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OBJECTIVE: Evidence from low- and middle-income countries regarding the effect of smoking in people with diabetes is lacking. Here, we report the association of smoking with mortality in a large cohort of Mexican adults with diabetes. METHODS: Participants with diabetes mellitus (self-reported diagnosis, use of antidiabetic medications or HbA1c ≥ 6.5%) aged 35-74 years when recruited into the Mexico City Prospective Study were included. Cox regression confounder-adjusted mortality rate ratios (RRs) associated with baseline smoking status were estimated. RESULTS: Among 15,975 women and 8225 men aged 35-74 years with diabetes but no other comorbidities at recruitment, 2498 (16%) women and 2875 (35%) men reported former smoking and 2753 (17%) women, and 3796 (46%) men reported current smoking. During a median of 17 years of follow-up there were 5087 deaths at ages 35-74 years. Compared with never smoking, all-cause mortality RR was 1.08 (95%CI 1.01-1.17) for former smoking, 1.11 (95%CI 1.03-1.20) for current smoking, 1.09 (95%CI 0.99-1.20) for non-daily smoking, 1.06 (95%CI 0.96-1.16) for smoking < 10 cigarettes/day (median during follow-up 4 cigarettes/day), and 1.28 (95% CI 1.14-1.43) for smoking ≥ 10 cigarettes/day (median during follow-up 15 cigarettes/day). Mortality risk among daily smokers was greatest for COPD, lung cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and acute diabetic complications. CONCLUSION: In this cohort of Mexican adults with diabetes, low-intensity daily smoking was associated with increased mortality, despite observing smoking patterns which are different from other populations, and over 5% of total deaths were associated with smoking.
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Causas de Muerte , Diabetes Mellitus , Fumar , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Masculino , Femenino , México/epidemiología , Adulto , Estudios Prospectivos , Anciano , Fumar/epidemiología , Diabetes Mellitus/mortalidad , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiología , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Prediabetes has been associated with increased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. However, no large-scale studies have been conducted in Mexico or Latin America examining these associations. METHODS: We analyzed data from 115,919 adults without diabetes (diagnosed or undiagnosed) aged 35-84 years who participated in the Mexico City Prospective Study between 1998 and 2004. Participants were followed until January 1st, 2021 for cause-specific mortality. We defined prediabetes according to the American Diabetes Association (ADA, HbA1c 5.7% to 6.4%) and the International Expert Committee (IEC, HbA1c 6.0-6.4%) definitions. Cox regression adjusted for confounders was used to estimate all-cause and cause-specific mortality rate ratios (RR) at ages 35-74 years associated with prediabetes. FINDINGS: During 2,085,392 person-years of follow-up (median in survivors 19 years), there were 6,810 deaths at ages 35-74, including 1,742 from cardiovascular disease, 892 from renal disease and 108 from acute diabetic crises. Of 110,405 participants aged 35-74 years at recruitment, 28,852 (26%) had ADA-defined prediabetes and 7,203 (7%) had IEC-defined prediabetes. Compared with those without prediabetes, individuals with prediabetes had higher risk of all-cause mortality at ages 35-74 years (RR 1.13, 95% CI 1.07-1.19 for ADA-defined prediabetes and RR 1.28, 1.18-1.39 for IEC-defined prediabetes), as well as increased risk of cardiovascular mortality (RR 1.22 [1.10-1.35] and 1.42 [1.22-1.65], respectively), renal mortality (RR 1.35 [1.08-1.68] and 1.69 [1.24-2.31], respectively), and death from an acute diabetic crisis (RR 2.63 [1.76-3.94] and 3.43 [2.09-5.62], respectively). RRs were larger at younger than at older ages, and similar for men compared to women. The absolute excess risk associated with ADA and IEC-defined prediabetes at ages 35-74 accounted for6% and 3% of cardiovascular deaths respectively, 10% and 5% of renal deaths respectively, and 31% and 14% of acute diabetic deaths respectively. INTERPRETATION: Prediabetes is a significant risk factor for all-cause, cardiovascular, renal, and acute diabetic deaths in Mexican adults. Identification and timely management of individuals with prediabetes for targeted risk reduction could contribute to reducing premature mortality from cardiometabolic causes in this population. FUNDING: Wellcome Trust, the Mexican Health Ministry, the National Council of Science and Technology for Mexico, Cancer Research UK, British Heart Foundation, UK Medical Research Council. Instituto Nacional de Geriatría (Mexico City).
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Early inhabitants along the hyperarid coastal Atacama Desert in northern Chile developed resilience strategies over 12,000 years, allowing these communities to effectively adapt to this extreme environment, including the impact of giant earthquakes and tsunamis. Here, we provide geoarchaeological evidence revealing a major tsunamigenic earthquake that severely affected prehistoric hunter-gatherer-fisher communities ~3800 years ago, causing an exceptional social disruption reflected in contemporary changes in archaeological sites and triggering resilient strategies along these coasts. Together with tsunami modeling results, we suggest that this event resulted from a ~1000-km-long megathrust rupture along the subduction contact of the Nazca and South American plates, highlighting the possibility of Mw ~9.5 tsunamigenic earthquakes in northern Chile, one of the major seismic gaps of the planet. This emphasizes the necessity to account for long temporal scales to better understand the variability, social effects, and human responses favoring resilience to socionatural disasters.
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The MW 8.8 Maule earthquake is the largest well-recorded megathrust earthquake reported in South America. It is known to have had very few foreshocks due to its locking degree, and a strong aftershock activity. We analyze seismic activity in the area of the 27 February 2010, MW 8.8 Maule earthquake at different time scales from 2000 to 2019. We differentiate the seismicity located inside the coseismic rupture zone of the main shock from that located in the areas surrounding the rupture zone. Using an original spatial and temporal method of seismic comparison, we find that after a period of seismic activity, the rupture zone at the plate interface experienced a long-term seismic quiescence before the main shock. Furthermore, a few days before the main shock, a set of seismic bursts of foreshocks located within the highest coseismic displacement area is observed. We show that after the main shock, the seismic rate decelerates during a period of 3 years, until reaching its initial interseismic value. We conclude that this megathrust earthquake is the consequence of various preparation stages increasing the locking degree at the plate interface and following an irregular pattern of seismic activity at large and short time scales.
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PURPOSE: The objectives of this study were to determine the inheritance pattern by which familial mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (FMTLE) is segregated in Mexican families, and to identify if there was an association between the clinical characteristics and the inheritance pattern. METHOD: We included a total of 25 families with two or more members affected with MTLE during two years and elaborated a family pedigree for each family. The inheritance pattern was classified as autosomal dominant (AD) or autosomal recessive (AR), considering the affected members. We used statistical analysis association and differences between clinical characteristics and inheritance patterns. RESULTS: The affected families with the AD pattern were 15.7 fold times more likely to start seizures at 5 years of age or earlier than families with AR pattern, OR = 15.7 (IC 95% = 1.9-128.9). We observed a predominance and greater déjà vu association (64.4% vs 31.3%; p = 0.021), OR = 3.9 (CI 95% = 1.1-13.5) in patients with AD versus AR pattern. Finally, we identified that patients with AD pattern had a likelihood of presenting emotional alterations 5.6 times higher than AR (OR = 5.6, IC = 1.1-27.5). CONCLUSION: FMTLE is a heterogeneous syndrome, both phenotypically and genotypically; thus, our findings may be helpful for clinical use to perform an early diagnosis, to provide timely treatment, and to prevent comorbidities associated to this disease. However, in order to identify the possible genetic causes underlying these inheritance patterns, the use of molecular studies is necessary.
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Epilepsia del Lóbulo Temporal/congénito , Epilepsia del Lóbulo Temporal/genética , Salud de la Familia , Patrón de Herencia/genética , Adulto , Preescolar , Electroencefalografía/métodos , Epilepsia del Lóbulo Temporal/diagnóstico , Femenino , Genotipo , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Masculino , México , Persona de Mediana Edad , Mutación/genética , Linaje , FenotipoRESUMEN
Undomesticated wild species, crop wild relatives, and landraces represent sources of variation for wheat improvement to address challenges from climate change and the growing human population. Here, we study 56,342 domesticated hexaploid, 18,946 domesticated tetraploid and 3,903 crop wild relatives in a massive-scale genotyping and diversity analysis. Using DArTseqTM technology, we identify more than 300,000 high-quality SNPs and SilicoDArT markers and align them to three reference maps: the IWGSC RefSeq v1.0 genome assembly, the durum wheat genome assembly (cv. Svevo), and the DArT genetic map. On average, 72% of the markers are uniquely placed on these maps and 50% are linked to genes. The analysis reveals landraces with unexplored diversity and genetic footprints defined by regions under selection. This provides fertile ground to develop wheat varieties of the future by exploring specific gene or chromosome regions and identifying germplasm conserving allelic diversity missing in current breeding programs.
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Variación Genética , Genoma de Planta , Triticum/genética , Alelos , Domesticación , Genotipo , Modelos Genéticos , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Alineación de Secuencia , TetraploidíaRESUMEN
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute an important class of non-coding RNA implicated in gene expression regulation. More than 1900 miRNA molecules have been identified in humans and their modulation during viral infection and it is recognized to play a role in latency regulation or in establishing an antiviral state. The liver cells are targets during DENV infection, and alteration of liver functions contributes to severe disease. In this work the miRNAs expression profile of the human hepatoma cell line, Huh-7, infected with DENV-2 was determined using microarray and real-time PCR. Let-7c is one of the miRNAs up-regulated during DENV infection in the hepatic Huh-7 as well as in the macrophage-monocytic cell line U937-DC-SIGN. Let-7c overexpression down-regulates both DENV-2 and DENV-4 infection. Additionally, we found that the transcription factor BACH1, a let-7c target, is also down-regulated during DENV infection. In accordance with this finding, HO-1, the main responsive factor of BACH1 was found up-regulated. The up-regulation of HO-1 may contribute to the stress oxidative response in infected cells.
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Virus del Dengue/genética , Expresión Génica , MicroARNs/genética , Interferencia de ARN , Replicación Viral/genética , Factores de Transcripción con Cremalleras de Leucina de Carácter Básico/genética , Sitios de Unión , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/genética , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/virología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Virus del Dengue/metabolismo , Proteínas del Grupo de Complementación de la Anemia de Fanconi/genética , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Genoma Viral , Hemo-Oxigenasa 1/genética , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno/genética , Humanos , ARN Viral , Proteínas de Unión al ARN/genética , Proteínas de Unión al ARN/metabolismo , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Factores de Tiempo , Transfección , Proteínas no Estructurales Virales/genética , Proteínas no Estructurales Virales/metabolismoRESUMEN
La presente investigación se planteó como objetivo general determinar la frecuencia de hongos dermatofitos en pelaje de perros y gatos del distrito de Huancayo de enero a diciembre del 2011. Se empleó un muestreo no probabilístico intencional y se colectaron 81 muestras de perros y 16 de gatos atendidos en 10 clínicas veterinarias escogidas al azar, durante febrero a setiembre del 2011. Se utilizó la técnica de Mariat & Adam-Campos para la obtención y siembra de pelos de los animales, los mismos que fueron sembrados en placas petri conteniendo agar Sabouraud-glucosa con 0,05% de cloranfenicol y 0,05% de cicloheximida y puestas en incubación en estufa a 37°C por 15 días. Tras la incubación se procedió a la identificación morfológica de las colonias obtenidas, luego de lo cual se prosiguió con la observación microscópica - vía examen directo - con azul de Amann. Se hallaron 42 muestras positivas para dermatofitosis en 81 perros (12 machos y 30 hembras) y se determinó una frecuencia de 8 casos de dermatofitosis en 16 gatos (2 hembras y 6 machos).
The current research was mode with the following objective: to determine the frequency of dermatophyte fungus on coats of dogs fur of cats in the district of Huancayo from January to December 2011. It was employed an intentional nonprobabilistic sample and there were collected 81 dog samples and 16 cat samples attended in 10 veterinary clinics randomly chosen, between February to September 2011. It was used the Mariat & Adam-Campos technique for collection and planning of animals hair, which were planted in petri-plates containing Sabouraud-glucose with chloramphenicol 0,05% and ciclohexmide 0,05% and incubated in a heater at 37°C during 15 days. After the incubation the morphologic identification of the colonies was made, then was made the microscopic identification by direct test with blue of Amann blue. There were found 42 positive samples for dermatophytosis in 81 dogs (12 male and 30 female) and it was determined a frequency of 8 dermatophytosis cases in 16 cats (2 female and 6 male).
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Animales , Arthrodermataceae , Perros , Hongos , Gatos , Epidemiología Descriptiva , Estudios Observacionales como Asunto , Estudios Prospectivos , PerúRESUMEN
The aim of this report was to investigate the contribution of HLA-DRB1/DQB1 alleles to the expression of cervical cancer (CC) and squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) in Mexican patients. A total of 257 women were included in the study: 61with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), 30 with high-grade (HSIL), 73 with CC and 93 healthy females. All were Mexican Mestizos. For HLA class II typing, PCR-SSOP methodology was used. HPV-16 viral DNA was detected by PCR with specific primers for E6-E7 region. HPV-16 was found in 52% of the patients with CC as well as in 19% of women with HSIL and in 12.5% of females with LSIL. HLA-DRB1∗04:03 (OR = 5.88) was found increased in patients with HSIL as compared with controls, although significance (p = 0.04) was lost after correction (pc =NS). HLA-DRB1∗04:03 seems to influence the risk for developing HSIL, disregarding the presence of HPV-16. HLA-DRB1∗01:01 (OR = 0.12; p = 0.01) may confer protection to the development of CC. An analysis performed stratifying by the presence of HPV-16 infection showed that the frequency of HLA-DRB1∗04:07 (OR = 2.71) was increased in CC patients infected with HPV-16, confirming that the HLA association is HPV dependent. These results shed light on the influence that this virus may have in the expression of CC in the susceptible host. Genetic background is, therefore, a crucial factor in understanding the etiopathogenesis of CC in HPV-positive patients.
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Alelos , Etnicidad , Cadenas HLA-DRB1/genética , Papillomavirus Humano 16/aislamiento & purificación , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/genética , ADN Viral/análisis , Femenino , Papillomavirus Humano 16/genética , Humanos , México , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/inmunología , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/virologíaRESUMEN
Cervical cancer (CC) is the second most common cause of death from cancer among women worldwide and about 80% of the half of million new cases detected every year, occurs in less-developed countries. Human papillomavirus is an obligate factor for the development of CC, since some HPVtype are detected in 100% of CC. HPV16 and HPV18 are the most common viral types, accounting for about 50% and 15% of CC, respectively. HPV infection is the most common sexual transmitted infection, with an estimated prevalence of about 2-44% among sexually active young women. However, only a very small fraction of these infections evolve to CC (1-2 out of 1000), indicating that some other factors should be important in the evolution of the disease. Preventive vaccines against HPVs 16 and 18 have been developed, and in phase III clinical trials they have demonstrated 100% efficacy for prevention of persistent infection and high risk cervical squamous intraepithelial neoplasias positive for these HPV types, suggesting that these vaccines, if made widely available, will dramatically reduce the burden of CC.
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Infecciones por Papillomavirus/complicaciones , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/virología , Femenino , Humanos , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/prevención & control , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/virología , Vacunas contra Papillomavirus , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/prevención & controlRESUMEN
Estudia la situación de mortalidad, morbilidad, remisión de pacientes con sus costos, encaminado a la justificación del desarrollo de un proyecto de Telemedicina en el Amazonas para facilitar el acceso a los servicios de salud y la remisión oportuna de pacientes a centros especializados
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Proyectos Piloto , Telemedicina , ColombiaRESUMEN
Cervical cancer (CC) is one of the principal public health problems in Mexico. The national mortality rate due to CC was estimated at 21.8 per 100,000 among women over 15 years old during 1994. Despite this high incidence little is known in Mexico about the risk factors for CC. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the association between CC and HPV types 16 and 18 in women living in Mexico City. From august, 1990 to December, 1992, a case-control study was carried out in the metropolitan area of Mexico City. HPV 16-18 types were determined in a sample of 148 CC caes and 204 controls randomly selected from a sample frame representative of the metropolitan area of Mexico City. Sixty cases corresponded to in situ CC and 88 cases to the invasive phase. Determination of HPV 16 and 18 types was done by polymerase chain reaction using primers specific to E6/E7. Results showed that 48.3 percent of in situ CC cases and 48.8 percent of invasive CC cases were positive for HPV16 while only 13.2 percent were positive among the 204 controls. Association Between HPV 16 infection in the in situ cancer cases had an estimated odds ratio (OR) of 5.17 (95 percent CI 2.60 - 10.51). In the invasive cervical cancer cases, association between HPV 16 infection and invasive CC in this sample had an OR of 3.84 (95 percent CI 2.04 - 7.22). For the total sample, the estimated OR was 5.48 (95 percent CI 3.07-9.62). In the total sample, those women with a strong positive reaction to PCR were associated with a large increase in the risk, OR of 38.0(95 percent CI 8.66-167.1) The prevalence the HPV 18 was 6.7 percent, only observed in the invasive cervical cancer cases. At present there is general consensus that HPV is the principal causal agent in CC etiology. This study intends to contribute to the knowledge concerning the etiology of cervical cancer. However, it is necessary to consider that the single most effective tool in the reduction of mortality due to cervical cancer has been the Pap test. Secondary prevention has proven to be highly effective in other populations, and this should be viewed as a priority activity for all at-risk populations. Athough a vaccine for HPV may be avalilable in the near future its efficacy in primary prevention has yet to be demonstrated