RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Nearly 500,000 new cases of cervical cancer are estimated annually worldwide. Three vaccines are currently licensed to prevent cervical cancer. The success of vaccination depends mainly on the prevalence of HPV genotypes, and many cases of HPV infection have been diagnosed after vaccination. Our aim was to search for HPV genotyping in cervical samples to verify the proportion of women that remain susceptible to infection even after vaccination. METHODS: 21,017 liquid-based cervical (LBC) specimens were received for cytology and HPV detection from 2015 to 2018. Before slide preparations for cytology, a 1,000-µL aliquot was taken from the LBC fixative and subjected to automated DNA extraction and multiplex PCR followed by capillary electrophoresis to detect and classify HPV. RESULTS: HPV was detected in 895 (4.3%) specimens. The most prevalent genotype was HPV-16, followed by HPV-58 and HPV-66. A total of 258 (28.8%) cases were positive for high-risk (HR)-HPV types (66, 59, 39, 56, 30, 35, 53, 51, 68, 82, and 70) that are not covered by the HPV vaccines. CONCLUSION: A significant proportion of HPV types detected in cytological specimens are representative of HR-HPV not covered by the available vaccines. The health system should be aware of the considerable percentage of women who are not being immunized and will continue to need cervical cancer screening.
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Citodiagnóstico/métodos , Detección Precoz del Cáncer/métodos , Papillomaviridae/clasificación , Papillomaviridae/genética , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/diagnóstico , Lesiones Intraepiteliales Escamosas de Cuello Uterino/epidemiología , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/epidemiología , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiología , ADN Viral/análisis , ADN Viral/genética , Femenino , Genotipo , Humanos , Papillomaviridae/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/complicaciones , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/virología , Vacunas contra Papillomavirus/administración & dosificación , Prevalencia , Lesiones Intraepiteliales Escamosas de Cuello Uterino/prevención & control , Lesiones Intraepiteliales Escamosas de Cuello Uterino/virología , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/prevención & control , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/virología , VacunaciónRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To test the performance of a new fixative for pap smear collection for liquid-based cervical cytology, CellPreserv® and compare it with the commercially available, PreservCyt® used in the diagnosis and detection of human papillomavirus (HPV). METHODS: Seven hundred twenty five women participated in this study after signing an informed consent. The specimens were collected using a traditional device, agitated in PBS, and equally divided in both fixatives. The slides were prepared routinely, stained by Papanicolaou, examined blindly by 2 cytologists, and reviewed by one cytopathologist. To search for HPV, 1,000 µL from each fixative was taken and processed by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Considering the adequacy of samples, both fixatives had similar results - 0.33 and 0.32% of the cases unsatisfactory for PreservCyt® and CellPreserv®, respectively. Considering the 701 satisfactory cases and comparing the new fixative to the traditional fixative, there was 99.3% concordance between both. The results regarding the HPV detection was 100% concordant between the 2 fixatives. CONCLUSION: The new methanol-based fixative, CellPreserv®, is cheaper and equally efficient for treating cervical cancer screening and for HPV detection, and can be safely used by the health system prevailing in low-income countries.
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Citodiagnóstico/métodos , Fijadores , Pruebas de ADN del Papillomavirus Humano , Metanol , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/patología , Fijación del Tejido/métodos , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/patología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Brasil , Ahorro de Costo , Análisis Costo-Beneficio , Citodiagnóstico/economía , Femenino , Fijadores/economía , Costos de la Atención en Salud , Pruebas de ADN del Papillomavirus Humano/economía , Humanos , Biopsia Líquida , Metanol/economía , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prueba de Papanicolaou , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/economía , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/virología , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Fijación del Tejido/economía , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/economía , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/virología , Frotis Vaginal , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Micro RNA (miRNA) is a class of small noncoding RNA that plays a major role in the regulation of gene expression, which has been related to cancer behavior. The possibility of analyzing miRNA from the archives of pathology laboratories is exciting, as it allows for large retrospective studies. Formalin is the most common fixative used in the surgical pathology routine, and its promotion of nucleic acid degradation is well known. Our aim is to compare miRNA profiles from formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissues with fresh-frozen prostate cancer tissues. METHODS: The expression of 14 miRNAs was determined by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in 5 paired fresh-frozen and FFPE tissues, which were representative of prostate carcinoma. RESULTS: There was a very good correlation of the miRNA expression of miR-let7c and miR-32 between the fresh-frozen and FFPE tissues, with Pearson's correlation coefficients of 0.927 (P = 0.023) and 0.960 (P = 0.010), respectively. For the remaining miRNAs, the correlation was good with Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.638 (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Analysis of miRNAs from routinely processed and stored FFPE prostate tissue is feasible for some miRNAs using qRT-PCR. Further studies should be conducted to confirm the reliability of using stock tissues for miRNA expression determination.
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Secciones por Congelación , MicroARNs/análisis , MicroARNs/genética , Adhesión en Parafina , Neoplasias de la Próstata/genética , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Fijación del Tejido/métodos , Anciano , Formaldehído/química , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
Bladder cancer (BC) is the fourth most common cancer in the USA. In Brazil, BC represents 3% of the total existing carcinomas in the population and represents the second highest incidence among urological tumors. The majority of bladder cancer cell lines available were derived from Caucasians and established in the seventies or eighties. Thus, neoplasia development in these cells likely occurred in environment conditions vastly different than today. In the present study, we report the establishment and characterization of three Brazilian bladder cancer cell lines (BexBra1, BexBra2, and BexBra4). These cell lines may be helpful for dissecting the genetic and epigenetic aspects that trigger the progression of BC. Moreover, the development of a Brazilian representative of the disease will allow us to investigate the potential inter-racial differences of malignancy-associated phenotypes in bladder cancer.
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Línea Celular Tumoral , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/patología , Animales , Técnicas de Cultivo de Célula , Criopreservación , Genes p53 , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Hibridación Fluorescente in Situ , Cariotipificación , Ratones , Reacción en Cadena de la PolimerasaRESUMEN
One of the main obstacles for understanding biological events involved in cancer is the lack of experimental models for in vitro studies especially for prostate cancer (PC). There are a limited number of PC cell lines being the majority originated from metastatic tumors mostly acquired from American Tissue Cell Culture which demands importation an expensive and bureaucratic process. Also it is well known that there are ethnic differences between populations concerning the behavior of tumors and the research based on cell lines derived from Brazilians should be interesting. Our aim was to develop tumor cell lines from primary PC.
Asunto(s)
Línea Celular Tumoral , Neoplasias de la Próstata/patología , Andrógenos/fisiología , Animales , Criopreservación , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Hibridación Fluorescente in Situ , Cariotipificación , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Desnudos , Neoplasias de la Próstata/genéticaRESUMEN
All-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) appears to affect Th1-Th2 differentiation and its effects on immune responses might also be mediated by dendritic cell (DC). Nonetheless, studies have been showing contradictory results since was observed either induction or inhibition of DC differentiation. Our aim was to investigate atRA action on human monocyte derived DC differentiation. For this purpose we tested pharmacological and physiological doses of atRA with or without cytokines. Cell phenotypes were analyzed by flow cytometry and function was investigated by phagocytosis and respiratory burst. DC, positive control group, was differentiated with GM-CSF and IL-4 and maturated with TNF-alpha. We demonstrated that atRA effects depend on the dose used as pharmacological doses inhibited expression of all phenotypic markers tested while a physiological dose caused cell differentiation. However, atRA combined or not with cytokines did not promote DC differentiation. In fact, atRA was detrimental on IL-4 property as a DC inductor.
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Diferenciación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Dendríticas/efectos de los fármacos , Interleucina-4/farmacología , Tretinoina/farmacología , Diferenciación Celular/fisiología , Células Dendríticas/metabolismo , Células Dendríticas/fisiología , Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Granulocitos y Macrófagos/farmacología , Humanos , Queratolíticos/farmacología , Fagocitosis/efectos de los fármacos , Fagocitosis/fisiología , Estallido Respiratorio/efectos de los fármacos , Estallido Respiratorio/fisiología , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/farmacologíaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Sextant prostate biopsy remains the standard technique for the detection of prostate cancer. It is well known that after a diagnosis of small acinar proliferation (ASAP) or high grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN), the possibility of finding cancer is approximately 40% and 30%, respectively. OBJECTIVE: We aim to analyze follow-up biopsies on patients who initially received a benign diagnosis after exclusion of HGPIN and ASAP. METHODS: From July 2000 to December 2003, 1177 patients were submitted to sextant extended prostate biopsy in our hospital. The mean patient age was 65.5 years old, and the median number of fragments collected at biopsy was 13. HGPIN and ASAP were excluded from our study. We only considered patients who had a diagnosis of benign at the first biopsy and were subjected to rebiopsies up until May 2005 because of a maintained suspicion of cancer. RESULTS: Cancer was initially detected in 524 patients (44.5%), and the diagnosis was benign in 415 (35.3%). Rebiopsy was indicated for 76 of the latter patients (18.3%) because of a persistent suspicion of cancer. Eight cases of adenocarcinoma (10.5%) were detected, six (75%) at the first rebiopsy. Six patients were submitted to radical prostatectomy, and all tumors were considered clinically significant. CONCLUSION: Our data indicate that in extended prostate biopsy, the first biopsy detects more cancer, and the first, second, and third rebiopsies after an initial benign diagnosis succeed in finding cancer in 7.9% (6/55), 5.9% (1/15) and 20% (1/4) of patients, respectively.
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Adenocarcinoma/patología , Próstata/patología , Neoplasia Intraepitelial Prostática/patología , Neoplasias de la Próstata/patología , Adenocarcinoma/cirugía , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Biopsia , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Próstata/cirugía , Antígeno Prostático Específico/análisis , Prostatectomía , Neoplasia Intraepitelial Prostática/cirugía , Neoplasias de la Próstata/cirugía , Estadísticas no ParamétricasRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Sextant prostate biopsy remains the standard technique for the detection of prostate cancer. It is well known that after a diagnosis of small acinar proliferation (ASAP) or high grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN), the possibility of finding cancer is approximately 40 percent and 30 percent, respectively. OBJECTIVE: We aim to analyze follow-up biopsies on patients who initially received a benign diagnosis after exclusion of HGPIN and ASAP. METHODS: From July 2000 to December 2003, 1177 patients were submitted to sextant extended prostate biopsy in our hospital. The mean patient age was 65.5 years old, and the median number of fragments collected at biopsy was 13. HGPIN and ASAP were excluded from our study. We only considered patients who had a diagnosis of benign at the first biopsy and were subjected to rebiopsies up until May 2005 because of a maintained suspicion of cancer. RESULTS: Cancer was initially detected in 524 patients (44.5 percent), and the diagnosis was benign in 415 (35.3 percent). Rebiopsy was indicated for 76 of the latter patients (18.3 percent) because of a persistent suspicion of cancer. Eight cases of adenocarcinoma (10.5 percent) were detected, six (75 percent) at the first rebiopsy. Six patients were submitted to radical prostatectomy, and all tumors were considered clinically significant. CONCLUSION: Our data indicate that in extended prostate biopsy, the first biopsy detects more cancer, and the first, second, and third rebiopsies after an initial benign diagnosis succeed in finding cancer in 7.9 percent (6/55), 5.9 percent (1/15) and 20 percent (1/4) of patients, respectively.
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Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adenocarcinoma/patología , Próstata/patología , Neoplasia Intraepitelial Prostática/patología , Neoplasias de la Próstata/patología , Adenocarcinoma/cirugía , Biopsia , Prostatectomía , Antígeno Prostático Específico/análisis , Próstata/cirugía , Neoplasia Intraepitelial Prostática/cirugía , Neoplasias de la Próstata/cirugía , Estadísticas no ParamétricasRESUMEN
Benign glandular inclusions in lymph nodes are extremely rare in men. Their identification is essential because it changes dramatically the prognosis and therapy of neoplasms. Described herein is the first case of benign glandular inclusion in an obturator lymph node dissected during a radical prostatectomy for treatment of prostate adenocarcinoma. A 60-year-old man underwent radical prostatectomy and obturator-hypogastric lymph node dissection for treatment of prostate adenocarcinoma. Benign glandular inclusion was found in microscopic examination. The lesion was characterized by two glandular spaces lined by a single, cuboid, benign epithelium localized in the sinus of one of four dissected lymph nodes. Immunohistochemistry showed mesothelial differentiation. Pathologists should be aware of benign glandular inclusion in obturator lymph nodes dissected during a radical prostatectomy for treatment of prostate cancer in order to avoid the incorrect diagnosis of metastatic disease.
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Adenocarcinoma/patología , Ganglios Linfáticos/patología , Neoplasias de la Próstata/patología , Adenocarcinoma/química , Adenocarcinoma/cirugía , Biomarcadores de Tumor/análisis , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Escisión del Ganglio Linfático , Ganglios Linfáticos/química , Ganglios Linfáticos/cirugía , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prostatectomía , Neoplasias de la Próstata/química , Neoplasias de la Próstata/cirugíaRESUMEN
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: The virulence of Helicobacter pylori (HP) in gastroduodenal disease is related to pathogenicity islands (cagPAI) present in some strains. Infection with cagPAI induces IL-8 secretion, increases epithelial cell proliferation and may be important in carcinogenesis. Our objective was to detect HP and the cagA gene (cagPAI marker) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and to correlate these results to histological findings, epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective, at the Surgical and Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Hospital Sírio-Libanês. METHODS: DNA samples isolated from 164 gastric biopsies were used for HP detection by PCR. cagPAI+ was identified in HP+ cases by cagA gene amplification. All cases were submitted to immunohistochemistry to evaluate cell proliferation, and TUNEL to detect apoptosis. Statistical analysis was performed to compare results. RESULTS: HP was detected in 67.7% of the patients, with good correlation between HP infection and moderate to severe gastritis, gastric ulcer and MALT lymphoma. There was a correlation between cagPAI+ strains and severe gastric diseases including cancer. The risk of gastric ulcer, adenocarcinoma and MALT lymphoma was 8.8 times higher for cagPAI+ patients. cagPAI+ infection was related to higher proliferation rates. The proliferation/apoptosis index was significantly higher for cagPAI+ patients. CONCLUSION: Cell growth deregulation in cagPAI+ patients could be demonstrated by the difference in the proliferation index. We believe that this explains the carcinogenic role of Helicobacter pylori.
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Antígenos Bacterianos/genética , Apoptosis , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Proliferación Celular , Infecciones por Helicobacter/microbiología , Helicobacter pylori/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Niño , Métodos Epidemiológicos , Femenino , Marcadores Genéticos/genética , Infecciones por Helicobacter/patología , Humanos , Antígeno Ki-67/análisis , Linfoma de Células B de la Zona Marginal/microbiología , Linfoma de Células B de la Zona Marginal/patología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Neoplasias Gástricas/microbiología , Neoplasias Gástricas/patología , Úlcera Gástrica/microbiología , Úlcera Gástrica/patologíaRESUMEN
CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: A virulência de Helicobacter pylori em doenças gastroduodenais está relacionada à presença de ilha de patogenicidade (cagPAI) que ocorre em algumas cepas. A infecção pelo cagPAI induz a secreção de IL-8, aumenta a proliferação epitelial, podendo ter um papel importante na carcinogênese. Nosso objetivo foi detectar HP e o gene cagA (marcador de cagPAI) pela técnica de PCR (polymerase chain reaction), correlacionando com os achados histológicos, de proliferação e apoptose. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo retrospectivo, no Laboratório de Patologia Cirúrgica e Molecular do Hospital Sírio Libanês. MÉTODOS: DNA isolado de 164 biópsias gástricas foi submetido a PCR para detecção de HP. Os casos positivos foram submetidos a nova reação para identificação do gene cagA. Pela técnica de imunohistoquímica foi analisada a proliferação celular e, pela TUNEL, a apoptose. RESULTADOS: HP foi detectado em 67,7% dos pacientes. Houve correlação entre a presença do HP e o diagnóstico de gastrite moderada ou grave, úlcera e linfoma do tipo MALT. Houve correlação entre cagPAI+ e a doença gástrica grave, incluindo o câncer. O risco de úlcera, adenocarcinoma ou linfoma MALT para os portadores de cagA+ foi de 8,8. Infecção pelo cagPAI correlacionou-se com aumento na taxa de proliferação. O índice proliferação/apoptose foi significantemente maior para os pacientes cagPAI+. CONCLUSÕES: Uma desregulação do crescimento celular nos pacientes cagPAI+ foi demonstrada pela diferença do índice de proliferação, que acreditamos pode explicar o papel carcinogênico da bactéria.
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Niño , Adolescente , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Antígenos Bacterianos/genética , Apoptosis , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Proliferación Celular , Infecciones por Helicobacter/microbiología , Helicobacter pylori/genética , Biopsia , Estudios Transversales , ADN Recombinante/análisis , Marcadores Genéticos/genética , Infecciones por Helicobacter/patología , Inmunohistoquímica , /análisis , Linfoma de Células B de la Zona Marginal/microbiología , Linfoma de Células B de la Zona Marginal/patología , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Estudios Retrospectivos , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Neoplasias Gástricas/microbiología , Neoplasias Gástricas/patología , Úlcera Gástrica/microbiología , Úlcera Gástrica/patologíaRESUMEN
RACIONAL: Com o advento da colonoscopia com magnificaçäo de imagem, tem se mostrado possível a identificaçäo da natureza histopatológica das lesöes colorretais através de suas características da forma que as glândulas se abrem na superfície da mucosa (PITS). Apesar de ser método com alto índice de acurácia para o diagnóstico diferencial entre lesöes neoplásicas e näo-neoplásicas, trata-se de equipamento especializado, de custos elevados, näo disponível na grande maioria dos centros médicos. Diante dessa realidade, a colonoscopia convencional com cromoscopia vem adquirindo espaço, pois acredita-se que pode reproduzir grande parte das informações obtidas até entäo pela colonoscopia com magnificaçäo de imagem. OBJETIVO: Determinar o papel da colonoscopia de alta resoluçäo com cromoscopia no diagnóstico diferencial entre pólipos neoplásicos e näo-neoplásicos através dos seguintes índices estatísticos: acurácia, sensibilidade, especificidade, valores preditivos positivo e negativo. PACIENTES E MÉTODO: Realizou-se estudo prospectivo, onde foram avaliadas 74 lesöes polipóides colorretais em 54 pacientes. Foi utilizado o colonoscópio Olympus Exera CFQ 160L de alta resoluçäo. Após identificadas, as lesöes foram coradas com índigo carmim 0,2 por cento e analisadas conforme classificaçäo descrita por Kudo, por um único examinador. Após ressecados, os pólipos foram encaminhados para estudo anatomopatológico. RESULTADOS: Os achados endoscópicos foram comparados com os resultados histopatológicos. A acurácia do método foi de 79,7 por cento, sensibilidade de 88,8 por cento, especificidade de 55 por cento, valor preditivo positivo de 84,2 por cento e valor preditivo negativo de 64,7 por cento. CONCLUSÄO: Pode-se concluir que se deve ter cautela na aplicaçäo clínica da colonoscopia de alta resoluçäo com cromoscopia, pois lesöes adenomatosas podem ser interpretadas como näo-neoplásicas
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pólipos Adenomatosos , Neoplasias del Colon , Pólipos del Colon , Colonoscopía , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Colorantes , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Carmin de Índigo , Estudios Prospectivos , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Magnifying colonoscopy brought the possibility of precise histologic diagnosis of colorectal lesions through their surface appearance. Despite the high accuracy of magnifying colonoscopy it is a specialized and expensive equipment not available in most medical centers. Due to these reasons the use of conventional colonoscopy with chromoscopy has been raised because this produce can reproduce most of the information previously obtained by magnifying colonoscopy. AIM: To determine the role of high resolution colonoscopy and indigo carmine chromoscopy for differential diagnosis between neoplastic and non-neoplastic colorectal lesions through measurements of accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values. PATIENTS / METHODS: It was performed a prospective study. Seventy-four colorectal polyps were evaluated in 54 patients. A high resolution Olympus Exera CFQ 160L colonoscope was used. After the identification of the lesions, they were dyed with indigo carmine 0,2% and classified according to Kudo's classification by a single observer. After resection, the polyps were submitted to histopathological examination. RESULTS: The endoscopic findings were compared to histopathologic results. The accuracy of the method was 79,7%, sensibility of 88,8%, specificity of 55%, positive predictive value of 84,2% and a negative predictive value of 64,7%. CONCLUSION: We can conclude that we must be careful to apply high resolution colonoscopy and chromoscopy because adenomatous lesions can be misdiagnosed as non-neoplastic.