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Dustbins function as critical infrastructures for urban sanitation, creating a distinct breeding ground for microbial assemblages. However, there is no information regarding the dynamics of microbial communities and the underlying mechanism for community assembly on dustbin surfaces. Here, surface samples were collected from three sampling zones (business building, commercial street and residential community) with different types (kitchen waste, harmful waste, recyclables, and others) and materials (metallic and plastic); and distribution pattern and assembly of microbial communities were investigated by high-throughput sequencing. Bacterial and fungal communities showed the distinct community variations across sampling zones and waste sorting. Core community and biomarker species were significantly correlated with the spatial distribution of overall community. The detection of pathogens highlighted the potential risk of surface microbiome. Human skin, human feces and soil biomes were the potential source environments of the surface microbiomes. Neutral model prediction suggested that microbial community assembly was significantly driven by stochastic processes. Co-association patterns varied with sampling zones and waste types, and neutral amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) that fall within the 95 % confidence intervals of neutral model were largely involved in the stability of microbial networks. These findings improve our understanding of the distribution pattern and the underlying assembly of microbial community on the dustbin surface, thus enabling prospective prediction and assessment of urban microbiomes and their impacts on human health.

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Lakes and reservoirs are important water resources for human survival and sustainable development. The seasonal excess of manganese ions (Mn2+) in drinking water in lakes and reservoirs has become an important factor threatening human life in health and social safety in production. Firstly, a batch study of NaOH-modified biochar was carried out. The effects of pyrolysis temperature (400, 500, and 600℃) and modification conditions (unmodified, pre-alkali modified, and post-alkali modified) on the adsorption performance of biochar were investigated. The results showed that the alkali pretreatment could improve the adsorption capacity of biochar, and the maximum adsorption capacity of the modified biochar obtained by alkali pretreatment at 400℃ was 41.06 mg·g-1. Additionally, the dynamic adsorption characteristics of Mn2+in the application on the fixed bed were investigated. The results showed that the stronger the adsorption capacity of biochar in the batch experiment, the longer its breakthrough point (ct/c0=0.1) and saturation point (ct/c0=0.9) in the dynamic adsorption process. In addition, when the initial concentration of Mn2+ and the influent flow rate were increased, the breakthrough point of the fixed bed was shortened from 360 min to 160 min and 200 min, respectively, and the saturation point was shortened from 865 min to 700 min and 600 min, respectively. The Thomas model could better fit the adsorption process of the fixed bed, indicating that the removal of Mn2+ by biochar was also dominated by chemical adsorption. This outcome can provide theoretical guidance for actual operations.

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The research on the space trajectory of high-speed moving and flying objects has very important research significance and application value in the fields of sports, military, aerospace, and industry. Table tennis has the characteristics of small size, fast flight speed, and complex motion model. It is very suitable as an experimental object for the study of flying object trajectory. This study takes table tennis as the research object to carry out research on the trajectory prediction of flying objects and builds a trajectory prediction system based on the trajectory prediction model, combining the constraints of the simple physical motion model and the deviation correction of the double LSTM neural network. Aiming at the problem of trajectory extraction of flying table tennis balls, a high-speed industrial camera was used to build a table tennis trajectory extraction system based on binocular vision. A multicamera information fusion method based on dynamic weights is proposed for the prediction of the trajectory of flying table tennis. In order to solve the problems that some model parameters are difficult to measure and the model is too complicated in the traditional physical motion model of table tennis trajectory, a method combining simple physics is proposed. This paper proposes a trajectory prediction model with motion model constraints and dual LSTM neural network bias correction. Experiments show that the proposed method can greatly improve the accuracy of the trajectory extraction and prediction system and can achieve a certain success rate of hitting.

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PURPOSE: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of PI-RADS v2, proposed adjustments to PI-RADS v2 (PA PI-RADS v2) and biparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for prostate cancer detection. METHODS: A retrospective cohort of 224 patients with suspected prostate cancer was included from January 2016 to November 2018. All the patients underwent a multi-parametric MR scan before biopsy. Two radiologists independently evaluated the MR examinations using PI-RADS v2, PA PI-RADS v2, and a biparametric MRI protocol, respectively. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for the three different protocols were drawn. RESULTS: In total, 90 out of 224 cases (40.18%) were pathologically diagnosed as prostate cancer. The area under the ROC curves (AUC) for diagnosing prostate cancers by biparametric MRI, PI-RADS v2, and PA PI-RADS v2 were 0.938, 0.935, and 0.934, respectively. For cancers in the peripheral zone (PZ), the diagnostic sensitivity was 97.1% for PI-RADS v2/PA PI-RADS v2 and 96.2% for biparametric MRI. Moreover, the specificity was 84.0% for biparametric MRI and 58.0% for PI-RADS v2/PA PI-RADS v2. For cancers in the transition zone (TZ), the diagnostic sensitivity was 93.4% for PA PI-RADS v2 and 88.2% for biparametric MRI/PI-RADS v2. Furthermore, the specificity was 95.4% for biparametric MRI/PI-RADS v2 and 78.0% for PA PI-RADS v2. CONCLUSIONS: The overall diagnostic performance of the three protocols showed minimal differences. For lesions assessed as being category 3 using the biparametric MRI protocol, PI-RADS v2, or PA PI-RADS v2, it was thought prostate cancer detection could be improved. Attention should be paid to false positive results when PI-RADS v2 or PA PI-RADS v2 are used.

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To address the issue of heavy dialysis burden due to the rising prevalence of end-stage renal disease around the world, a roundtable discussion on the sustainability of managing dialysis burden around the world was held in Hong Kong during the First International Congress of Chinese Nephrologists in December 2015. The roundtable discussion was attended by experts from Hong Kong, China, Canada, England, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan and United States. Potential solutions to cope with the heavy burden on dialysis include the prevention and retardation of the progression of CKD; wider use of home-based dialysis therapy, particularly PD; promotion of kidney transplantation; and the use of renal palliative care service.

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PURPOSE: To investigate intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) MRI for evaluating the sensitivity of radiotherapy on nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). RESULTS: The reproducibility between intra-observer and inter-observer was relatively good. D (0.72×10-3 mm2/s±0.14 vs. 0.54×10-3 mm2/s±0.23; P < 0.001) and D* (157.92×10-3 mm2/s±15.21 vs. 120.36×10-3 mm2/s±10.22; P < 0.0001) were significantly higher in effective group than poor-effective group, whereas the difference of f (18.79%±2.51 vs. 16.47%±1.51) and ADC (1.21×10-3 mm2/s±0.11 vs. 1.33×10-3 mm2/s±0.23) could not reach statistical significant between the 2 groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: IVIM may be potentially useful in assessing the radiosensitivity of NPC. The higher D value combining with higher D* value might indicate the more radiosensitive of NPC, and increased D* might reflect increased blood vessel generation and parenchymal perfusion in NPC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty consecutive patients (20 female, range, 27-83 years, mean age, 52 years) newly diagnosed NPC in the stage of T3 or T4 were enrolled. Forty-two of them were divided into effective group clinically after a standard radiotherapy according to the RECIST criteria. IVIM with 13 b-values (range, 0-800 s/mm2) and general MRI were performed at 3.0T MR scanner before and after radiotherapy. The parameters of IVIM including perfusion fraction (f), perfusion-related diffusion (D*), pure molecular diffusion (D) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) were calculated. Two radiologists major in MRI diagnose analyzed all images independently and placed regions of interest (ROIs). Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to evaluate intra-observer and inter-observer agreement. And Mann-Whitney test was used to assess the differences between the two groups.

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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Abdominal cocoon (AC) is a rare abdominal disease with nonspecific clinical features, and it is difficult to be diagnosed before operation and hard to be treated in clinical practice. The aim of this study is to investigate the diagnosis and treatment of AC. METHODS: The clinical manifestations, findings during surgery, treatments, and follow-up results of 26 cases of AC were retrospectively studied from January 2001 to January 2015. RESULTS: All of 26 cases were diagnosed as AC definitely by laparotomy or laparoscopic surgery. Their clinical findings were various, with 7 intestines obstructed with bezoars and 4 intestines perforated by spiny material. Based on the existence of the second enterocoelia, all cases were categorized into 2 types: type I is absent of second enterocoelia (18 cases, 69.23%), while type II shows second enterocoelia (8 cases, 30.77%). Twenty cases (12 were type I and 8 were type II) underwent membrane excision and careful enterodialysis to release the small intestine entirely or partially, while the other 6 cases (all were type I) did not. In addition, all patients were treated with medical treatment and healthy diet and lifestyle. Finally, most of the patients recovered smoothly. CONCLUSIONS: AC can be categorized into two types; surgery is recommended for type II and part of type I with severe complications, but sometimes conservative therapy might be appropriate for type I. Laparoscopic surgery plays an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of AC. Furthermore, favorite health education, healthy diet and lifestyle are of significance in patients' recovery.

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Ecological enzyme activities are closely relevant to the carbon and nitrogen decomposition and mineralization of paddy soils, which can reflect the growth and metabolism of microorganisms. In order to clarify the response to nitrogen application by different enzymes in the rhizosphere and bulk soil of rice, the rhizosphere and bulk soil were identified using a rhizosphere bag. In addition, the ß-1,4-glucosidase (BG) enzyme; ß-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG) enzyme; and the effects of the rhizosphere, nitrogen application, and growth period on soil enzyme activities were analyzed. The results showed that the activity of the BG enzyme decreased by 7.4-13.5 nmol·(g·h)-1 in the jointing stage and increased by 7.0-31.4 nmol·(g·h)-1 in the maturity stage, and the activity of the BG enzyme in the rhizosphere and bulk soil also changed with the growth period of rice.compared with no nitrogen fertilizer, nitrogen application increased NAG enzyme activity by 1.1 times and rhizosphere soil by 0.3 times in the bulk soil in the maturity stage. Nitrogen application and growth period had significant effects on soil BG enzyme activity, whereas the interaction within rice growth stage, nitrogen application, and rhizosphere effect had significant effects on NAG enzyme activity. The result of RDA showed that the soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) contents mainly affected the activity of extracellular enzymes in the rice rhizosphere soil, whereas the activities of enzymes in the rhizosphere soil were mainly affected by microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) and NH4+-N. The relationships between soil enzyme activity and various factors are complex, and the effects of nitrogen addition on microbial community composition needs to be considered after accounting for plant physiological characteristics, soil enzyme activity, and soil characteristics.

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A suitable fractionation method of phosphorus (P) is a key to effective assessment of soil P componential features. Here a new biologically-based P (BBP) method was used to evaluate the P fractions in the upland and paddy soils across large-scale area in China. The soil P was divided into four components:① soluble or rhizosphere-intercepted (CaCl2-P), ② organic acid activated and inorganic weakly bound (Citrate-P), ③ enzyme mineralization of organic P (Enzyme-P), ④ potential activation of inorganic P (HCl-P). Then, the relationships between biologically-based P fractions and standard Olsen-P were investigated, and driving factors of P fractions were identified. The results showed that P content was in order of HCl-P>Citrate-P>Enzyme-P>CaCl2-P. All P components of upland soil displayed higher levels than those of paddy soil. Moreover, the P components were highly positively correlated with the Olsen-P, suggesting that each P component contributed to soil P availability. However, it was found that Olsen-P was most highly correlated with CaCl2-P and Enzyme-P (R2=0.359; R2=0.386) in upland soil, while Olsen-P was most highly with Citrate-P (R2=0.788) in paddy soil. This result indicated that available P of upland soil was mainly from organic P mineralization and soluble P, and available P in paddy soil was mainly from inorganic P activation. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that the P components were mainly affected by soil pH and silt content, which suggested that it could enhance the P availability via regulating soil pH in the agricultural activities.

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The soil respiration, nitrification and denitrification processes play an important role on soil nitrogen transformation and diffuse nitrogen loading. These processes are also the chains for soil circle. In this study, the Zhegao watershed located north of Chaohu Lake was selected to explore the interactions of these processes with diffuse nitrogen pollution. The BaPS (Barometric Process Separation) was applied to analyze the soil respiration, nitrification and denitrification processes in farmland and forest. The SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) simulated the temporal and spatial pattern of diffuse nitrogen loading. As the expanding of farmland and higher level of fertilization, the yearly mean loading of diffuse nitrogen increased sustainably from 1980-1995 to 1996-2012. The monthly loading in 1996-2012 was also higher than that in the period of 1980-1995, which closely related to the precipitation. The statistical analysis indicated that there was a significant difference between two periods. The yearly averaged loading of the whole watershed in 1996-2012 was 10.40 kg x hm(-2), which was 8.10 kg x hm(-2) in 1980-1995. The variance analysis demonstrated that there was also a big difference between the spatial distributions of two periods. The forest soil had much higher soil respiration than the farmland soil. But the farmland had higher nitrification and denitrification rates. The more intensive nitrogen transformation in the farmland contributed to the less diffuse nitrogen loading. As the nitrification rate of farmland was higher than denitrification rate, agricultural diffuse nitrate nitrogen loading would increase and organic nitrogen loading would reduce. The analysis of soil respiration, nitrification and denitrification is helpful for the study of soil nitrogen circle form the aspect of soil biology, which also benefits the control of agricultural diffuse nitrogen pollution.

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Protein expression in colon and rectal cancer (CRC) and paired normal tissues was examined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) to identify differentially expressed proteins. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five fresh colorectal cancer and paired adjacent normal tissues were obtained and differentially expressed protein spots were determined using PDQuest software, with identification on the basis of MALDI- TOF mass spectra. RESULTS: Compared with normal colorectal mucosa, protein abnormal expression of 65 spots varying more than 1.5 times were found in 2-DE gels from colorectal cancer samples (P<0.05); forty-two proteins were up-regulated and 23 were down-regulated; twelve protein spots were identified using mass spectrometry, of which 8 were up-regulated, including HSPB1 and Annexin A4, while 4 were down-regulated, the results being consistent with Western blot findings. CONCLUSIONS: Two-dimensional electrophoresis reference maps for CRC tissues and adjacent normal mucosa (NMC) were established and 12 differentially expressed proteins were identified. Up-regulated HSPB1 and Annexin A4 may play many important roles in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer.

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The aim of this study was to screen for polypeptides binding specifically to LoVo human colorectal cancer cells using a phage-displayed peptide library as a targeting vector for colorectal cancer therapy. Human normal colorectal mucous epithelial cells were applied as absorber cells for subtraction biopanning with a c7c phage display peptide library. Positive phage clones were identified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence detection; amino acid sequences were deduced by DNA sequencing. After 3 rounds of screening, 5 of 20 phage clones screened positive, showing specific binding to LoVo cells and a conserved RPM motif. Specific peptides against colorectal cancer cells could be obtained from a phage display peptide library and may be used as potential vectors for targeting therapy for colorectal cancer.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the preoperative diagnosis value of 64-slice spiral CT three dimensional angiography (3D CTA) for the vascular invasion in gastric cancer. METHODS: CT images of 40 patients diagnosed as gastric cancer by endoscope,who proceeded to surgical exploration from August 2006 to December 2007,were collected. These images were rebuilt by 3D CTA to judge vascular invasion by gastric cancer in comparison with the surgical finding as standard reference. RESULTS: Successful 3D CTA reconstructions were performed for all these 40 patient images. Out of 40 cases, 14 cases presented vascular invasion in the 3D CTA, and 12 of 14 cases were proved to have vascular invasion in the surgery. For assessing vascular invasion with CTA, the sensitivity was 98.1% and the specificity was 96.4% respectively (Chi Square chi(2)=0.0099,P>0.05). There was no significant differences regarding vascular invasion in gastric cancer between preoperative 3D CTA assessment and surgical finding. CONCLUSION: Sixty-four-slice spiral CT 3D angiography is effective in assessing vascular invasion in gastric cancer and is also valuable in clinical application.

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The characteristics of purinoceptors in the membrane of rat trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons were studied by using whole- cell patch clamp technique. The results showed that most of neurons examined (78.9%, 142/180) were responsive to ATP in a concentration-dependent manner; the others (21.1%, 38/180) were ATP insensitive. Of the ATP-sensitive cells, the majority (95.1%, 135/142) responded to ATP with an inward current, a few (2.1%, 3/142) with an outward current, and the rest (2.8%, 4/142) with biphasic current. Small sized cells (<30 mum) responded to ATP with a rapid desensitizing inward current and were highly sensitive to vanilloid; the medium sized cells (30~40 mum) responded to ATP with slow desensitizing inward current and were not sensitive to vanilloid; while the majority of large sized cells (>40 mum) did not respond to ATP and vanilloid. The waveform of ATP-activated inward currents was related to the cell diameter. The I-V curves for both small and medium sized cells manifested obvious inward rectification. Furthermore, we studied the kinetic features of ATP-activated currents and the effects of P2 purinoceptor agonists and antagonists on I(ATP). The findings suggest that ATP receptor-ion channels are expressed differently among different types of rat TG neurons.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact on sexual function, local recurrence and survival after total mesorectal excision (TME) with autonomic nerve preservation (PANP) of rectal cancer. METHODS: One hundred and five patients after TME with PANP were followed by means of questionnaire on postoperative genital function [TME + PANP(+) group], and the results of 110 patients after TME without PANP [TME + PANP(-) group] were compared with, also their local recurrence and 5-year survival were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: TME + PANP(+) group was compared to TME + PANP(-) group: the erection dysfunction, 33.3% vs 63.2%; the ejaculation dysfunction, 43.8% vs 70.0% (P < 0.01), there were significant differences between two groups, but no difference in local recurrent rate and 5-year survival rate (7.6% vs 5.5%; 63.4% vs 59.7%, P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The TME with PANP of rectal surgery ensure the radical cure of rectal cancer, at the same time reasonably save the postoperative sexual function and obtain satisfactory postoperative survival.

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<p><b>AIM</b>To explore the modulation of 5-HT on GABA-activated current (I(GABA)) in the membrane of rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and its mechanism.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Rat DRG neurons were isolated mechanically and enzymatically, on which whole-cell patch clamp recording and repatch technique for intracellular dialysis were performed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In the majority of neurons examined (92.0%, 69/75) GABA induced a concentration-dependent inward current. In neurons sensitive to GABA preapplication of 5-HT produced potentiation effect (82.6% , 57/69) on I(GABA). Preapplication of 5-HT at concentrations of 1 x 10(-6), 1 x 10(-5), 1 x 10(-4) and 1 x 10(-3) mol x L(-1) potentiated I(GABA) by (35 +/- 8)% (n=8), (47 +/- 11)% (n=10), (65 +/- 17)% (n=9) and (75 +/- 18)% (n=11), respectively. This effect was mimicked by alpha-methyl-5-HT (1 x 10(-6) mol x L(-1)), a specific 5-HT2 receptor agonist, and reversed by cyproheptadine, a selective 5-HT2 receptor antagonist. The potentiation of I(GABA) by 5-HT was irrespective to whether the I(5-HT) presents or not in a subset of neurons. The concentration-response curves for GABA before and after pretreatment with 5-HT manifested the same threshold value and similar EC50 (2.0 x 10(-5) and 1.9 x 10(-5) mol x L(-1), respectively) , while the maximal value of I(GABA) for the latter was 33.6% higher than that for the former. Intracellular dialysis with GDP-beta-S or H-7 abolished the potentiation of I(GABA) by 5-HT, while H-9 did not.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>5-HT can potentiate GABA-activated current via PKC-dependent phosphorylation of GABA(A) receptor following the activation of 5-HT2 receptor.</p>

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