Helicoverpa gelotopoeon. Studies were performed following a virus outbreak in a rearing facility and in wild H. gelotopoeon populations in Córdoba, Argentina. Host identity was corroborated by partial sequencing of the COI gene. Scanning electron microscope observations of purified OBs revealed their polyhedral morphology and an average diameter of 0.89±0.14µm. Ultrathin sections of infected larvae examined by transmission electron microscopy showed the intranuclear occurrence of polyhedra and virus particles in fat body cells. Nucleocapsids were singly enveloped. Phylogenetic analysis of lef-8, lef-9, polh, orf5/5b and hr3-orf62 viral sequences identified this new NPV isolate (hereafter HegeSNPV) as a variant of Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearNPV). Furthermore, HegeSNPV was closely related to the so-called "HzSNPV Group" within HearNPV, although having particular characteristics.
Asunto(s)
Mariposas Nocturnas/virología , Nucleopoliedrovirus/genética , Virosis/veterinaria , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Genes Virales , Filogenia , Reacción en Cadena de la PolimerasaRESUMEN
Over the last 10 years, the management of major haemorrhage in trauma patients has changed radically. This is mainly due to the recognition that many patients who are bleeding when they come in to the emergency department have an established coagulopathy before the haemodilution effects of fluid resuscitation. This has led to the use of new terminology: acute traumatic coagulopathy, acute coagulopathy of trauma shock or trauma-induced coagulopathy. The recognition of acute traumatic coagulopathy is important, because we now understand that its presence is a prognostic indicator, as it is associated with poor clinical outcome. This has driven a change in clinical management, so that the previous approach of maintaining an adequate circulating volume and oxygen carrying capacity before, as a secondary event, dealing with coagulopathy, has changed to haemostatic resuscitation as early as possible. While there is as yet no universally accepted assay or definition, many experts use prolongation of the prothrombin time to indicate that there is, indeed, a coagulopathy. Hypoxia, acidosis and hypothermia and hormonal, immunological and cytokine production, alongside consumption and blood loss, and the dilutional effects of resuscitation may occur to varying extents depending on the type of tissue damaged, the type and extent of injury, predisposing to, or amplifying, activation of coagulation, platelets, fibrinolysis. These are discussed in detail within the article.
Asunto(s)
Trastornos de la Coagulación Sanguínea/etiología , Heridas y Lesiones/complicaciones , Enfermedad Aguda , Trastornos de la Coagulación Sanguínea/diagnóstico , Humanos , Resucitación , TromboelastografíaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The optimal timing of surgery for multiply injured patients with operative spinal injuries remains unknown. The purported benefits of early intervention must be weighed against the morbidity of surgery in the early post-injury period. The performance of spine surgery in the Afghanistan theater permits analysis of the morbidity of early surgery on military casualties. The objective is to compare surgical morbidity of early spinal surgery in multiply injured patients versus stable patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients were retrospectively categorized as stable or borderline unstable depending on the presence of at least one of the following: ISS >40, ISS >20 and chest injury, exploratory laparotomy or thoracotomy, lactate >2.5 mEq/L, platelet <110,000/mm(3), or >10 U PRBCs transfused pre-operatively. Surgical morbidity, complications, and neurologic improvement between the two groups were compared retrospectively. RESULTS: 30 casualties underwent 31 spine surgeries during a 12-month period. 16 of 30 patients met criteria indicating a borderline unstable patient. Although there were no significant differences in the procedures performed for stable and borderline unstable patients as measured by the Surgical Invasiveness Index (7.5 vs. 6.9, p = 0.8), borderline unstable patients had significantly higher operative time (4.3 vs. 3.0 h, p = 0.01), blood loss (1,372 vs. 366 mL, p = 0.001), PRBCs transfused intra-op (3.88 vs. 0.14 U, p < 0.001), and total PRBCs transfused in theater (10.18 vs. 0.31 U, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that published criteria defining a borderline unstable patient may have a role in predicting increased morbidity of early spine surgery. The perceived benefits of early intervention should be weighed against the greater risks of performing extensive spinal surgeries on multiply injured patients in the early post-injury period, especially in the setting of combat trauma.
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Personal Militar , Traumatismo Múltiple/cirugía , Traumatismos de la Médula Espinal/cirugía , Traumatismos Vertebrales/cirugía , Adulto , Campaña Afgana 2001- , Pérdida de Sangre Quirúrgica/estadística & datos numéricos , Transfusión de Eritrocitos/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Humanos , Puntaje de Gravedad del Traumatismo , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Tempo Operativo , Mejoramiento de la Calidad , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Tiempo , Resultado del Tratamiento , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
Military conflicts create a dynamic medical environment in which the number of severe trauma cases is compressed in both time and space. In consequence, lessons are learned at a rapid pace. Because the military has an effective organizational structure at its disposal and the logistical capacity to rapidly disseminate new ideas, adoption of novel therapies and protective equipment occurs quickly. The recent conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan are no exception: more than three dozen new clinical practice guidelines were implemented by the US Armed Forces, with attendant survival benefits, in response to observation and research by military physicians. Here we review the lessons learned by coalition medical personnel regarding resuscitation of severe trauma, integrating knowledge gained from massive transfusion, autopsies, and extensive review of medical records contained in the Joint Theater Trauma Registry. Changes in clinical care included the shift to resuscitation with 1:1:1 component therapy, use of fresh whole blood, and the application of both medical devices and pharmaceutical adjuncts to reduce bleeding. Future research will focus on emerging concepts regarding coagulopathy of trauma and evaluation of promising new blood products for far-forward resuscitation. New strategies aimed at reducing mortality on the battlefield will focus on resuscitation in the pre-hospital setting where hemorrhagic death continues to be a major challenge.
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Transfusión Sanguínea/métodos , Técnicas Hemostáticas , Medicina Militar , Resucitación/métodos , Choque Hemorrágico/terapia , Heridas y Lesiones/terapia , Trastornos de la Coagulación Sanguínea/etiología , Trastornos de la Coagulación Sanguínea/terapia , Transfusión de Componentes Sanguíneos/métodos , Transfusión de Componentes Sanguíneos/tendencias , Transfusión Sanguínea/normas , Transfusión Sanguínea/tendencias , Predicción , Técnicas Hemostáticas/tendencias , Hemostáticos/uso terapéutico , Hospitales Militares , Humanos , Registros Médicos , Medicina Militar/métodos , Medicina Militar/normas , Medicina Militar/tendencias , Unidades Móviles de Salud , Guías de Práctica Clínica como Asunto , Sistema de Registros , Resucitación/normas , Resucitación/tendencias , Torniquetes , Ácido Tranexámico/uso terapéutico , GuerraRESUMEN
Epinotia aporema granulovirus (EpapGV) has attracted interest as a potential biocontrol agent of the soybean pest Epinotia aporema in Argentina. Studies on virus/host interactions conducted so far have lacked an accurate method to assess the progress of virus load during the infection process. The present paper reports the development of a real-time PCR for EpapGV and its application to describe viral kinetics following ingestion of two different virus doses by last-instar E. aporema larvae. Real-time PCR was shown to be a reliable method to detect and quantify the presence of EpapGV in the analyzed samples. The increase in virus titer (log) exhibited a sigmoidal pattern, with an exponential growth phase between 24 and 48 h postinfection for both initial doses tested.
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Baculoviridae/aislamiento & purificación , Lepidópteros/virología , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa/métodos , Animales , Baculoviridae/química , Baculoviridae/clasificación , Baculoviridae/genética , Cinética , Proteínas Virales/química , Proteínas Virales/genéticaRESUMEN
European military transfusion services follow operational guidelines established by their respective national health systems and conform with European Union directives and NATO standards as applicable to member countries. Certain features are common to all of these standards, especially the pre-selection of volunteer, almost exclusively unpaid donors. NATO requirements are very close to European guidelines, with the exception that NATO permits the use of blood products collected in emergency conditions in theater when circumstances allow no better option. Blood product traceability exists for every country but is not always centralized or computerized. Serious adverse event reporting relies on national haemovigilance networks. Military considerations become important mainly in overseas operations, where the overall policy is to implement the relevant national, European or NATO guidelines with adjustments made for unique wartime circumstances and the risk/benefit ratio for the individual patient needing a transfusion.
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Transfusión Sanguínea/normas , Medicina Militar/normas , Guías de Práctica Clínica como Asunto , Transfusión Sanguínea/legislación & jurisprudencia , Urgencias Médicas , Unión Europea , Francia , Humanos , Cooperación Internacional , Notificación Obligatoria , Reacción a la TransfusiónAsunto(s)
Endotelio Vascular/metabolismo , Glucosafosfato Deshidrogenasa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo , Pterinas , Animales , Aorta , Bovinos , GMP Cíclico/análisis , Deshidroepiandrosterona/farmacología , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Glucosafosfato Deshidrogenasa/genética , Glucosafosfato Deshidrogenasa/metabolismo , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/farmacología , NADP/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo III , Oligonucleótidos Antisentido/genética , Oligonucleótidos Antisentido/farmacología , Pteridinas/farmacología , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , TransfecciónRESUMEN
A granulovirus (GV) isolated from Epinotia aporema (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)-a major soybean pest-was studied in terms of its main morphological, biochemical, and biological properties. The ovoidal occlusion bodies were 466 by 296 nm in size, and their most prominent protein had an apparent molecular mass of 29 kDa. Its amino-terminal sequence was remarkably homologous to that of the granulins of other GVs. The DNA genome size was estimated to be 120 kbp. The high specificity and pathogenicity of this newly described granulovirus (EpapGV) indicate that it is indeed a good candidate for the biological control of this pest.
Asunto(s)
Baculoviridae/clasificación , Baculoviridae/aislamiento & purificación , Lepidópteros/virología , Control Biológico de Vectores/métodos , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Baculoviridae/patogenicidad , Genoma Viral , Larva/virología , Microscopía Electrónica , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Orgánulos , Glycine max , Proteínas Virales/genética , VirulenciaRESUMEN
Homocysteine is a risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis and its thrombotic complications. We have employed an animal model to explore the hypothesis that an increase in reactive oxygen species and a subsequent loss of nitric oxide bioactivity contribute to endothelial dysfunction in mild hyperhomocysteinemia. We examined endothelial function and in vivo oxidant burden in mice heterozygous for a deletion in the cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) gene, by studying isolated, precontracted aortic rings and mesenteric arterioles in situ. CBS(-/+) mice demonstrated impaired acetylcholine-induced aortic relaxation and a paradoxical vasoconstriction of mesenteric microvessels in response to superfusion of methacholine and bradykinin. Cyclic GMP accumulation following acetylcholine treatment was also impaired in isolated aortic segments from CBS(-/+) mice, but aortic relaxation and mesenteric arteriolar dilation in response to sodium nitroprusside were similar to wild-type. Plasma levels of 8-epi-PGF(2alpha) (8-IP) were somewhat increased in CBS(-/+) mice, but liver levels of 8-IP and phospholipid hydroperoxides, another marker of oxidative stress, were normal. Aortic tissue from CBS(-/+) mice also demonstrated greater superoxide production and greater immunostaining for 3-nitrotyrosine, particularly on the endothelial surface. Importantly, endothelial dysfunction appears early in CBS(-/+) mice in the absence of structural arterial abnormalities. Hence, mild hyperhomocysteinemia due to reduced CBS expression impairs endothelium-dependent vasodilation, likely due to impaired nitric oxide bioactivity, and increased oxidative stress apparently contributes to inactivating nitric oxide in chronic, mild hyperhomocysteinemia.
Asunto(s)
Endotelio Vascular/fisiopatología , Hiperhomocisteinemia/fisiopatología , Acetilcolina/farmacología , Animales , Aorta/efectos de los fármacos , Aorta/patología , Aorta/fisiopatología , Arteriosclerosis/etiología , Cistationina betasintasa/genética , Cistationina betasintasa/metabolismo , Dinoprost/análogos & derivados , Dinoprost/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , F2-Isoprostanos , Heterocigoto , Humanos , Hiperhomocisteinemia/genética , Hiperhomocisteinemia/patología , Técnicas In Vitro , Peróxidos Lipídicos/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Mutantes , Nitroprusiato/farmacología , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Factores de Riesgo , Trombosis/etiología , Tirosina/análogos & derivados , Tirosina/metabolismo , Vasodilatación/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Environmental groups have called for a phaseout of the use of chlorine in industrial chemistry on the grounds that such use inevitably leads to the production of persistent, bioaccumulative toxins. This policy prescription is based on an application of the Precautionary Principle which holds that industry should demonstrate that its products and processes are safe before allowing releases of product or waste into the environment. The chemical industry has rejected the call to phaseout chlorine, and claims that available data on either the environmental exposure pathways or the toxicology of chlorinated compounds are inadequate to support responsible decision-making. Industry leaders have called for environmental policy to be based on sound science, comparative risk assessment, and cost-benefit analysis. The controversy over chlorine shows that the U.S. environmental policy-making framework may no longer be capable of producing solutions to environmental problems that satisfy important constituencies within our society.