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Background: The Timed 360° turn test (T-360° TT) was developed to assess balance and turning ability. Although validity and reliability have been performed in different diseases, validity and reliability have not been performed in individuals with ankle sprain (AS). Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity and reliability of the T-360° TT in individuals with AS. Methods: The study included 54 individuals with AS. Participants were initially evaluated with T-360° TT, Timed Up and Go (TUG) test and Biodex Balance System (BBS). To assess test-retest reliability, the T-360° TT was performed again 5 days after the first measurement by the same assessor. Results: At the end of the study, strong positive correlations were found between T-360° TT with TUG test and BBS (p < 0.05). In addition, T-360° TT had excellent test-retest reliability (Intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.87). Conclusion: The T-360° TT is a valid and reliable tool for the evaluation of balance and turning ability in individuals with AS. We also think that it can be used practically in clinical settings because it is a test that can be easily and quickly performed.

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BACKGROUND: It is recognized that pain related to adult individuals with idiopathic scoliosis (IS) substantially impacts individuals' daily activities and quality of life. The objective of this study was to identify the possible predictors of pain intensity in non­surgically treated adults with IS. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 58 adults individuals with Lenke type 1 IS. Participants' sociodemographic characteristics were recorded, and pain severity, curvature severity, trunk rotation angle, disability, spinal mobility, cosmetic deformity perception, and quality of life were assessed. Regression analyses with various models were performed to determine the predictors of pain severity and the best model was selected based on performance criteria. RESULTS: Strong associations were found between pain severity with curvature severity, spinal mobility, trunk rotation angle, perception of cosmetic deformity, disability, and quality of life (p < 0.05). It was observed that Lasso regression was the best model based on the performance criteria considered. According to this model, the primary predictors of pain intensity in adult IS were determined as curvature severity, spinal mobility, trunk rotation angle, cosmetic deformity perception, back-related disability and quality of life, in order of importance. CONCLUSION: In accordance with the findings of this study, which examined for the first time the determinants of pain intensity in adult individuals with Lenke type 1 IS, we suggest that mentioned possible factors affecting and determining pain should be taken into consideration when establishing evaluation and treatment programs.

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OBJECTIVES: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) stands as the most prevalent upper extremity entrapment neuropathy, with a multifaceted etiology encompassing various risk factors. This study aimed to investigate whether anthropometric measurements of the hand, grip strength, and pinch strength could serve as predictive indicators for CTS through machine learning techniques. METHODS: Enrollment encompassed patients exhibiting CTS symptoms (n = 56) and asymptomatic healthy controls (n = 56), with confirmation via electrophysiological assessments. Anthropometric measurements of the hand were obtained using a digital caliper, grip strength was gauged via a digital handgrip dynamometer, and pinch strengths were assessed using a pinchmeter. A comprehensive analysis was conducted employing four most common and effective machine learning algorithms, integrating thorough parameter tuning and cross-validation procedures. Additionally, the outcomes of variable importance were presented. RESULTS: Among the diverse algorithms, Random Forests (accuracy of 89.474%, F1-score of 0.905, and kappa value of 0.789) and XGBoost (accuracy of 86.842%, F1-score of 0.878, and kappa value of 0.736) emerged as the top-performing choices based on distinct classification metrics. In addition, using variable importance calculations specific to these models, the most important variables were found to be wrist circumference, hand width, hand grip strength, tip pinch, key pinch, and middle finger length. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study demonstrated that wrist circumference, hand width, hand grip strength, tip pinch, key pinch, and middle finger length can be utilized as reliable indicators of CTS. Also, the model developed herein, along with the identified crucial variables, could serve as an informative guide for healthcare professionals, enhancing precision and efficacy in CTS prediction.

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BACKGROUND: Postural instability and gait abnormalities are frequently observed after an ankle sprain. A modified Four Square Step Test (mFSST) was developed to assess dynamic balance during gait. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the mFSST in individuals with ankle sprains. METHODS: The study included 39 individuals with grade 1 and 2 ankle sprains with a mean age of 30.36 ± 6.21 years. The dynamic balance of the participants was assessed with the mFSST and Timed Up & Go test (TUG). To determine the test-retest reliability of the mFSST, the test was repeated approximately 1 h apart. RESULTS: The test-retest reliability of the mFSST was excellent (ICC = 0.85). Furthermore, when the concurrent validity of the mFSST was examined, a high correlation was found between with the TUG (r = 0.78, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The mFSST is a valid and reliable clinical assessment method for evaluating dynamic balance during walking in individuals with ankle sprains. We think that the mFSST is preferable in clinical evaluations because its platform is easy to prepare and requires very little equipment.

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Evidence for the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Munich Wrist Questionnaire (MWQ), a patient reported outcome measurement tool (PROM) was evaluated. A total of 80 patients (54.1 ± 1.4 years, 68 females) with wrist problems were recruited. The MWQ was translated into Turkish (MWQ-TR). Criterion validity with Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation (PRWE) and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) was tested by using Pearson's correlation coefficients. Intraclass correlations coefficient (ICC) was used to analyze the test-retest reliability. There was a moderate correlation (r = -0.49, p < 0.001) between MWQ-TR and DASH, while correlations were strong between MWQ-TR and PRWE (r = 0.69, p < 0.001). Test-retest reliability of MWQ-TR was moderate (ICC = 0.67, 95% CI 0.26-0.84). The MWQ-Turkish version demonstrated evidence for its validity and reliability to evaluate pain, work/daily life activities and function in people with wrist problems in a Turkish population.

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Background: The modified four square step test (mFSST) is frequently used in the evaluation of dynamic balance in individuals with balance problems. However, the reliability of the mFSST has not been examined in individuals undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) surgery. Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the test-retest reliability of the mFSST in individuals undergoing ACLR surgery. Methods: Forty-eight patients who had ACLR surgery were included in this study. Patients performed a total of four mFSSTs, two times each, by two different raters over seven days. Results: In the current study, the mFSST demonstrated excellent test-retest and inter-rater reliability. The intraclass correlation coefficient for mFSST was 0.92. The standard error of measurement and minimal detectable change for mFSST were 0.15 and 0.41, respectively. Conclusion: The mFSST has excellent test-retest and inter-rater reliability in patients with ACLR. It is a valid and reliable tool for evaluating dynamic balance in patients with ACLR. We think that mFSST, which is a clinical evaluation test, can be preferred because it is easy to score and does not require special equipment.

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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of scapular kinesiotaping and sham-taping applications on upper extremity functionality in healthy active subjects. METHODS: In total, 60 participants were randomly divided into two groups: scapular kinesiotaping group (n=30) and sham-taping group (n=30). While scapular kinesiotaping was applied to the kinesiotaping group, scapular rigid taping was applied to the sham-taping group. At the end of the third day of the taping application, the individuals were re-evaluated. RESULTS: Participants in the scapular kinesiotaping group showed improvement in upper extremity functionality and quality of life after taping (p<0.05). In the sham-taping group, there was no statistically significant difference after taping (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Scapular kinesiotaping is effective in improving upper extremity functionality in healthy active subjects.

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Purpose/Aim: The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between cervical proprioception sense and balance, hand grip strength, cervical region muscle strength and upper extremity functionality in healthy young subjects.Methods: A total of 200 people with a mean age of 20.8 ± 1.8 participated in the study. Cervical proprioception sense of the participants was evaluated with Cervical Joint Position Error Test (CJPET), balance with Biodex Stability System, hand grip strength with hand dynamometer, and upper extremity functionality with Perdue Pegboard test. The relationship of variables with cervical proprioception was evaluated with Pearson Correlation analysis.Results: According to this study results, there was no significant relationship between CJPET (extension, left rotation, right rotation) and sub-parameters of dynamic balance (anteroposterior, mediolateral, overall), cervical muscle strength and hand grip strength (p > 0.05). There was a significant correlation between CJPET flexion and static balance variables (p < 0.05).Conclusion: According to this study, there is no relationship between cervical proprioception and balance, hand grip muscle strength, cervical region muscle strength and upper extremity functionality in healthy young subjects.

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PURPOSE/AIM: The Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test (FTSST) is a method that evaluates lower extremity muscle strength and balance level. The aim of this study is to test the validity and reliability of the FTSST in patients with non-specific chronic low back pain (NSCLBP) whose lower extremity muscle strength and balance levels are adversely affected. METHODS: The first outcome measure of the study was the FTSST, which was conducted by two different researchers. Secondary outcome measures are Biodex Balance System (BBS), Quadriceps Muscle Strength Test, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was used for the validity and reliability of the FTSST, which was made by two different researchers, and Pearson's Correlation Analysis was used to determine its relationship with other measurements. RESULTS: Inter-rater and test-retest reliability for the FTSST were excellent (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient = 0.99). A statistically significant correlation was found between all secondary outcome measures (BBS, quadriceps muscle strength, ODI, VAS) and FTSST (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In line with the findings of our study, we think that FTSST is a simple, easy, and reproducible method for evaluating lower extremity muscle strength, balance level, functional status, and pain in patients with NSCLBP.

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PURPOSE/AIM: Although Five Times-Sit-To-Stand test (FTSST) performance is known to be a valid and reliable method in people with chronic stroke, Parkinson's disease, and balance disorder, it has not been widely studied in patients with Multiple sclerosis (MS). The main aim of this study was to evaluate validity and reliability of the FTSST in patients with MS. METHODS: The first outcome measure of the study was the FTSST, which was conducted by two different researchers. Secondary outcome measures were Biodex Stability System (BSS), 10-meter walk test, time up go test (TUG), EDSS scoring, Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Barthel Index, Quadriceps Muscle strength test, Functional Reach test. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used for the validity and reliability of the FTSST, which was made by two different researchers, and Pearson Correlation Analysis was used to determine its relationship with other measurements. RESULTS: Interrater and test-retest reliability for the FTSST were excellent (Intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.98 and 0.99, respectively). A statistically significant correlation was found between all secondary outcome measures and FTSST (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: FTSST is considered to be a valid, reliable, easy, and rapid method for evaluating lower extremity muscle strength and balance in patients with MS.

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Aims: Patients who have had anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL-R) should periodically have their muscle strength assessed. The five-times sit-to-stand test (FTSST) can evaluate the muscle strength and balance of the lower extremities. This study's primary purpose was to assess the validity and reliability of the FTSST in patients who have undergone ACL-R. Material and Methods: Forty-three people who had undergone ACL-R surgery were included in the study. The study's primary outcome measure, the FTSST, was assessed by two different investigators. Secondary outcome measures were body balance, quadriceps muscle strength, Tegner activity score (TAS), and Lysholm score. Results: The FTSST's test-retest and inter-rater reliability were both high (ICC: 0.99). The FTSST also showed a strong statistically significant correlation with all secondary outcome measures, including balance, quadriceps muscle strength, TAS, and Lysholm score (p<0.05). Conclusions: According to the study results, the FTSST is a tool-free, simple method for assessing muscle strength and the body balance level, mobility level, and functional status of the knee in patients who have undergone ACL-R surgery.

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BACKGROUND: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the lateral and horizontal deformity of the vertebral column which occurs idiopathically during adolescence. The aim of this study is to identify independent predictors of quality of life in AIS patients. METHODS: In total, 31 adolescent patients diagnosed with AIS aged between 10 and 18 years old were included in the study. The scoliosis severity was determined for each patient according to the Cobb method, and their scoliosis perception using the Walter Reed Visual Assessment Scale, a pain assessment was conducted based on the Visual Analog Scale, quality of life using the Scoliosis Research Society-22 questionnaire, and depression level according to the Children's Depression Scale. Multiple Linear Regression analysis was then performed in order to determine the independent determinants of health-related quality of life. FINDINGS: According to the Linear Regression analysis results, children's depression scale, walter reed visual assessment scale, cobb, and anterior trunk rotation explained 52.7% of the variance as independent determinants of SRS-22. INTERPRETATION: The study examined the determinants affecting the quality of life in AIS patients. The results of the study showed that scoliosis severity, perception of cosmetic deformity, degree of rotation, and depression level to be predictors of quality of life in AIS patients. "This trail registered with NCT05242601."

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AIM: To assess the frequency distribution of six Y-chromosomal specific short tandem repeat (STR) polymorphisms and frequencies of haplotypes in Turkish population. METHODS: Blood samples were taken from 200 unrelated Turkish men from different regions of Turkey, who were involved in legal proceedings concerning paternity. The DNA was amplified and typed by use of Y-Plex 6 kit containing 6 Y-STR markers (DYS393, DYS19, DYS389 II, DYS390, DYS391, and DYS385). Capillary electrophoresis was carried out on an ABI 310 Genetic Analyzer. RESULTS: Allele frequency profiles of the Turkish men showed no significant differences compared with previously published results for Swiss and German populations. The range of gene diversity was determined between 48.3% for DYS391 and 96.0% for DYS385. Of 184 determined haplotypes, 170 occurred once, and the rest more than once. The most common haplotypes had a frequency of 1.5%. CONCLUSION: High degree of haplotype diversity in Turkish population makes analysis of Y-STRs a useful tool in forensic cases.

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