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The adsorption of molecules usually increases capacity and/or strength with the doping of surfaces with transition metals; furthermore, carbon nanostructures, i.e., graphene, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, graphdiyne, etc., have a large specific area for gas adsorption. This review focuses on the reports (experimental or theoretical) of systems using these structures decorated with transition metals for mainly pollutant molecules' adsorption. Furthermore, we aim to present the expanding application of nanomaterials on environmental problems, mainly over the last 10 years. We found a wide range of pollutant molecules investigated for adsorption in carbon nanostructures, including greenhouse gases, anticancer drugs, and chemical warfare agents, among many more.
RESUMEN
In the past few decades great effort has been devoted to the study of water confined in hydrophobic geometries at the nanoscale (tubes and slit pores) due to the multiple technological applications of such systems, ranging from drug delivery to water desalination devices. To our knowledge, neither numerical/theoretical nor experimental approaches have so far reached a consensual understanding of structural and transport properties of water under these conditions. In this work, we present molecular dynamics simulations of TIP4P/2005 water under different nanoconfinements (slit pores or nanotubes, with two degrees of hydrophobicity) within a wide temperature range. It has been found that water is more structured near the less hydrophobic walls, independently of the confining geometries. Meanwhile, we observe an enhanced diffusion coefficient of water in both hydrophobic nanotubes. Finally, we propose a confined Stokes-Einstein relation to obtain the viscosity from diffusivity, whose result strongly differs from the Green-Kubo expression that has been used in previous works. While viscosity computed with the Green-Kubo formula (applied for anisotropic and confined systems) strongly differs from that of the bulk, viscosity computed with the confined Stokes-Einstein relation is not so much affected by the confinement, independently of its geometry. We discuss the shortcomings of both approaches, which could explain this discrepancy.
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The complete larval development of Pinnaxodes chilensis (including four zoeal stages and a megalopa stage) is described and illustrated in detail for the first time. The descriptions are based on laboratory-reared larvae obtained from ovigerous females found inside specimens of the sea urchin Loxechinus albus collected in the coast of Valparaíso, Chile. In order to allow the correct differentiation of specimens from plankton samples, the larval stages of P. chilensis are compared with those from other Pinnotheridae species, whose larval development is known for the Chilean continental waters (Calyptraeotheres politus). The morphological characters described for P. chilensis larvae, as well as the comparison with the remaining larval development descriptions available for the genus Pinnaxodes, are used to discuss the heterogeneity within this genus.
Asunto(s)
Braquiuros/anatomía & histología , Braquiuros/crecimiento & desarrollo , Animales , Braquiuros/fisiología , Chile , Larva/anatomía & histología , Larva/crecimiento & desarrollo , Erizos de Mar/fisiología , SimbiosisRESUMEN
Using density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD), we studied the interaction of a titanium atom with a half of a C60 fullerene (i.e., C30), formed from the corannulene structure with a pentagonal base. We considered atmospheric pressure and 300 K. We found that the most stable adsorption of the titanium atom on C30 occurs in the concave surface of the molecule. Afterward, we investigated the interaction of the system C30-titanium with carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide molecules, respectively. We found that each of these molecules is chemisorbed, with no dissociation. The value of the adsorption energy for the carbon monoxide molecule varies from -0.897 to -1.673 eV, and for the carbon dioxide molecule, it is between -1.065 and -1.274 eV. These values depend on the initial orientation of these molecules with respect to TiC30. Graphical Abstract The TiC30 system chemisorbs CO or CO2á with no dissociation at atmospheric pressure and 300K.
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Objetivos: El objetivo del presente estudio es reportar el número de casos humanos con la infección por fasciola hepática en el Perú desde 1963 al 2005. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda electrónica en las bases de datos bibliográficas de MEDLINE, LILACS, en bibliotecas de las Facultades de Medicina, Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Filosofía y Ciencias de las principales universidades e institutos del Perú. Se incluyeron referencias en revistas nacionales e internacionales que reporten casos peruanos. Resultados: Un total de 1701 personas (1-71 años) infectadas fueron reportadas en el Perú entre 1963 y 2005. El género femenino fue significativamente más frecuente que el masculino. Del total de casos, 191 eran casos agudos (11por ciento); 1313 en fase crónica (77.1 por ciento); y 167, crónicos asintomáticos (9.8 por ciento). Los casos infectados procedían de 17 departamentos del Perú lo cual representa 71 por ciento (n=24) del territorio nacional. El número de sujetos infectados se presentan por décadas apreciándose un paulatino aumento alcanzando a 54.1 casos por año en la última década analizada. Conclusiones: Debido al significativo incremento de casos reportados en las últimas 4 décadas, la fasciolosis humana es una enfermedad infecciosa parasitaria emergente en el Perú y urgen programas de prevención y control para esta zoonosis.
Objetives: The study is a recompilation of the reported human cases of Fasciola hepatica infection in Peru since 1963 to 2005. Methods: We review the electronic documentation of bibliographic resources in MEDLINE, LILACS, libraries of the medical, veterinary, philosophy and sciences faculties of the main universities and scientific institutions from Peru. We include all the references from national and international journals who report Peruvian cases of fasciolosis. Results: 1701 subjects in total were report in Peru between 1963 and 2005. The range of the age of the reported cases goes from 1 year to 71 years. Females were significative more common than males. 191cases were acute (11 per cent); 1313 chronic (77.1 per cent); y 167, chronic asymptomatic (9.8 per cent). The reported cases came from 17/24 departments of Peru that represent 71 per cent of the; Peruvian territory. The number the reported cases are increasing during the last decade to reach 54.1 cases in the last decade.Conclusions. Due to the significative increase of reported cases in the last 4 decades, human fasciolosis is an emergent parasitary infective disease in humans in Peru and we need preventive and control national health programs for this zoonosis.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Fasciola hepatica , Fascioliasis/epidemiología , PrevalenciaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: [corrected] The study is a recompilation of the reported human cases of Fasciola hepatica infection in Peru since 1963 to 2005. METHODS: We review the electronic documentation of bibliographic resources in MEDLINE, LILACS, libraries of the medical, veterinary, philosophy and sciences faculties of the main universities and scientific institutions from Peru. We include all the references from national and international journals who report Peruvian cases of fasciolosis. RESULTS: 1701 subjects in total were report in Peru between 1963 and 2005. The range of the age of the reported cases goes from 1 year to 71 years. Females were significative more common than males. 191cases were acute (11%); 1313 chronic (77.1%); y 167, chronic asymptomatic (9.8%). The reported cases came from 17/24 departments of Peru that represent 71% of the; Peruvian territory. The number the reported cases are increasing during the last decade to reach 54.1 cases in the last decade. CONCLUSIONS. Due to the significative increase of reported cases in the last 4 decades, human fasciolosis is an emergent parasitary infective disease in humans in Peru and we need preventive and control national health programs for this zoonosis.
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Fascioliasis/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Perú/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Gymnosperma glutinosum (Spreng.) Less (Asteraceae) is an important, and an effective herbal medicine which is wide used for the treatment of diarrhoea in Mexico. We examined and compared the antibacterial and antifungal activities through the dilution method and for general toxicity activity by the brine shrimp lethality assay of two samples of Gymnosperma glutinosum from two localities of Mexico: San Rafael-Coxcatlan (Puebla State) and Tepeji del Rio (Hidalgo State). In addition, two bioactive compounds (-)-17-hydroxy-neo-clerod-3-en-15-oic acid (1) and 5,7-dihydroxy-3,6,8,2',4',5'-hexamethoxyflavone (2) were isolated. From the hexane extract from both places was obtained a MeOH partition M(2). M(2) of Tepeji del Rio showed the least MICs (<125 microg/ml) in the majority of the bacterial strains. Sarcina lutea was the most sensitive bacteria (MIC< 125 microg/ml). The hexane extract of both localities showed antifungal activity against all tested fungi. San Rafael's hexane extract was significant more activity than Tepeji del Rio. Aspergillus niger (IC(50)=23.79 microg/ml) and Trichophyton mentagrophytes (IC(50)=90.25 microg/ml) were the more sensitive fungus strains. The strongest general toxicity activity was observed with the M(2) partition from Tepeji del Rio (LC(50)=503.7 microg/ml). The results obtained in this investigation, showed differences between the antimicrobial activities of the samples of plants collected in San Rafael (Puebla) and Tepeji del Rio (Hidalgo).
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Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antifúngicos/farmacología , Asteraceae/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/toxicidad , Animales , Antibacterianos/aislamiento & purificación , Antifúngicos/aislamiento & purificación , Artemia , Bacterias/efectos de los fármacos , Diterpenos/aislamiento & purificación , Diterpenos/farmacología , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Flavonas/aislamiento & purificación , Flavonas/farmacología , Hongos/efectos de los fármacos , Medicina Tradicional , México , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Fitoterapia , Plantas Medicinales/toxicidadRESUMEN
Using ethnobotanical techniques, the medicinal flora used by the inhabitants of San Rafael Coxcatlán, Puebla was determined. During the field work, two types of interviews were applied (free listing and semi-structured) to 60 informants, who supplied consistent information concerning the use of 46 species of medicinal plants. Further analysis showed 13 categories of different medicinal use. An informant consensus factor was calculated and 16 species were selected due to their utilization in the treatment of diseases of possible bacterial origin. Of these 16 plants, sequential extractions were made with hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. The obtained extracts were used to assess their antibacterial activity against 14 bacterial strains; 75% of the plants presented antibacterial activity. The medicinal species Jatropha neopauciflora Pax (Euphorbiaceae) and Juliania adstringens (Schldl.) Schldl. (Julianiaceae) were those that showed the biggest activity. Moreover, these species also had the highest informant consensus factor values.
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Antibacterianos/farmacología , Etnobotánica/métodos , Entrevistas como Asunto , Plantas Medicinales , Antibacterianos/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Entrevistas como Asunto/métodos , México , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/métodos , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Estructuras de las PlantasRESUMEN
The village of Zapotitlán de las Salinas is situated in the Valley of Tehuacán-Cuicatlán, Puebla, Mexico. Plant species used by the local inhabitants to treat gastrointestinal diseases were identified using ethnobotanical, ethnographic and taxonomic methods. Out of 119 interviews, 44 plant species were registered, of which the following are the most frequently used (listed in descending order): Lippia graveolens H.B. et K. (Verbenaceae), Lantana achyranthifolia Desf. (Verbenaceae), Turnera diffusa (Willd.) ex Schult. (Turneraceae), Lippia oaxacana Rob. et Greenm. (Verbenaceae), Gymnolaena oaxacana (Greenm.) Rydb. (Asteraceae), Cordia curassavica (Jacq.) Roem. et Schult. (Boraginaceae), Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) and Acalypha hederacea Torrey (Euphorbiaceae). From these plants, hexane, chloroform and ethanol extracts were prepared in order to assess their antibacterial activity against 14 bacterial strains causing the most common gastrointestinal diseases in Mexican population. All hexane extracts showed antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. There is a correlation between the frequency of mention (of plant use) and the antibacterial activity. In conclusion, the knowledge of plants most frequently used for gastrointestinal infections in Zapotitlán de las Salinas is supported by scientific rationale.
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Antibacterianos/farmacología , Etnobotánica , Medicina Tradicional , Plantas Medicinales , Antibacterianos/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones Bacterianas/tratamiento farmacológico , Femenino , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/microbiología , Bacterias Gramnegativas/efectos de los fármacos , Bacterias Grampositivas/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Masculino , México , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Plantas Medicinales/química , Plantas Medicinales/clasificaciónRESUMEN
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) has been found to be associated with the core of senile plaques. We have shown that AChE interacts with the amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) and promotes amyloid fibril formation by a hydrophobic environment close to the peripheral anionic binding site (PAS) of the enzyme. Here we present evidence for the structural motif of AChE involved in this interaction. First, we modeled the docking of Abeta onto the structure of Torpedo californica AChE, and identified four potential sites for AChE-Abeta complex formation. One of these, Site I, spans a major hydrophobic sequence exposed on the surface of AChE, which had been previously shown to interact with liposomes [Shin et al. (1996) Protein Sci. 5, 42-51]. Second, we examined several AChE-derived peptides and found that a synthetic 35-residue peptide corresponding to the above hydrophobic sequence was able to promote amyloid formation. We also studied the ability to promote amyloid formation of two synthetic 24-residue peptides derived from the sequence of a Omega-loop, which has been suggested as an AChE-Abeta interacting motif. Kinetic analyses indicate that only the 35-residue hydrophobic peptide mimics the effect of intact AChE on amyloid formation. Moreover, RP-HPLC analysis revealed that the 35-residue peptide was incorporated into the growing Abeta-fibrils. Finally, fluorescence binding studies showed that this peptide binds Abeta with a K(d) = 184 microM, independent of salt concentration, indicating that the interaction is primarily hydrophobic. Our results indicate that the homologous human AChE motif is capable of accelerating Abeta fibrillogenesis.
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Acetilcolinesterasa/química , Péptidos beta-Amiloides/química , Placa Amiloide/química , Acetilcolinesterasa/aislamiento & purificación , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Química Encefálica , Bovinos , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Placa Amiloide/ultraestructura , Conformación Proteica , Solubilidad , TorpedoRESUMEN
The Maca (Lepidium meyenii) is a Peruvian hypocotyl that grows exclusively between the 3700 and 4500 masl at the Peruvian Andes. Traditionally it is attributed nutritional, energizing, fertilizing properties among others. With the purpose of evaluate scientifically the nutritional property of Maca, we carried out a controlled study in two generations of albino Swiss mice (parents and breeding). The parents were aleatorily assigned to one of three nutritional schedules. The food of each group was prepared based on powder from a commercial balanced food (CBF) of which 30% was replaced by raw or cooked Maca according to the corresponding group or pure CBF in the control group. The groups were this way: 1) Raw Maca Group; 2) Cooked Maca Group; and, 3) Control Group. The results showed that the curves of growth were similar and adequate for the three groups. However, the cooked Maca group showed the best curve. These data were better observable in the second generation of animals, with significant statistical difference (p < 0.05). The CBF group had a better growth than raw Maca group. No signs of malnutrition nor overweight were observed in none of the groups. The serum values of total proteins and albumin were statistically superior for the mice group eating cooked Maca than that of the raw Maca and CBF groups. This study demonstrates, in a scientifical evaluation, one of the traditionally attributed properties of Maca, the nutritional capability.
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Brassicaceae , Alimentos Formulados , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los Animales , Animales , Proteínas Sanguíneas/análisis , Peso Corporal/fisiología , Femenino , Manipulación de Alimentos , Crecimiento/fisiología , Hipocótilo , Masculino , Ratones , Evaluación Nutricional , Valor Nutritivo , Perú , Albúmina Sérica/análisisRESUMEN
The recombinant Bm86-containing vaccine Gavac(TM) against the cattle tick Boophilus microplus has proved its efficacy in a number of experiments, especially when combined with acaricides in an integrated manner. However, tick isolates such as the Argentinean strain A, show low susceptibility to this vaccine. In this paper we report on the isolation of the Bm95 gene from the B. microplus strain A, which was cloned and expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris producing a glycosylated and particulated recombinant protein. This new antigen was effective against different tick strains in a pen trial, including the B. microplus strain A, resistant to vaccination with Bm86. A Bm95-based vaccine was used to protect cattle against tick infestations under production conditions, lowering the number of ticks on vaccinated animals and, therefore, reducing the frequency of acaricide treatments. The Bm95 antigen from strain A was able to protect against infestations with Bm86-sensitive and Bm86-resistant tick strains, thus suggesting that Bm95 could be a more universal antigen to protect cattle against infestations by B. microplus strains from different geographical areas.
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Antígenos/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/prevención & control , Infestaciones por Garrapatas/veterinaria , Garrapatas/inmunología , Vacunas Sintéticas/inmunología , Animales , Formación de Anticuerpos , Antígenos/genética , Secuencia de Bases , Bovinos , Clonación Molecular , Femenino , Lactancia , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Pichia/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/aislamiento & purificación , Infestaciones por Garrapatas/prevención & control , VacunaciónRESUMEN
The control of tick infestations and the transmission of tick-borne diseases remain a challenge for the cattle industry in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Traditional control methods have been only partially successful and the parasites continue to result in significant losses for the cattle industry. Recently, vaccines containing the recombinant B. microplus gut antigen Bm86 have been developed. Our vaccine formulation (Gavac, Heber Biotec S.A., Havana, Cuba) has been registered and is commercially available in Cuba, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Brazil and Mexico. In controlled pen trials, Gavac has been effective for the control of artificial infestations of B. annulatus, B. decoloratus and chemical-sensitive and resistant B. microplus strains from Australia, Africa, America and Iran. In controlled field trials in Cuba, Brazil, Argentina and Mexico, Gavac has shown a 55-100% efficacy in the control of B. microplus infestations in grazing cattle 12-36 weeks after the first vaccination. Field trials under production conditions have been conducted in Cuba, Colombia, Brazil and Mexico in pure and cross-bred cattle herds. The application of Gavac has increased the time between acaricide treatments by an average of 32 /-21 days (P = 0.0005) resulting in important savings for the cattle industry. In Cuba, a cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted in more than 260000 animals. The cost-effectiveness analysis showed a 60% reduction in the number of acaricide treatments, together with the control of tick infestations and transmission of babesiosis, which resulted in savings of 23.4 dollars animal(-1) year (-1). These results clearly demonstrate the advantage of vaccination and support the application of Gavac for the control of Boophilus spp. infestations.
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Vectores Arácnidos/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/prevención & control , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/inmunología , Proteínas Recombinantes , Control de Ácaros y Garrapatas/métodos , Infestaciones por Garrapatas/veterinaria , Garrapatas/inmunología , Vacunación/veterinaria , Vacunas Sintéticas/inmunología , Vacunas , Animales , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/economía , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/parasitología , Análisis Costo-Beneficio , Femenino , América Latina , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como Asunto/veterinaria , Infestaciones por Garrapatas/economía , Infestaciones por Garrapatas/epidemiología , Infestaciones por Garrapatas/inmunología , Infestaciones por Garrapatas/parasitología , Infestaciones por Garrapatas/prevención & control , Vacunación/economía , Vacunas Sintéticas/economíaRESUMEN
Several retrospective studies have shown that human Taenia solium cysticercosis is endemic in Honduras, but very few reports of porcine cysticercosis in rural communities have been published. To determine the local prevalence of this disease in pigs, a serological survey has been undertaken in a rural community, Salamá, in the Department of Olancho in central Honduras. Eighty-five families raising pigs in the community were randomly selected and sera were obtained from pigs older than one month of age. The sera were examined by the enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot assay (EITB). Of 192 porcine sera, 27.1% (52) were positive by the EITB. Seropositivity did not correlate with age and sex by statistical analysis. With respect to the number and the frequency of recognition of the seven diagnostic glycoprotein bands in the EITB, 67.3% of the positive serum specimens recognized only one band and 80.8% of them recognized GP42-39. Since recognition of GP42-39 has been reported as a characteristic of late infection, these results suggest that most of the seropositive pigs were in the late stage of infection (more than 5-8 weeks postinfection). It seems that pigs in this community may be infected with this parasite soon after the birth and be in a hyperendemic steady state. In view of a high prevalence of antibodies to T. solium in pigs or characteristics of the antigen detected by the EITB, the infection pressure of T. solium appears to be very high in this community. This is probably the case in most of the communities in Honduras.
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Anticuerpos Antihelmínticos/sangre , Cisticercosis/veterinaria , Cysticercus/inmunología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/epidemiología , Animales , Western Blotting/veterinaria , Cisticercosis/epidemiología , Electroforesis/veterinaria , Femenino , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/epidemiología , Glicoproteínas/sangre , Glicoproteínas/inmunología , Honduras/epidemiología , Masculino , Prevalencia , Salud Rural , PorcinosRESUMEN
The control of tick infestations and the transmission of tick-borne diseases remains a challenge for the cattle industry in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Traditional control methods have been only partially successful and the parasites continue to result in significant losses for the cattle industry. Recently, vaccines containing the recombinant Boophilus microplus gut antigen Bm86 have been developed. These vaccines have been shown to control tick infestations in the field. However, extensive field studies investigating the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of vaccination have not been reported and are needed to appraise the effect of this new approach for tick control. Here is reported the results of the application of Gavac in a field trial including more than 260,000 animals in Cuba. In this study the correlation between the antibody response to vaccination and the effect on ticks fertility is determined. Physiological status of the animals was found to affect the primary response to vaccination but not the antibody titers after revaccination. A cost-effectiveness analysis showed a 60% reduction in the number acaricide treatments, together with the control of tick infestations and transmission of babesiosis, which resulted in savings of $23.4 animal-1 year-1. These results clearly demonstrate the advantage of vaccination and support the application of Gavac for tick control.
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Enfermedades de los Bovinos/economía , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/inmunología , Proteínas Recombinantes , Infestaciones por Garrapatas/veterinaria , Garrapatas/inmunología , Vacunas/economía , Vacunas/inmunología , Animales , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/prevención & control , Análisis Costo-Beneficio , Cuba , Femenino , Infestaciones por Garrapatas/prevención & control , Vacunas/administración & dosificación , Vacunas Sintéticas/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Se muestra en forma global la experiencia obtenida en 10 años de manejo de pacientes que presentaron alteración de su relación de pareja por falla sexual masculina (erección o eyaculación precoz severa). La etiología de la impotencia fue: lesión medular 114 pacientes (75 por ciento), fractura de pelvis 32 pacientes (20 por ciento), secuela de TEC 11 pacientes (7 por ciento). En los pacientes sin clara etiología orgánica se realizó un estudio de ecotomografía duplex de arterias cavernosas con drogas vasoactivas. La rehabilitación sexual se planteó en base a un esquema de complejidad progresiva y se manejó en forma multidisciplinaria. Como tratamiento para recuperar la erección se ofreció autoinyección de fármacos intracavernosos. Como alternativa también el uso de aparatos de vacío. Cuando estas medidas no fueron efectivas o fallaron en el tiempo se ofreció, un implante protésico. Este esquema ha resuelto el 97 por ciento de nuestros enfermos y ha sido ampliamente aceptado por ellos y sus parejas
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Humanos , Masculino , Adolescente , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Disfunción Eréctil/tratamiento farmacológico , Prótesis de Pene , Disfunción Eréctil/etiología , Disfunción Eréctil/rehabilitación , Inyecciones , Estudios Retrospectivos , Traumatismo Múltiple/complicaciones , Traumatismos de la Médula Espinal/complicacionesRESUMEN
A gene coding for the Bm86 tick protein was recently cloned, expressed in Pichia pastoris and shown to induce an inmunological response in cattle against ticks. Moreover, the Gavac vaccine (Heber Biotec S.A., Havana, Cuba), which contains this recombinant protein, has proved to control the Boophilus microplus populations under field conditions. This paper reviews the development and large-scale production of this vaccine, the efficacy of the resulting product and the strategy followed in designing its production plant. The production plant fulfills biosafety requirements and GMP.
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Glicoproteínas de Membrana/inmunología , Pichia/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes , Garrapatas/inmunología , Vacunas Sintéticas/biosíntesis , Vacunas Sintéticas/inmunología , Vacunas , Animales , Biotecnología/métodos , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/prevención & control , Arquitectura y Construcción de Instituciones de Salud , Femenino , Esquemas de Inmunización , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/biosíntesis , Pichia/inmunología , Infestaciones por Garrapatas/prevención & control , Infestaciones por Garrapatas/veterinaria , Vacunas Sintéticas/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
The bulk hydrophobic character for the 20 natural amino acid residues, has been obtained from a database of 60 protein structures, grouped in the four structural classes alpha alpha, beta beta, alpha + beta and alpha/beta. The hydrophobicity coefficients thus obtained are compared with Ponnuswamy's original values using scales normalized to average = 0.0 and standard deviation = 1.0. Even though most of the amino acid residues do not change their hydropathic character in the different structural classes, their behaviour suggests the convenience that averaging methods should only consider proteins of the same structural class and that this information should be included in the secondary structure methods.
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Aminoácidos/química , Conformación Proteica , Proteínas/química , Proteínas/clasificación , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
A serologic study for prevalence of Chagas infection was performed in Salamanca, Northern Chile. Indirect immunofluorescence and indirect hemagglutination reactions were used in samples from 1529 females and 698 males representing 10% of the population. A total of 499 positive results were obtained. The incidence of infection increases at a mean rate of 1% per year up to age 30, declining slowly in older groups to reach a maximum of 39.7% for the population. These data will be used to implement appropriate serologic surveillance programs and sanitary control measures in this and other populations.