RESUMEN
A Gram-negative, non-flagellated, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain P2K6(T), was isolated from the kidneys of a pufferfish (Arothron hispidus) caught off the coast of Kaneohe Bay, O'ahu, Hawai'i. The strain formed yellowish colonies when grown on marine agar. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain P2K6(T) was related most closely to members of the genus Chryseobacterium. Levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strain P2K6(T) and the type strains of recognized species of the genus Chryseobacterium were 94-96.6%, suggesting that the strain represents a novel species within this genus. The DNA G+C content of strain P2K6(T) was 36.5 mol%, the dominant fatty acids were iso-C(15:0) (35.3%) and iso-C(17:0) 3-OH (14.9%), and the most abundant quinone was menaquinone MK6. On the basis of the data from this polyphasic study, it is suggested that strain P2K6(T) represents a novel species of the genus Chryseobacterium, for which the name Chryseobacterium arothri sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is P2K6(T) (=CIP 109575(T)=DSM 19326(T)).
Asunto(s)
Chryseobacterium/clasificación , Chryseobacterium/aislamiento & purificación , Riñón/microbiología , Tetraodontiformes/microbiología , Animales , Técnicas de Tipificación Bacteriana , Composición de Base , Chryseobacterium/genética , Chryseobacterium/fisiología , ADN Bacteriano/análisis , Genes de ARNr , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Fenotipo , Filogenia , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
A novel species, strain P2S11T, was isolated from the mucus of a puffer fish caught off the coast of Kaneohe Bay, O'ahu, Hawai'i. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the novel strain was most closely related to Ferrimonas marina DSM 16917T and Ferrimonas balearica DSM 9799T with 93.5% and 82.9% sequence similarities, respectively, which established the novel strain as belonging to the genus Ferrimonas. The strain formed off-white coloured colonies on marine agar and cells were Gram-negative, non-motile rods. H2S was produced when strain P2S11T was grown on TSI medium with added salt. Strain P2S11T had a DNA G+C content of 54.9 mol% and the dominant fatty acids were C16:1omega9c, C16:0 and C17:1omega8c. On the basis of this polyphasic study, strain P2S11T (=ATCC BAA-1480T=DSM 18821T) represents a novel species of the genus Ferrimonas, for which the name Ferrimonas senticii sp. nov. is proposed.
Asunto(s)
Gammaproteobacteria/clasificación , Gammaproteobacteria/aislamiento & purificación , Moco/microbiología , Tetraodontiformes/microbiología , Animales , Técnicas de Tipificación Bacteriana , Girasa de ADN/genética , ADN Bacteriano/análisis , ADN Ribosómico/análisis , Ácidos Grasos/análisis , Gammaproteobacteria/genética , Gammaproteobacteria/fisiología , Genes de ARNr , Hawaii , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Fenotipo , Filogenia , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
An aerobic, mesophilic bacterium, strain JA40T, was isolated from soil contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls collected from Johnston Atoll in the North Pacific Ocean. The strain formed yellow-pigmented colonies on heterotrophic media. The cells were Gram-negative, non-motile, non-sporulating rods. The strain reduced nitrite to nitrous oxide, the DNA G+C content was 64 mol% and the dominant fatty acids were 15 : 0 iso, 17 : 1 iso cis7 and 11 : 0 iso 3-OH. DNA sequencing of 1457 nt of the 16S rRNA gene established that JA40T belongs in the genus Pseudoxanthomonas within the Xanthomonadaceae branch of the Gammaproteobacteria. Strain JA40T can be differentiated from other mesophilic species in the genus on the basis of its physiological and biochemical characteristics and distinctive fatty acid profile. Thus strain JA40T (=ATCC BAA-1031T=CIP 108476T) is the type strain of a novel species of the genus Pseudoxanthomonas, for which the name Pseudoxanthomonas kalamensis sp. nov. is proposed.
Asunto(s)
Microbiología del Suelo , Contaminantes del Suelo/análisis , Xanthomonadaceae/clasificación , Xanthomonadaceae/aislamiento & purificación , Técnicas de Tipificación Bacteriana , Composición de Base , ADN Bacteriano/química , ADN Bacteriano/genética , ADN Ribosómico/química , ADN Ribosómico/genética , Ácidos Grasos/análisis , Ácidos Grasos/aislamiento & purificación , Genes de ARNr , Micronesia , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Movimiento , Nitritos/metabolismo , Óxido Nitroso/metabolismo , Oxidación-Reducción , Filogenia , Pigmentos Biológicos/biosíntesis , Bifenilos Policlorados/análisis , Hidrocarburos Policíclicos Aromáticos/análisis , ARN Bacteriano/genética , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Suelo/análisis , Xanthomonadaceae/citología , Xanthomonadaceae/fisiologíaRESUMEN
A method was developed for the simultaneous extraction and analysis of the insecticides indoxacarb and thiamethoxam from five Hawaiian soils. Using pressurized fluid extraction followed by liquid chromatography, optimized recoveries from the five soils were obtained ranging from 80% +/- 5 to 101% +/- 10 for thiamethoxam, and 83% +/- 6 to 106% +/- 7 for indoxacarb. Aging studies also showed strong binding of indoxacarb to all soils tested after 30 days, while thiamethoxam remained quite available for extraction during the length of the study (90 days). Freundlich constant (K(f)) and empirical value (n) for thiamethoxam sorption on Lihue soil were 0.007391 mmol((1-1/)(n)).L(1/)(n).g(-1) and 1.1377, respectively; K(f) and n were 0.007844 mmol((1-1/)(n)).L(1/)(n).g(-1) and 0.8473, respectively, on Wahiawa soil. The organic carbon adsorption constant (Koc) of thiamethoxam was 0.53 in Lihue soil and 0.23 in Wahiawa soil.
Asunto(s)
Insecticidas/análisis , Nitrocompuestos/análisis , Oxazinas/análisis , Suelo/análisis , Adsorción , Hawaii , Insecticidas/química , Neonicotinoides , Nitrocompuestos/química , Oxazinas/química , Tiametoxam , Tiazoles , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
We report the complete genome sequence of the deep-sea gamma-proteobacterium, Idiomarina loihiensis, isolated recently from a hydrothermal vent at 1,300-m depth on the Loihi submarine volcano, Hawaii. The I. loihiensis genome comprises a single chromosome of 2,839,318 base pairs, encoding 2,640 proteins, four rRNA operons, and 56 tRNA genes. A comparison of I. loihiensis to the genomes of other gamma-proteobacteria reveals abundance of amino acid transport and degradation enzymes, but a loss of sugar transport systems and certain enzymes of sugar metabolism. This finding suggests that I. loihiensis relies primarily on amino acid catabolism, rather than on sugar fermentation, for carbon and energy. Enzymes for biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, the majority of amino acids, and coenzymes are encoded in the genome, but biosynthetic pathways for Leu, Ile, Val, Thr, and Met are incomplete. Auxotrophy for Val and Thr was confirmed by in vivo experiments. The I. loihiensis genome contains a cluster of 32 genes encoding enzymes for exopolysaccharide and capsular polysaccharide synthesis. It also encodes diverse peptidases, a variety of peptide and amino acid uptake systems, and versatile signal transduction machinery. We propose that the source of amino acids for I. loihiensis growth are the proteinaceous particles present in the deep sea hydrothermal vent waters. I. loihiensis would colonize these particles by using the secreted exopolysaccharide, digest these proteins, and metabolize the resulting peptides and amino acids. In summary, the I. loihiensis genome reveals an integrated mechanism of metabolic adaptation to the constantly changing deep-sea hydrothermal ecosystem.
Asunto(s)
Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Carbono/metabolismo , Gammaproteobacteria/genética , Genoma Bacteriano , Quimiotaxis , Fermentación , Genoma , Modelos Biológicos , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Familia de Multigenes , Filogenia , ARN Ribosómico/genética , ARN de Transferencia/genética , Transducción de SeñalRESUMEN
Marine sand and seawater samples were collected in March 2002 from Laysan Island in the Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge, where a small area was contaminated by the carbamate insecticide carbofuran. Carbofuran was still detected at microg g(-1) levels in the Laysan sand after its identification in 1998 and initial observation of the toxicity in 1988. The persistence of carbofuran in the marine sand was investigated in the dark in a 30 degrees C oven, and in distilled deionized water and seawater samples exposed to artificial 300 nm light and to direct sunlight. The laboratory study showed a half-life (t1/2) of approximately 40 days for carbofuran in the native sand and in Ottawa sand. The photolysis of carbofuran was faster in seawater than in distilled deionized water when it was exposed to 300 nm light (t1/2, 0.1 vs. 3.1 h) and to direct sunlight (t1/2, 7.5 vs. 41.6 h). The large difference between the laboratory results and the field observation of carbofuran dissipation suggests that carbofuran degradation at the remote, undisturbed marine site may be governed by its unique environmental factors.
Asunto(s)
Carbofurano/química , Sedimentos Geológicos/química , Agua de Mar/química , Carbofurano/análisis , Estabilidad de Medicamentos , Sedimentos Geológicos/análisis , Semivida , Fotólisis , Agua de Mar/análisis , Luz Solar , Temperatura , Rayos Ultravioleta , Agua/químicaRESUMEN
Soil samples are collected from the former Open Burn/Open Detonation Unit, Makua Military Reservation, on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. The soil is the Helemano series. The soil samples are fortified with eight explosives for development of the analytical method. These analytes are 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene; 1,3-dinitrobenzene; 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT); hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX); nitrobenzene (NB); octogen; 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene; and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. The analytes are recovered with pressurized fluid extraction and measured with liquid chromatography (LC), LC-mass spectrometry (MS), and gas chromatography-MS. Average recoveries of the seven analytes, except for NB, range from 67% to 110% from freshly fortified samples. The procedure fails to extract NB in soil. The average recoveries decrease from 67-110% to 41-81% as the soil is aged for 1 day to 6 months after fortification of the soil with the seven explosives. The field samples are analyzed for the presence of explosives, of which DNT and RDX are indeed detected. The results obtained with this procedure agree well with those obtained by an independent laboratory following the standard U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) method SW-846 8330. Compared with the EPA method, this new method provides MS confirmation of the analytes, and the extraction requires approximately 15 min, rather than 18 h by the EPA method.
RESUMEN
The phytoremediation, with industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa), of a Hawaiian silty clay soil contaminated with two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), chrysene and benzo[a]pyrene, was studied. Hemp showed a very high tolerance to the contaminants. The growth rates of hemp, compared with control, in soils fortified with chrysene and benzo[a]pyrene at concentrations of each varying from 25 to 200 micrograms/g were consistently above 100%. The plants grew from seed for 45 days in soil fortified with PAHs at concentrations of 25, 50, and 75 micrograms/g. Controls were pots with contaminated soil but no plant. PAHs levels were significantly reduced in all pots (control and seeded pots), expect for one set at a high concentration of chrysene, which may be due to uneven spiking. A time course study over 28 days was done to monitor changes of microbial count and levels of chrysene. Little changes were observed for the total microbial count in the soil, and the concentration of chrysene in the soil decreased slightly in the pots containing plants. However, the chrysene levels in those pots were consistently lower than those in the pots without plants.