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Post-harvest diseases like fruit crown rot (CR) on bananas (Musa spp.) worldwide are mainly attributed to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Berk. & Curt.) von Arx and Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griff. & Maubl (Sangeetha et al., 2012; Riera et al., 2019). In April 2019, at a banana farm (cultivar Williams) located in El Oro province (location at 79° 54' 05" W; 03° 17' 16" S), thirty hands were randomly collected from the postharvest process and further placed in a humid chamber at 20 ºC until signs of the disease progressed and became more evident (from 3 days to 20 days). Ten hands presented initial symptoms related to CR during the postharvest process, which included crown or peduncle rot with mycelial development on the crown's surface, leading to the blackening of tissues at the site of the wound left when the cluster was cut. Crown fruit fragments (~0.5 cm) from the edge of healthy tissue and diseased tissue underwent a series of disinfection steps, initially in ethanol (70%) for 1 min, followed by sodium hypochlorite (1%) for 1 min, rinsed three times with sterile distilled water, and dried on sterile filter paper for 10 min. The fragments were placed onto Potato dextrose agar (PDA) + chloramphenicol (100 mg L-1) and incubated at 25°C in darkness for five days. Five isolates with different colony morphologies were obtained. An initial screen of the pathogenicity of all isolates showed that only one isolate showed disease activity in banana crowns. This isolate, C1, showed grayish-white aerial mycelium in culture as described above and, after ten days, became black. We did a full pathogenicity test with C1 using ten individual banana fruits (cv. Williams Cavendish). Briefly, one disc (Ø of 5 mm) of the fungus with agar was placed on the acropetal part of the banana fruit (on the peel) and another piece in the crown without wounding. Inoculated fruit were in a humid chamber at 20 °C for 20 days. Uninoculated fruits constituted the control. Isolate C1 caused 100% of the fruit and crowns to rot, with symptoms similar to those initially observed from fruit collected at the postharvest process (Fig. S1d). The fungus was re-isolated from symptomatic tissue, and its identity was confirmed through morphological characteristics consistent with Lasiodiplodia sp. Matured conidia of all mono hyphal strains (Fig. S1b) appeared dark brown with a single septum, having an ovate shape, and displayed longitudinal striations along their thickened walls (Fig. S1c). The dimensions of the mature conidia ranged from 16.02 - 26.85 x 11.09 - 16.74 µm (n = 60). Morphological characteristics showed similarity to Lasiodiplodia sp. (Alves et al., 2008). Microscopic observations were further confirmed by sequencing three loci: the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), ß-tubulin, and partial translation elongation factor-1α (TEF-1α). Fungal genomic DNA from the C1 isolate was PCR amplified using ITS5/ITS4, EF1-728F/986R, and Bt2A/Bt2B primers, respectively, according to Glass & Donaldson (1995) and Bautista-Cruz et al. (2019). The resulting amplicons were sequenced, and those sequences were deposited in GenBank with the accession numbers ITS: PP532861, TEF-1α: PP551938, and ß-tubulin: PP537587. Sequence alignment was conducted using ClustalW under the MEGA 11.0 software package (Tamura et al., 2021). Subsequently, phylogenetic analysis was performed using Bayesian inference using the BEAST v1.8.4 program (Drummond & Rambaut, 2007). The concatenated sequence of the isolate revealed clustering to the Lasiodiplodia theobromae clade, confirming its identity. To our knowledge, this is the first report of this pathogen causing CR on banana fruit in Ecuador. Based on the report of CR in the country, banana exporters and the Ecuadorian government should consider developing disease management methods that include the cultivation, shipping, ripening, and storage processes of the fruit.
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Urban sustainability and sustainable mobility have become the central focus of sustainable development initiatives. The city of 15 models seeks to ensure that urban development is sustainable. This paper evaluates the current state of mobility and the use of sustainable transport in the specific context of the city of Antofagasta, which, due to its characteristics of urban expansion and its mining activity, has been considered an international reference case. In particular, we study how the current urban structure shapes the city's travel patterns and identify opportunities for public policy actions to focus their investment and urban intervention efforts on the essential aspects that make it possible to achieve 15- or 20-min territories. The results reveal the need for urban development initiatives to focus on improving the supply of goods and services in areas with low installed capacity, promoting the culture of micro-neighbourhoods, and encouraging cycling. In particular, only 10% of trips, for all purposes and all modes of transport, are completed in less than 15 min. And about 58% of trips, for all purposes and all modes, are completed in less than 30 min. In the marginal effects of the multinomial logit model, a one-unit increase in travel time increases the probability of choosing to travel by public transport by 63% and decreases the probability of walking by 41%.
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Crecimiento Sostenible , Caminata , Humanos , Ciudades , América Latina , TransportesRESUMEN
SARS-CoV-2 is a new member of the genus Betacoronavirus, responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. The virus crossed the species barrier and established in the human population taking advantage of the spike protein high affinity for the ACE receptor to infect the lower respiratory tract. The Nucleocapsid (N) and Spike (S) are highly immunogenic structural proteins and most commercial COVID-19 diagnostic assays target these proteins. In an unpredictable epidemic, it is essential to know about their genetic variability. The objective of this study was to describe the substitution frequency of the S and N proteins of SARS-CoV-2 in South America. A total of 504 amino acid and nucleotide sequences of the S and N proteins of SARS-CoV-2 from seven South American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Peru, Uruguay, and Colombia), reported as of June 3, and corresponding to samples collected between March and April 2020, were compared through substitution matrices using the Muscle algorithm. Forty-three sequences from 13 Colombian departments were obtained in this study using the Oxford Nanopore and Illumina MiSeq technologies, following the amplicon-based ARTIC network protocol. The substitutions D614G in S and R203K/G204R in N were the most frequent in South America, observed in 83% and 34% of the sequences respectively. Strikingly, genomes with the conserved position D614 were almost completely replaced by genomes with the G614 substitution between March to April 2020. A similar replacement pattern was observed with R203K/G204R although more marked in Chile, Argentina and Brazil, suggesting similar introduction history and/or control strategies of SARS-CoV-2 in these countries. It is necessary to continue with the genomic surveillance of S and N proteins during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic as this information can be useful for developing vaccines, therapeutics and diagnostic tests.
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Sustitución de Aminoácidos , COVID-19/diagnóstico , SARS-CoV-2/clasificación , Proteínas Virales/genética , Proteínas de la Nucleocápside de Coronavirus/genética , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , Humanos , Filogenia , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Análisis de Secuencia de ARN , América del Sur , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus/genéticaRESUMEN
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is a public health problem unprecedented in the recent history of humanity. Different in-house real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) methods for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis and the appearance of genomes with mutations in primer regions have been reported. Hence, whole-genome data from locally-circulating SARS-CoV-2 strains contribute to the knowledge of its global variability and the development and fine tuning of diagnostic protocols. To describe the genetic variability of Colombian SARS-CoV-2 genomes in hybridization regions of oligonucleotides of the main in-house methods for SARS-CoV-2 detection, RNA samples with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 molecular diagnosis were processed through next-generation sequencing. Primers/probes sequences from 13 target regions for SARS-CoV-2 detection suggested by 7 institutions and consolidated by WHO during the early stage of the pandemic were aligned with Muscle tool to assess the genetic variability potentially affecting their performance. Finally, the corresponding codon positions at the 3' end of each primer, the open reading frame inspection was identified for each gene/protein product. Complete SARS-CoV-2 genomes were obtained from 30 COVID-19 cases, representative of the current epidemiology in the country. Mismatches between at least one Colombian sequence and five oligonucleotides targeting the RdRP and N genes were observed. The 3' end of 4 primers aligned to the third codon position, showed high risk of nucleotide substitution and potential mismatches at this critical position. Genetic variability was detected in Colombian SARS-CoV-2 sequences in some of the primer/probe regions for in-house rRT-PCR diagnostic tests available at WHO COVID-19 technical guidelines; its impact on the performance and rates of false-negative results should be experimentally evaluated. The genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 is highly recommended for the early identification of mutations in critical regions and to issue recommendations on specific diagnostic tests to ensure the coverage of locally-circulating genetic variants.
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Betacoronavirus/genética , Infecciones por Coronavirus/epidemiología , Genoma Viral , Pandemias , Neumonía Viral/epidemiología , ARN Viral/genética , Proteínas Virales/genética , Secuencia de Bases , Betacoronavirus/patogenicidad , COVID-19 , Prueba de COVID-19 , Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , Técnicas de Laboratorio Clínico , Colombia/epidemiología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Coronavirus/patología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/virología , Variación Genética , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , Humanos , Epidemiología Molecular , Sistemas de Lectura Abierta , Neumonía Viral/diagnóstico , Neumonía Viral/patología , Neumonía Viral/virología , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa/métodos , SARS-CoV-2 , Alineación de SecuenciaRESUMEN
Resumen Objetivo. Identificar las diferencias en el procesamiento cortical de emojis en personas con alta y baja empatía afectiva. Método. El estudio se llevó a cabo con 69 participantes, distribuidos en dos grupos -baja y alta empatía afectiva-, según su puntaje en el Índice de Reactividad Interpersonal. Cada participante observó emojis con expresiones de alegría, ira y neutros. Se registraron los potenciales relacionados a eventos (PRE) P100, N170 y LPP. Resultados. Se encontró una mayor amplitud del N170 en el grupo de personas con alta empatía afectiva y, en general, mayor magnitud del LPP ante emojis de ira. Conclusión. Los resultados sugieren que los emojis son procesados corticalmente de forma similar al rostro humano y que la empatía afectiva modula la codificación del emoji, pero no la atención temprana y el enganche atencional hacia estos estímulos.
Abstract Objective. The objective of this research was to identify the differences in the cortical processing of emojis in people with high and low affective empathy. Method. The study was carried out with 69 participants divided into two groups, low and high affective empathy, according to their score in the Interpersonal Reactivity Index. Each participant observed emojis with happy, neutral and angry expressions. Events related potential (ERP) P100, N170 and LPP were recorded. Results. An amplitude greater than N170 in the high affective empathy group, and a generally greater magnitude of the LPP in response to angry emoji were found. Conclusion. The results suggest that the emojis are processed cortically in a similar way to the human face and that affective empathy modulates the coding of the emoji but not the early attention and the attentional attachment to these stimuli.
Resumo Escopo. Identificar as diferencias no processamento cortical de emojis em pessoas com alta e baixa empatia afetiva. Metodologia. O estudo foi feito com 69 participantes, distribuídos em dois grupos, baixa e alta empatia afetiva, segundo sua pontuação no Índice de Reatividade Interpessoal. Cada participante observou emojis com expressões de alegria, neutrais e ira. Foram registrados os potenciais relacionados a eventos (PREs) P100, N170 e LPP. Resultados. Foi achada uma maior amplitude do N170 em um grupo de pessoas com alta empatia afetiva e, em geral, maior magnitude do LPP frente a de emoji com ira. Conclusão. Os resultados sugerem que os emojis são processados corticalmente de forma similar ao rosto humano e que a empatia afetiva modula a codificação do emoji mas não a atenção precoce e o engajamento atencional para estes estímulos.
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Humanos , Empatía , Atención , Cara , Medios de Comunicación SocialesRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of amoxicillin/clavulanic (AMX/CLV) acid as treatment for cutaneous actinomycosis. METHODS: We present a long-term follow-up study of cutaneous actinomycosis patients. Cervicofacial (CFA) and abdominal (AA) were recruited during 6 years. Diagnoses were based on clinical and microbiological characteristics; presence of granules, isolation and identification of etiological agents were carried out in each case. Patients received AMX-CLV 875/125 mg BID PO at a maximum period of 12 weeks. RESULTS: Twenty-two cases were enrolled; the mean age was 45.2 years old. Twenty patients (91%) presented CFA and two AA (9%). All patients with CFA had dental caries, seven (35%) with periodontal disease and 10 (50%) had type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). One case of AA had history of intrauterine device and other appendicitis. Granules were observed in all the cases, the main etiological agent was Actinomyces israelii 16/22 (72.7%). Clinical and microbiological cure was achieved in 19/22 cases (86.4%), the remaining patients presented clinical improvement. The average duration of the treatment was 6.6 weeks. Side effects were recorded in 4/19 cases (18.2%), three of them presented nausea and one diarrhea. CONCLUSION: Treatment with AMX/CLV acid showed efficacy in the management of actinomycosis with cutaneous involvement.
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Actinomicosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Combinación Amoxicilina-Clavulanato de Potasio/uso terapéutico , Enfermedades Cutáneas Bacterianas/tratamiento farmacológico , Adulto , Anciano , Caries Dental/complicaciones , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Prospectivos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Diapers create particular conditions of moisture and friction, and with urine and feces come increased pH and irritating enzymes (lipases and proteases). Fungi can take advantage of all these factors. Candida yeasts, especially C. albicans, are responsible for the most frequent secondary infections and are isolated in more than 80 % of cases. Correct diagnosis is important for ensuring the correct prescription of topical antimycotics. Nystatin, imidazoles and ciclopirox are effective. It is important to realize there are resistant strains. Dermatophytes can infect the diaper area, with the most common agent being Epidermophyton floccosum. The clinical characteristics of dermatophytosis are different from those of candidiasis, and it can be diagnosed and treated simply. Malassezia yeasts can aggravate conditions affecting the diaper area, such as seborrheic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, and inverse psoriasis. Additional treatment is recommended in this case, because they usually involve complement activation and increased specific IgE levels. Erythrasma is a pseudomycosis that is indistinguishable from candidiasis and may also occur in large skin folds. It is treated with topical antibacterial products and some antimycotics.
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Dermatitis por Contacto/complicaciones , Dermatomicosis/epidemiología , Dermatomicosis/microbiología , Hongos/clasificación , Hongos/aislamiento & purificación , Antifúngicos/uso terapéutico , Dermatomicosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Dermatomicosis/patología , HumanosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Eccrine poroma is a rare, benign skin appendage tumor originating from the intraepidermal portion of the eccrine sweat duct, which typically occurs on the sides and soles of the feet. Nonetheless, eccrine poroma may be found in any skin area bearing sweat glands. OBJECTIVE: Herein we report a case of an eccrine poroma in an unusual location, the surgical management of the condition, and follow-up processes.
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Poroma/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Cutáneas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias de las Glándulas Sudoríparas/diagnóstico , Femenino , Dedos/patología , Dedos/cirugía , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Poroma/cirugía , Neoplasias Cutáneas/cirugía , Neoplasias de las Glándulas Sudoríparas/cirugíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Eccrine poroma is a rare, benign skin appendage tumor originating from the intraepidermal portion of the eccrine sweat duct, which typically occurs on the sides and soles of the feet. Nonetheless, eccrine poroma may be found in any skin area bearing sweat glands. OBJECTIVE: Herein we report a case of an eccrine poroma in an unusual location, the surgical management of the condition, and follow-up processes.
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We present a single-centre, retrospective study (1985-2012) of 22 cases of mucormycosis in children. A total of 158 mucormycosis cases were identified, of which 22 (13.96%) were children. The mean age of the children was 10.3 years (range: 6 months-18 years), and 59% of the infections occurred in males. The rhinocerebral form was the main clinical presentation (77.27%), followed by the primary cutaneous and pulmonary patterns. The major underlying predisposing factors were diabetes mellitus in 68.18% of the patients and haematologic diseases in 27.7% of the patients. The cases were diagnosed by mycological tests, with positive cultures in 95.4% of the patients. Rhizopus arrhizus was the foremost aetiologic agent in 13/22 cases (59.1%). In 21 cultures, the aetiologic agents were identified morphologically and by molecular identification. In 10 cultures, the internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal DNA was sequenced. Clinical cure and mycological cure were achieved in 27.3% cases, which were managed with amphotericin B deoxycholate and by treatment of the underlying conditions.
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Mucormicosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Adolescente , Anfotericina B/uso terapéutico , Antifúngicos/uso terapéutico , Niño , Preescolar , ADN de Hongos/genética , Ácido Desoxicólico/uso terapéutico , Combinación de Medicamentos , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , México , Mucormicosis/microbiología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Rhizopus/aislamiento & purificación , Rhizopus/patogenicidad , Análisis de Secuencia de ADNRESUMEN
Mycetoma is a chronic granulomatous disease. It is classified into eumycetoma caused by fungi and actinomycetoma due to filamentous actinomycetes. Mycetoma can be found in geographic areas in close proximity to the Tropic of Cancer. Mexico is one of the countries in which this disease is highly endemic. In this retrospective study we report epidemiologic, clinical and microbiologic data of mycetoma observed in the General Hospital of Mexico in a 33 year-period (1980 to 2013). A total of 482 cases were included which were clinical and microbiology confirmed. Four hundred and forty four cases (92.11%) were actinomycetomas and 38 cases (7.88%) were eumycetomas. Most patients were agricultural workers; there was a male predominance with a sex ratio of 3:1. The mean age was 34.5 years old (most ranged from 21 to 40 years). The main affected localization was lower and upper limbs (70.74% and 14.52% respectively). Most of the patients came from humid tropical areas (Morelos, Guerrero and Hidalgo were the regions commonly reported). The main clinical presentation was as tumor-like soft tissue swelling with draining sinuses (97.1%). Grains were observed in all the cases. The principal causative agents for actinomycetoma were: Nocardia brasiliensis (78.21%) and Actinomadura madurae (8.7%); meanwhile, for eumycetomas: Madurella mycetomatis and Scedosporium boydii (synonym: Pseudallescheria boydii) were identified. This is a single-center, with long-follow up, cross-sectional study that allows determining the prevalence and characteristics of mycetoma in different regions of Mexico.
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Micetoma/epidemiología , Adulto , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
La enseñanza virtual ha venido incursionando en forma progresiva en la educación actual, principalmente como método de formación y actualización en la población adulta después de graduada. Sus características exigen un replanteamiento de las funciones tanto de los alumnos como de los docentes. Este artículo pretende, por un lado, evaluar las similitudes y diferencias entre la enseñanza presencial y la virtual, y, por otro, mostrar algunas de las habilidades requeridas por los docentes para realizarla.
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Humanos , Formación de Concepto , Educación a Distancia/métodos , Educación a Distancia/tendencias , Educación/métodos , Educación/tendencias , Apoyo a la Formación Profesional/métodos , Apoyo a la Formación Profesional/tendencias , Interfaz Usuario-ComputadorRESUMEN
La presente investigacion se planeo y se ejecuto, partiendo de la base estadistica del problema; se ubico por experiencia personal, por observacion directa y por criterios existentes en el servicio de quemados, los diez factores comunes de riesgo, para poder hacer un analisis comparativo en el manejo del paciente. Una vez descritos estos factores comunes de riesgo