RESUMEN
Microplastic pollution threatens some of the world's most iconic locations for marine biodiversity, including the remote Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. Using the Galápagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus) as a sentinel species, the present study assessed microplastics and suspected anthropogenic cellulose concentrations in surface seawater and zooplankton near Santa Cruz and Galápagos penguin colonies (Floreana, Isabela, Santiago), as well as in penguin potential prey (anchovies, mullets, milkfish) and penguin scat. On average, 0.40 ± 0.32 microplastics L-1 were found in surface seawater (<10 µm; n = 63 L), while 0.003, 0.27, and 5.12 microplastics individual-1 were found in zooplankton (n = 3372), anchovies (n = 11), and mullets (n = 6), respectively. The highest concentration (27 microplastics individual-1) was observed in a single milkfish. Calculations based on microplastics per gram of prey, in a potential diet composition scenario, suggest that the Galápagos penguin may consume 2881 to 9602 microplastics daily from prey. Despite this, no microplastics or cellulose were identified in 3.40 g of guano collected from two penguins. Our study confirms microplastic exposure in the pelagic food web and endangered penguin species within the UNESCO World Heritage site Galápagos Islands, which can be used to inform regional and international policies to mitigate plastic pollution and conserve biodiversity in the global ocean. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:1442-1457. © 2024 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
Asunto(s)
Celulosa , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Cadena Alimentaria , Microplásticos , Spheniscidae , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Animales , Microplásticos/toxicidad , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad , Ecuador , Zooplancton/efectos de los fármacos , Agua de Mar/químicaRESUMEN
For decades, multiple anthropogenic stressors have threatened the Galápagos Islands. Widespread marine pollution such as oil spills, persistent organic pollutants, metals, and ocean plastic pollution has been linked to concerning changes in the ecophysiology and health of Galápagos species. Simultaneously, illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing are reshaping the composition and structure of endemic and native Galápagos pelagic communities. In this novel review, we discuss the impact of anthropogenic pollutants and their associated ecotoxicological implications for Galápagos species in the face of climate change stressors. We emphasize the importance of considering fishing pressure and marine pollution, in combination with climate-change impacts, when assessing the evolutionary fitness of species inhabiting the Galápagos. For example, the survival of endemic marine iguanas has been negatively affected by organic hydrocarbons introduced via oil spills, and endangered Galápagos sea lions exhibit detectable concentrations of DDT, triggering potential feminization effects and compromising the species' survival. During periods of ocean warming (El Niño events) when endemic species undergo nutritional stress, climate change may increase the vulnerability of these species to the impacts of pollutants, resulting in the species reaching its population tipping point. Marine plastics are emerging as a deleterious and widespread threat to endemic species. The Galápagos is treasured for its historical significance and its unparalleled living laboratory and display of evolutionary processes; however, this unique and iconic paradise will remain in jeopardy until multidisciplinary and comprehensive preventative management plans are put in place to mitigate and eliminate the effects of anthropogenic stressors facing the islands today. We present a critical analysis and synthesis of anthropogenic stressors with some progress from local and international institutional efforts and call to action more precautionary measures along with new management philosophies focused on understanding the processes of change through research to champion the conservation of the Galápagos. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023;19:870-895. © 2022 SETAC.
Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Ambientales , Caza , Cambio Climático , Ecuador , Efectos Antropogénicos , EcosistemaRESUMEN
Water and sediment quality, macrobenthos diversity and mercury levels were assessed in the Salado Estuary, Gulf of Guayaquil (Ecuador) during 2008, 2009 and 2014. Severe hypoxia, anoxia and large fluctuations of salinity occurred in an impacted sector within Guayaquil city relative to a mangrove area within the Salado Mangroves Faunal Production Reserve. Significant inter-site and temporal differences were observed for dissolved oxygen, salinity, total dissolved solids, percentage of silts and clays, and species diversity. Macrobenthos' species richness for both sectors was greater during 2008. Sediments revealed high concentrations of total mercury (THg) (1.20-2.76â¯mgâ¯kg-1 dw), exceeding Ecuador's SQG (0.1â¯mgâ¯kg-1 dw). Sediment THg were significantly lower in 2014 than 2008/09. Biota sediment sccumulation factor values for mussels (3.0 to 34), indicate high bioaccumulation potential from mercury-contaminated sediments. This work highlights the need to develop stronger environmental policies to protect the Salado Estuary from anthropogenic stressors.
Asunto(s)
Bivalvos/efectos de los fármacos , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Estuarios , Mercurio/análisis , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Calidad del Agua , Animales , Biodiversidad , Bivalvos/clasificación , Ecuador , Sedimentos Geológicos/química , Agua de Mar/químicaRESUMEN
Objetivo: Determinar las características sociodemográficas, clínicas y terapéuticas del quiste sinovial de la mano y muñeca en el Hospital I EsSalud Sullana, 2018. Metodología: Se realizó una investigación observacional, de tipo descriptiva, retrospectiva y transversal. Con una población conformada por la totalidad de pacientes con diagnóstico de quiste sinovial de la mano y muñeca del Hospital I de Sullana durante el periodo comprendido entre enero y setiebre del 2018. De un total de 49 pacientes, se excluyeron 4 por falta de datos en la historia clínica, por lo que, la muestra final estuvo constituida por 45 pacientes. Resultados: De un total de 45 pacientes, la edad media fue 41.4 ± 12.2 años, siendo 18 y 67 años la edad mínima y máxima respectivamente. El 64.4% (n = 29) de los pacientes fueron de sexo femenino. El 53.3 (n = 24) eran de procedencia rural. El 37.8% (n = 17) tenía un tiempo de enfermedad > de 1 año. El 51.1% (n = 23) tuvieron un de inicio de enfermedad brusco. El 100.0% (n = 45) presenta una tumoración en la mano o muñeca, 42.2% (n = 19) dolor y 28.9% (n = 13) pérdida de fuerza en la mano. Al 51.1% (n = 23) se les realizó exéresis total, 35.6% exéresis parcial y al13.3% punción/aspiración de la lesión. Conclusiones: Se concluye que el quiste sinovial de mano y muñeca se observa con mayor frecuencia en pacientes de 41.4 ± 12.2 años, sexo femenino y procedencia rural. La principal manifestación clínica es la presencia de una tumoración en el dorso de la mano, de aparición brusca y de más de un año de evolución. El tratamiento de mayor elección es la exéresis total de la tumoración.