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En este estudio se evaluaron los efectos de distintos tipos de instrucciones en el desempeño en el entrenamiento, pruebas de transferencia y pruebas de comportamiento creativo empleando procedimientos de discriminación condicional. Se distribuyó a 20 estudiantes aleatoriamente en cuatro grupos que recibieron distintos tipos de instrucciones: (a) instrucciones inespecíficas; (b) instrucciones instanciales; (c) instrucciones relacionales parciales, y (d) instrucciones relacionales completas. Los resultados confirman que las instrucciones inespecíficas se correlacionan con desempeños poco efectivos en el entrenamiento, mientras que las instrucciones instanciales propician una mayor efectividad en el entrenamiento, incluso superior que las instrucciones relacionales (parciales y completas), aunque estas se asociaron con mejores desempeños en las pruebas de transferencia y de comportamiento creativo. Se discute que la efectividad del desempeño en que se asienta el ulterior desarrollo del comportamiento inteligente y creativo se adquiere a partir de contactos relacionales con las contingencias de la tarea propiciados por las instrucciones relacionales.

This study assessed the effects of different types of instructions on performance in training, transfer tests and creative behavior testing, using conditional discrimination procedures. Twenty students were randomly assigned to four groups that received different types of instructions: (a) non-specific instructions; (b) instantiated instructions; (c) partial relational instructions, and (d) complete relational instructions. The results showed that non-specific instructions were correlated with ineffective performance in training, while instantiated instructions promoted greater effectiveness in training - even higher than relational instructions (partial or total) - although the latter were associated with the best performance in transfer tests and creative behavior. The article discusses how the effectiveness of performance forms the basis for the subsequent development of intelligent and creative behaviors and is acquired from relational contacts with the contingencies of the task, as fostered by relational instructions.

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Mutations in the TRPC6 calcium channel (Transient receptor potential channel 6) gene have been associated with familiar forms of Focal and Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) affecting children and adults. In addition, acquired glomerular diseases are associated with increased expression levels of TRPC6. However, the exact role of TRPC6 in the pathogenesis of FSGS remains to be elucidated. In this work we describe the generation and phenotypic characterization of three different transgenic mouse lines with podocyte-specific overexpression of the wild type or any of two mutant forms of Trpc6 (P111Q and E896K) previously related to FSGS. Consistent with the human phenotype a non-nephrotic range of albuminuria was detectable in almost all transgenic lines. The histological analysis demonstrated that the transgenic mice developed a kidney disease similar to human FSGS. Differences of 2-3 folds in the presence of glomerular lesions were found between the non transgenic and transgenic mice expressing Trpc6 in its wild type or mutant forms specifically in podocytes. Electron microscopy of glomerulus from transgenic mice showed extensive podocyte foot process effacement. We conclude that overexpression of Trpc6 (wild type or mutated) in podocytes is sufficient to cause a kidney disease consistent with FSGS. Our results contribute to reinforce the central role of podocytes in the etiology of FSGS. These mice constitute an important new model in which to study future therapies and outcomes of this complex disease.

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Se evaluaron los efectos de distintos tipos funcionales de contactos previos con los referentes de un texto (historia de referencialidad e historia situacional efectiva) sobre la ejecución de estudiantes universitarios en una prueba de ajuste lector. Participaron cinco grupos experimentales diferenciados por el tipo de historia de contacto construida mediante un entrenamiento. Cada tipo de historia era progresivamente más complejo: Contextual, Suplementario, Selector, Sustitutivo Referencial y Sustitutivo No Referencial Un sexto grupo (control) no tuvo ningún entrenamiento. Los seis grupos fueron posteriormente expuestos a la prueba de ajuste lector, consistente en preguntas de diferente complejidad funcional. Los resultados revelan una función positiva entre la complejidad de la historia de contacto y el porcentaje total de aciertos en la prueba de ajuste lector (excepto en el grupo con la historia más compleja). Se discuten los resultados enfatizando las funciones disposicionales de los diferentes tipos de historia en el ajuste lector, contrastándolas con la noción tradicional de conocimiento previo.

This study evaluated the effects of different types of previous contacts with the referents of a text (referential history and effective situational history) on the performance of University students on a reading adjustment test. Five experimental groups differentiated from each other by the type of history elaborated on a training session participated in the study. The types of histories were progressively more complex: Contextual, Supplementary, Selective, Referential Substitutive and Non-Referential Substitutive. For subjects in the control group no history was constructed and they were directly administered the reading adjustment test. Results suggest that there is a direct function between the complexity of the contact history and the percentage of total correct responses in the reading adjustment test (except in the group with the most complex history). Results are analysed emphasizing the dispositional functions of different types of history in reading adjustment, as compared with the traditional notion of prior knowledge.

Foram avaliados os efeitos de vários tipos funcionais de contatos prévios mediante os referentes de um texto (historia de referência e historia situacional efetiva) sobre o desempenho de estudantes universitários em uma prova de ajuste leitor. Participaram cinco grupos experimentais diferençados pela classe de história de contato construída depois de um treinamento. Cada classe de história era progressivamente mais complexa: contextual, suplementaria, seletora, substitutiva referencial e substitutiva não referencial. Um sexto grupo não teve treinamento. Posteriormente, aos seis grupos lhes foi aplicada uma prova de ajuste leitor, consistente em perguntas de diferente complexidade funcional. Os resultados indicam uma função positiva entre a complexidade da história de contato e a porcentagem total de acertos na prova de ajuste leitor (salvo no grupo que tenha a história mais complexa). São analisados os resultados enfatizando nas funções disposicionais das diversas classes de história no ajuste leitor, contrastando-as com a noção tradicional de conhecimento prévio.

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Utilizando una tarea de elección "ayudar/no ayudar" se determinó en qué medida la elección que hacen estudiantes universitarios entre colaborar o no colaborar con un compañero en una tarea académica es influida por: a) interacciones lingüísticas previas relacionadas, positiva o negativamente, con la conducta colaborativa o solidaria, y b) por las consecuencias situacionales, positivas o negativas, que los estudiantes reciben por su elección. Para esto se formaron seis grupos experimentales, definidos por la combinación del tipo de interacciones lingüísticas previas y el tipo de consecuencias. El grupo control no participó en interacciones lingüísticas previas ni recibió consecuencias por la elección de colaborar o no colaborar. Los resultados muestran que la mayoría de los participantes prefirió trabajar individualmente sin colaborar con su compañero, aunque aquéllos que participaron en interacciones lingüísticas positivas, y además recibieron consecuencias positivas por colaborar, eligieron colaborar en mayor proporción que el resto de los participantes.

A "helping/not helping" election task was used to evaluate to what extent the choice made by university students between collaborating or not collaborating with a colleague in an academic task was influenced by: a) prior linguistic interactions, positively or negatively related to the collaborative or supportive behavior, and b) the consequences, positive or negative, that students receive for their choice .In order to achieve this aim, six experimental groups were formed, defined by the combination of the type of previous linguistic interactions and the type of consequences received. The control group was not involved in prior linguistic interactions and did not receive consequences for choosing to collaborate or not collaborate. Results showed that most participants preferred to work individually without collaborating with his partner, although those involved in positive linguistic interactions who also received positive consequences for choosing to collaborate, chose to collaborate in greater proportion than the rest of participants.

Mediante uma tarefa de escolha (ajudar ou não ajudar), foi determinado em que medida a escolha de estudantes universitários entre colaborar ou não colaborar com um parceiro em uma tarefa é influenciada por: a. Interações lingüísticas prévias relacionadas, positiva o negativamente, com a conduta de colaboração ou solidaria. b. As conseqüências situacionais, positivas ou negativas, que a escolha acarreta aos estudantes. Foram conformados seis grupos experimentais, determinados pela combinação da classe de interações lingüísticas prévias e à classe de conseqüências. O grupo controle não interveio nas interações lingüísticas prévias nem atraiu conseqüências pela escolha de colaborar ou não colaborar. Os resultados mostram que a maioria dos participantes preferiu trabalhar individualmente sem ajudar ao seu parceiro. Os que participaram nas interações lingüísticas positivas e decidiram colaborar um pouco mais que o resto de participantes atraiu conseqüências positivas.

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The Potocki-Lupski syndrome (PTLS) is associated with a microduplication of 17p11.2. Clinical features include multiple congenital and neurobehavioral abnormalities and autistic features. We have generated a PTLS mouse model, Dp(11)17/+, that recapitulates some of the physical and neurobehavioral phenotypes present in patients. Here, we investigated the social behavior and gene expression pattern of this mouse model in a pure C57BL/6-Tyr(c-Brd) genetic background. Dp(11)17/+ male mice displayed normal home-cage behavior but increased anxiety and increased dominant behavior in specific tests. A subtle impairment in the preference for a social target versus an inanimate target and abnormal preference for social novelty (the preference to explore an unfamiliar mouse versus a familiar one) was also observed. Our results indicate that these animals could provide a valuable model to identify the specific gene(s) that confer abnormal social behaviors and that map within this delimited genomic deletion interval. In a first attempt to identify candidate genes and for elucidating the mechanisms of regulation of these important phenotypes, we directly assessed the relative transcription of genes within and around this genomic interval. In this mouse model, we found that candidates genes include not only most of the duplicated genes, but also normal-copy genes that flank the engineered interval; both categories of genes showed altered expression levels in the hippocampus of Dp(11)17/+ mice.

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Para evaluar los efectos de distintos tipos de consecuencias (positivas y negativas) por ayudar y por no ayudar, se utilizó una preparación “ayudar/no ayudar” en la que estudiantes universitarios debían resolver operaciones aritméticas de distinta complejidad para acumular puntos intercambiables por un disco compacto, con la posibilidad de aceptar o rehusar ayudar a un compañero virtual que no podía acumular sus respectivos puntos. Los resultados muestran que los participantes prefirieron ayudar a su compañero sólo cuando recibieron consecuencias negativas por no ayudar, aunque la calidad de la ayuda fue inferior a la calidad de la ejecución en su propia tarea. Se discute la relevancia diferencial de las consecuencias positivas y negativas en relación con interpretaciones recientes que juzgan irrelevantes las consecuencias en el control de la conducta social.

To evaluate the effects of different types of consequences (positive and negative) for helping and not helping, was used a preparation in which each participant had to solve arithmetical operations of different complexity to accumulate interchangeable points by a compact disc. During the task the participants could accept or refuse themselves to help a virtual peer who could not accumulate his points. The results show that participants did prefer to help their virtual peer only when negative consequences for not helping were presented. Even though the quality of the help for peer was inferior compared to the execution shown in the participant own task.

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En el presente trabajo se analiza de manera general el modo en que desde perspectivas cognitivas se aborda la comprensión lectora y se presenta una forma alternativa para su estudio. Desde la perspectiva interconductual se caracteriza a la comprensión lectora como ajuste lector, el cual puede estructurarse en cinco niveles diferenciales de complejidad. Dicha caracterización permite nuevas formas de evaluación, lo cual posibilita identificar diferencias funcionales en el ajuste lector. Se incluye una breve reseña del programa de investigación para el estudio del ajuste lector, así como sus prospectivas.

The present paper analyzes the general way in which cognitive perspectives approach reading comprehension and offers an alternative for the study of this concept. From the Interbehavioral perspective reading comprehension is characterized as reading adjustment, which can be structured in five different levels of complexity. Such a characterization allows new forms of evaluation which makes it possible to identify functional differences in reading adjustment. A brief review of the research program for the study of reading adjustment as well as its prospective are included.

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Se analizan de manera general las ambigüedades en el uso del término creatividad, y se presenta el Modelo Interconductual de Comportamiento Creativo (MICC) en el que se propone una continuidad entre el comportamiento inteligente y el creativo, y en el que se reconocen como dimensiones relevantes de la inteligencia la variabilidad y la efectividad, en tanto que la correspondiente dimensión de la creatividad es la originalidad de criterios ante situaciones contingencialmente ambiguas. Se describen los resultados generales de los estudios derivados del MICC y se delinea la forma en que éstos pueden contribuir al replanteamiento de la labor del psicólogo en escenarios educativos.

This article carries out a general analysis of the ambiguities found in the psychological literature about the concept of creativity and presents the Interbehavioral Model of Creative Behavior (IMCB) which states that there is a continuum between intelligent and creative behavior, and that variability and effectiveness are recognized as relevant dimensions of intelligence, whereas the corresponding dimension for creativity is the originality of criteria before ambiguous situations (in terms of contingency relations). The results of the studies derived from the IMCB are described. A general outline of the way in which these studies may contribute to redefining the psychologist’s role in educational settings is also presented.

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Concibiendo conducta creativa como generación de criterios novedosos que dan lugar a contingencias distintas (Carpio, 1999; 2005), se compararon los efectos de dos niveles de variabilidad en las condiciones de entrenamiento sobre el desempeño efectivo en pruebas de transferencia y sobre la generación de criterios de igualación. Participaron 20 estudiantes universitarios asignados aleatoriamente a cuatro grupos experimentales que se distinguieron por el nivel de variabilidad en los problemas a resolver.

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Se evaluaron los efectos de variar la probabilidad de reforzamiento de las respuestas a los estímulos de comparación idéntico (PERi) y diferente (PERd) en tareas de igualación de la muestra. PERi fue variada en forma descendente-ascendente al mismo tiempo que PERd variada de manera ascendente-descendente. Los resultados muestran que la distribución de respuestas a los estímulos de comparación idéntico y diferente al estímulo muestra fue una función positiva de los valores PERi y PERd

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