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BACKGROUND: Public parks are an important resource for the promotion of physical activity (PA). This is the first study in Colombia and the fourth in Latin America to describe the characteristics of park users and their levels of PA using objective measures. METHODS: A systematic observation assessed sex, age, and the level of PA of users of 10 parks in an intermediate-size city in Colombia, classified in low (5 parks) and high (5 parks) socioeconomic status (SES). A total of 10 daily observations were conducted, in 5 days of the week during 3 periods: morning, afternoon, and evening. RESULTS: In total, 16,671 observations were completed, recording 46,047 users. A higher number of users per park, per day, were recorded in high SES (1195) versus low SES (647). More men were observed in low-SES than high-SES parks (70.1% vs 54.2%), as well as more children were observed in low-SES than high-SES parks (30.1% vs 15.9%). Older adults in high-SES parks were more frequent (9.5% vs 5.2%). Moderate to vigorous PA was higher in low-SES parks (71.7% vs 63.2%). CONCLUSIONS: Low-SES parks need more green spaces, walk/bike trails, and areas for PA. All parks need new programs to increase the number of users and their PA level, considering sex, age group, and period of the week.

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Purpose: To explore individual and environmental correlates to quality of life (QoL) in park users in Colombia. Methods: A cross-sectional study with face-to-face interviews was conducted with 1392 park users from ten parks in Colombia. The survey included sociodemographic questions, health condition assessed with EuroQuol-5-Dimensions-5-Levels; in addition, questions about accessibility to the parks and perceptions about quality of infrastructure and green areas were asked. The Spanish version of the questionnaire EUROHIS-QOL-8 items was applied to assess QoL. Log-binomial regression models were applied for analyses. Results: Years of schooling, visits to the park with a companion, active use of the park, a maximum score for quality of trees and walking paths, and the perception of safety on the way to the park were positively associated with a better QoL (p < 0.05). Health conditions related to problems in the ability to perform activities of daily living and anxiety/depression showed negative associations. Conclusions: The present study contributes to the Latin American studies by providing information on how parks in an intermediate city may contribute to increased QoL of park users through safety in neighborhoods, social support, active use, and aesthetics, cleanliness, and care of green areas.

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Abstract The characteristics of parks (availability, accessibility, conservation, quality, safety, etc.) are important predictors of their use for physical activity practices. The aim of this study was to verify the association among the socioeconomic level of neighborhoods, the characteristics and quality of urban public parks for physical activity in Bucaramanga, Colombia. Cross-sectional study, conducted in 2015, in which 10 parks with structures for physical activity were evaluated. The socioeconomic level of the district was evaluated based on the neighborhoods around the parks and classified in "low" and "high". The number of residents in the surrounding area of parks were evaluated with Geographic Information System (GIS), site characteristics and quality with the System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) and the Physical Activity Resource Assessment (PARA), respectively. The association was analyzed with Mann Whitney U test and Spearman correlation (rho) on STATA 14 and the significance level was maintained at 5%. A positive association was found between the socioeconomic level and the presence of walking paths (marginal, p=0.056), accessibility (rho=0.875; p=0.001) and general quality of parks (rho=0.657; p=0.039). The low socioeconomic level was associated with the presence of sports courts (p=0.032). These results can guide the actions of public managers for the modification of the built environment and structures of the parks for physical activity.

Resumo As características dos parques (disponibilidade, acessibilidade, conservação, qualidade, segurança, etc.) são importantes preditores da sua utilização para a prática de atividades físicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a associação entre o nível socioeconômico dos bairros com as características e a qualidade dos parques públicos urbanos para a prática de atividades físicas em Bucaramanga, Colômbia. Estudo transversal, realizado em 2015, no qual foram avaliados 10 parques com estruturas para atividades físicas. O nível socioeconômico da região foi avaliado com base nos bairros próximos aos parques e classificado em "baixo" e "alto". O número de residentes próximos foi avaliado com o Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG), as características do local e a qualidade foram avaliadas, respectivamente, com o System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) e o Physical Activity Resource Assessment (PARA). A associação foi analisada com o teste U de Mann Whitney e a correlação de Spearman (rho) no STATA 14 e o nível de significância mantido em 5%. Foi verificada associação positiva entre o nível socioeconômico e a presença de pistas de caminhada (marginal, p=0,056), acessibilidade (rho=0,875; p=0,001) e qualidade geral dos parques (rho=0,657; p=0,039). O baixo nível socioeconômico foi associado à presença de quadras para esportes (p=0,032). Esses resultados podem orientar as ações dos gestores públicos para a modificação do ambiente construído e estruturas dos parques para a atividade física.

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Introducción. Las recomendaciones internacionales sobre actividad física y tiempo dedicado a comportamientos sedentarios en niños a partir de la edad preescolar, plantean la necesidad de disponer de instrumentos de medición con propiedades psicométricas que permitan evaluar la dinámica a nivel de la población y las intervenciones dirigidas a mejorar su salud. Objetivo. Evaluar la confiabilidad de un cuestionario para medir la actividad física y los comportamientos sedentarios en niños desde preescolar hasta cuarto grado de primaria. Materiales y métodos. Ciento ocho padres respondieron el cuestionario, el cual incluía preguntas sobre las variables sociodemográficas y las relacionadas con la actividad física, incluido el tiempo de caminata hasta el colegio, los deportes organizados y las actividades de juego; entre los comportamientos sedentarios se incluyeron el transporte motorizado a la escuela, el tiempo de lectura, el transcurrido frente a pantallas y el sueño. Mediante el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach, el coeficiente de correlación intraclase y el método de Bland y Altman, se evaluaron la consistencia interna, la reproducibilidad y los límites de acuerdo, respectivamente. Resultados. La consistencia interna osciló entre 0,59 y 0,64 para la actividad física y entre 0,22 y 0,34 para los comportamientos sedentarios. Los mejores niveles de reproducibilidad se registraron para la caminata (kappa=0,79), el tiempo de viaje a la escuela (CCI=0,69), el deporte organizado (kappa=0,72), el tiempo dedicado a este (CCI=0,76), el transporte motorizado al colegio y el tiempo empleado para ello (kappa=0,82; CCI=0,8), así como para el uso del computador y el tiempo dedicado a esta actividad (kappa=0,71; CCI=0,59). Se registraron niveles de acuerdo de moderados a buenos para el tiempo de lectura, la siesta, los cursos extracurriculares, y el uso de computador y de consolas. Conclusión. El cuestionario suministró información confiable para la medición de la actividad física y los comportamientos sedentarios en niños menores de 10 años y podría emplearse en otros países latinoamericanos.

Introduction: International recommendations for physical activity and time spent in sedentary behaviors for children in their early years require the availability of measuring instruments with psychometric properties that allow for the assessment of population dynamics and interventions to improve health. Objective: To evaluate the reliability of a questionnaire to measure physical activity and sedentary behaviors in children from preschool to fourth grade. Materials and methods: One hundred and eight parents answered the questionnaire. The instrument included socio-demographic variables, as well as those associated with physical activity, including time walking to school, organized sports and playtime activities. Sedentary behaviors included motorized transport to school, reading and "screen time", sleeping and extracurricular courses. Internal consistency, reproducibility and agreement were evaluated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and the Bland and Altman limits of agreement method, respectively. Results: Internal consistency for physical activity ranged from 0.59 to 0.64, and for sedentary behaviors between 0.22 and 0.34. The highest reproducibility was found for walking to school and time spent on this (kappa=0.79, ICC 0.69), and organized sports, and time on this activity (kappa=0.72, ICC 0.76). Among sedentary behaviors, motorized transport to school and computer use showed kappas of 0.82 and 0.71, respectively; additionally, the time spent on these behaviors showed an ICC of 0.8 and 0.59, respectively. We found limits of agreement between moderate and good for reading time, napping, extracurricular courses, computer and console use. Conclusion: The questionnaire provided reliable information on the physical activity and sedentary behaviors in children under 10 years of age and could be used in other Latin American countries.

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INTRODUCTION: International recommendations for physical activity and time spent in sedentary behaviors for children in their early years require the availability of measuring instruments with psychometric properties that allow for the assessment of population dynamics and interventions to improve health. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the reliability of a questionnaire to measure physical activity and sedentary behaviors in children from preschool to fourth grade. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and eight parents answered the questionnaire. The instrument included socio-demographic variables, as well as those associated with physical activity, including time walking to school, organized sports and playtime activities. Sedentary behaviors included motorized transport to school, reading and "screen time", sleeping and extracurricular courses. Internal consistency, reproducibility and agreement were evaluated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and the Bland and Altman limits of agreement method, respectively. RESULTS: Internal consistency for physical activity ranged from 0.59 to 0.64, and for sedentary behaviors between 0.22 and 0.34. The highest reproducibility was found for walking to school and time spent on this (kappa=0.79, ICC 0.69), and organized sports, and time on this activity (kappa=0.72, ICC 0.76). Among sedentary behaviors, motorized transport to school and computer use showed kappas of 0.82 and 0.71, respectively; additionally, the time spent on these behaviors showed an ICC of 0.8 and 0.59, respectively. We found limits of agreement between moderate and good for reading time, napping, extracurricular courses, computer and console use. CONCLUSION: The questionnaire provided reliable information on the physical activity and sedentary behaviors in children under 10 years of age and could be used in other Latin American countries.

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Introducción. El incremento en la disponibilidad de medios electrónicos ha modificado los comportamientos de niños y jóvenes, fomentando los de tipo sedentario, con efectos sobre la salud desde muy corta edad. Objetivo. Caracterizar la disponibilidad y uso de medios electrónicos, y sus factores asociados, en niños desde preescolar hasta 4° grado. Materiales y métodos. Es un estudio de corte transversal con muestreo por conglomerados. Los padres diligenciaron la encuesta sociodemográfica, disponibilidad y uso de medios electrónicos en el hogar y en la habitación del niño. Se aplicaron modelos de regresión log-binomial para estimar las razones de prevalencia, ajustando por el tipo de muestreo. Resultados. Respondieron 710 padres. El promedio de edad de los niños fue de 6,7 años y 49,7 % eran hombres. El trabajo fuera de la casa de la mamá y los ingresos familiares se asociaron positivamente con la disponibilidad de medios electrónicos en el hogar y en la habitación del hijo. La disponibilidad de televisor, computador y consolas en la habitación del hijo, favorece un mayor tiempo de uso de estos medios electrónicos. Tanto el sexo masculino del hijo como la edad, se asociaron positivamente con la disponibilidad y uso de los medios electrónicos. Conclusión. Este es el primer estudio en Colombia en que se documentan la disponibilidad y el uso de medios electrónicos en niños. Los hallazgos reflejan que la vida moderna fomenta comportamientos sedentarios desde los primeros años de vida, asociados con problemas de salud desde la primera infancia. Se requieren estudios de intervención dirigidos a disminuir estos comportamientos en nuestro contexto.

Introduction: The increased availability of electronic media has changed the behavior in children and young people by encouraging sedentary lifestile, with health effects from a very young age. Objective: To characterize the availability and use of electronic media and its associated factors in children from preschool through 4 th grade. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study with cluster sampling was carried out. Parents filled out the demographic survey, the availability and use of electronic media at home and in the child´s room. Log-binomial regression models were applied to estimate prevalence ratios adjusted for the sampling. Results: Seven hundred and ten parents answered. The average age of the children was 6.7 years and 49.7% were male. Factors such as the mother working out of the house and family income were positively associated with the availability of electronic media at home and in the child´s room. The availability of a TV, computer and console in the child´s room, contributes to longer use of these electronic media. Both, the male gender and age of the child, were positively associated with the availability and use of electronic media. Conclusion: This is the first study in Colombia that reports the availability and use of electronic media in children. It is clear that modern life encourages sedentary behavior from the earliest years of life, which has been associated with health problems from early childhood. Intervention studies are needed aimed at reducing these behaviors in our context.

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INTRODUCTION: The increased availability of electronic media has changed the behavior in children and young people by encouraging sedentary lifestile, with health effects from a very young age. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the availability and use of electronic media and its associated factors in children from preschool through 4 th grade. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study with cluster sampling was carried out. Parents filled out the demographic survey, the availability and use of electronic media at home and in the child´s room. Log-binomial regression models were applied to estimate prevalence ratios adjusted for the sampling. RESULTS: Seven hundred and ten parents answered. The average age of the children was 6.7 years and 49.7% were male. Factors such as the mother working out of the house and family income were positively associated with the availability of electronic media at home and in the child´s room. The availability of a TV, computer and console in the child´s room, contributes to longer use of these electronic media. Both, the male gender and age of the child, were positively associated with the availability and use of electronic media. CONCLUSION: This is the first study in Colombia that reports the availability and use of electronic media in children. It is clear that modern life encourages sedentary behavior from the earliest years of life, which has been associated with health problems from early childhood. Intervention studies are needed aimed at reducing these behaviors in our context.

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INTRODUCTION: Motor development is the acquisition and evolution of motor skills; its evaluation allows detection of abnormalities and permits a suitable opportunity for bringing them to medical attention. Several instruments have been designed to characterize motor development in early childhood, among them the Neurosensory Motor Development Assessment test. In Colombia, studies on the psychometric properties have not been published on any of these tests. Although surveillance of the motor development uses the Abridged Development Scale, characterization of its validity or reproducibility have not been undertaken previously. OBJECTIVE: A statistical comparision was undertaken to evaluate the reliability of the motor component of the Abridged Development Scale and a translation to Spanish of the Neurosensory Motor Development Assessment instrument was developed. The convergent construct validity between the two tests was assessed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An evaluation of diagnostic technologies was done. The sample consisted of 260 children, aged 4 to 5 yrs. The analysis included intraclass correlation coefficients, the Bland and Altmans limits of agreement, and the Spearmans correlation coefficient (r). RESULTS: The intraclass correlation coefficients and the mean of differences for the Neurosensory Motor Development Assessment were of 0.91 and 1.23 and for the Development Scale 0.96 and 0.02, respectively. The convergent construct validity was 0.51. CONCLUSIONS: Both instruments have good inter-rater reliability. The convergence between the tests was moderate, possibly explained by the differences in the approach to measurement of each instrument.

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Introducción. El desarrollo motor es la adquisición y evolución de habilidades motoras; su valoración permite detectar alteraciones y promueve una atención oportuna y adecuada. Se han diseñado varios instrumentos para valorar el desarrollo motor en la niñez temprana, entre los que se encuentra el test Neurosensory Motor Development Assessment. En Colombia no hay estudios publicados sobre las propiedades psicométricas de cualquiera de estas pruebas y la vigilancia del desarrollo motor se realiza con la Escala Abreviada del Desarrollo, de la cual no existen reportes de validez o reproducibilidad. Objetivo. Evaluar la reproducibilidad del componente motor de la Escala Abreviada del Desarrollo y de una traducción al español del instrumento Neurosensory Motor Development Assessment, así como la validez convergente entre las dos pruebas. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio de evaluación de tecnologías diagnósticas. La población estuvo conformada por 260 niños de 4 y 5 años de edad. Para el análisis se aplicaron coeficientes de correlación intraclase y los límites de acuerdo de Bland y Altman, así como el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman (r). Resultados. El coeficiente de correlación intraclase y el promedio de las diferencias para el Neurosensory Motor Development Assessment, fueron 0,91 y 1,23, y para la Escala Abreviada del Desarrollo, 0,96 y 0,02, respectivamente. La validez convergente mostró un r de 0,51. Conclusiones. Los dos instrumentos tienen buena reproducibilidad entre evaluadores. La convergencia entre las pruebas es moderada y posiblemente se explica por las diferencias en el enfoque de medición de cada instrumento.

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