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Historically, the US immigration system (ie, institutions, agencies, and laws) has served the goals and principles of white supremacy through its treatment of globally displaced people and this appears to have continued through the COVID pandemic. Yet, the implications for immigrant health are not routinely addressed in mainstream public health discourse, and especially so in regard to public health disasters. This study conducted a series of focus groups with participants from social justice organizations working with immigrants, migrants, undocumented persons, refugees, persons seeking asylum, and persons detained in immigration jails to collect stories on how the immigration system undermined efforts to control the spread of COVID-19 and exacerbated health inequity within immigrant jails and across related community contexts during the pandemic. Focus groups were conducted to explore issues related to immigrants and immigration detention during the COVID-19 pandemic. There was a total of N=14 participants across the 4 focus groups with a dedicated focus group on perspectives of Black immigrants/from Black immigrant organizations only. Each focus group consisted of 3 to 4 participants. Five key themes emerged: 1) dehumanization of immigrants and migrants and devaluation of their lives; 2) inhumane conditions of confinement that propagate risk of disease; 3) denial of resources for COVID-19 prevention and mitigation; 4) expansion of intersecting oppressive systems; and 5) community-based resistance and mobilization against immigration policies and enforcement. Our findings highlight the harms from policing, criminalization, and exclusion that racialized communities face as a result of the (in)actions within the immigration system during a public health disaster including the COVID context.

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Background: Although surveillance systems used to mitigate disasters serve essential public health functions, communities of color have experienced disproportionate harms (eg, criminalization) as a result of historic and enhanced surveillance. Methods: To address this, we developed and piloted a novel, equity-based scoring system to evaluate surveillance systems regarding their potential and actual risk of adverse effects on communities made vulnerable through increased exposure to policing, detention/incarceration, deportation, and disruption of access to social services or public resources. To develop the scoring system, we reviewed the literature and surveyed an expert panel on surveillance to identify specific harms (eg, increased policing) that occur through surveillance approaches. Results: Scores were based on type of information collected (individual and/or neighborhood level) and evidence of sharing information with law enforcement. Scores were 0 (no risk of harm identified), 1 (potential for risk), 2 (evidence of risk), and U (data not publicly accessible). To pilot the scoring system, 44 surveillance systems were identified between June 2020 and October 2020 through an environmental scan of systems directly related to COVID-19 (n=21), behavioral and health-related services (n=11), and racism and racism-related factors (n=12). A score of 0-2 was assigned to 91% (n=40) of the systems; 9% were scored U; 30% (n=13) scored a 0. Half scored a 1 (n=22), indicating a "potential for the types of harm of concern in this analysis." "Evidence of harm," a score of 2, was found for 12% (n=5). Conclusions: The potential for surveillance systems to compromise the health and well-being of racialized and/or vulnerable populations has been understudied. This project developed and piloted a scoring system to accomplish this equity-based imperative. The nobler pursuits of public health to improve the health for all must be reconciled with these potential harms.

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The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated existing health inequities, further exposing the challenges in meeting the sexual and reproductive health (SRH) needs, particularly for Black, Indigenous and People of Color (BIPOC). We interviewed 11 key informants through three focus groups to explore barriers and pathways to SRH care for BIPOC during COVID-19 in the United States. Reimagining reproductive health practices requires holistic practices and multisector pathways, a comprehensive reproductive justice approach. This includes interventions across the sexual and reproductive health continuum. Using a deductive-dominant approach grounded in reproductive justice values, we explore themes around SRH during COVID-19. Five themes for advancing reproductive justice were identified: "supremacy of birth"; police violence as a determinant of SR mental health; addressing quality of care outside of hospital settings; digital redlining; and centering joy, liberation, and humanity.

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Background: Racism persists, underscoring the need to rapidly document the perspectives and experiences of Black, Indigenous and People of Color (BIPOC) groups as well as marginalized populations (eg, formerly incarcerated people) during pandemics. Objective: This methods paper offers a model for using Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCRP) and related critical methodologies (ie, feminist and decolonizing methods) to inform the conceptualization, methods, and dissemination of qualitative research undertaken in response to the evolving COVID-19 pandemic. Sample: Using purposive snowball sampling, we identified organizations involved with health equity and social justice advocacy among BIPOC and socially marginalized populations. Focus group participants (N=63) included community members, organizers, activists, and health workers. Design: We conducted topic-specific (eg, reproductive justice) and population-specific (eg, Asian and Pacific Islander) focus groups (N=16 focus groups) in rapid succession using Zoom software. Methods: A self-reflexive, iterative praxis guided theorization, data collection and analysis. We obtained community input on study design, the semi-structured discussion guide, ethical considerations and dissemination. Applying PHCRP, we assessed our assumptions iteratively. We transcribed each interview verbatim, de-identified the data, then used two distinct qualitative techniques to code and analyze them: thematic analysis to identify unifying concepts that recur across focus groups and narrative analysis to keep each participant's story intact. Results: The praxis facilitated relationship-building with partners and supported the iterative assessment of assumptions. Logistical constraints included difficulty ensuring the confidentiality of virtual discussions. Conclusions: These novel approaches provide an effective model for community-engaged qualitative research during a pandemic.

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BACKGROUND: HIV infections disproportionately impact Latino gay and bisexual men (GBM) in the United States. Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) is a proven prevention strategy that can help reduce new HIV infections in this population. Unfortunately, PrEP adoption and persistence among Latino GBM remain low. The added benefits of using PrEP experienced by Latino GBM can provide important insights to inform the development of PrEP messaging to motivate this population to explore and consider PrEP as an appropriate and acceptable HIV prevention tool. METHODS: We conducted in-depth interviews with Latino GBM PrEP users to explore positive feelings and emotions, and additional benefits gained from using PrEP. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: A total of 29 Latino GBM completed the study interview. The average age of participants was 30 years, and the mean length of time using PrEP was 17.1 months. Five themes were constructed from the data representing the additional benefits gained by Latino GBM PrEP users, and included: (1) reduced fear, anxiety, and stress about HIV, HIV testing, and sex; (2) feeling empowered and in control of their HIV risk; (3) greater awareness of sexual risk behaviors and sexual health; (4) greater sexual exploration and pleasure, and comfort having condomless sex; and (5) a greater connection to community and a feeling of contributing to the elimination of HIV. CONCLUSIONS: The added benefits identified in this study represent a range of social, emotional, and psychological benefits that Latino GBM experience while using PrEP. They speak to the complementary benefits that PrEP can bring to Latino GBM who decide to use the medication, that go beyond HIV prevention. These findings can inform the development of future PrEP messaging to help improve motivation for PrEP uptake and persistent use among Latino GBM.

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The purpose of this qualitative study was to identify barriers and motivators to PrEP uptake from the perspective of Black and Latina transgender women (TW) who are currently using PrEP to suggest intervention and outreach activities to increase PrEP uptake in this population. The Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills Model guided the development of the semi-structured interview guide. A thematic analysis approach was used to analyze the data. Perceived barriers to PrEP uptake included structural and logistic barriers, language and cultural barriers to medical engagement, lack of transgender competent or gender-affirming care, and prioritizing hormone therapy over the use of PrEP. To increase PrEP uptake among BLTW, participants recommended disseminating PrEP information through a variety of methods, highlighting relationship and sexual health benefits of using PrEP, and developing effective patient-provider communication. Our findings highlight several ways to promote PrEP among BLTW. PrEP promotion should be integrated into gender-affirming care and supported by peer education and navigation services that reach BLTW in both clinic and community settings.

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PURPOSE: Disparities persist in HIV infection among Black and Latino men who have sex with men (BLMSM) and Black and Latina transgender women (BLTW). Increasing uptake and subsequent consistent use of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), an effective biomedical strategy for preventing HIV acquisition, can dramatically reduce HIV incidence in these populations. The purpose of this study was to explore reasons for PrEP discontinuation among BLMSM and BLTW living in Los Angeles County to inform the development of support services for these populations to remain persistent with their PrEP regimen. METHODS: In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 BLMSM and 7 BLTW who reported either temporary or indefinite PrEP discontinuation. A thematic analysis approach was used to analyze qualitative data. RESULTS: Four themes emerged related to reasons for PrEP discontinuation, including: (1) lower perceived HIV risk related to changes in sexual behavior; (2) structural or logistical barriers (e.g., lapse or loss of health insurance, cost, difficulty navigating complex medical systems); (3) anticipated and experienced medication side effects, with a sub-theme of interactions between PrEP and feminizing hormone medications; and (4) challenges with medication adherence. CONCLUSIONS: PrEP is an important prevention tool for BLMSM and BLTW, particularly during periods of heightened HIV risk. However, both individual (e.g., inability to adhere to medication, changes in HIV sexual risk behaviors) and structural/logistical (e.g., loss of insurance, navigating complex medical systems) factors can cause temporary or indefinite PrEP discontinuation. Additional support services, beyond those offered by medical providers, are needed to help BLMSM and BLTW PrEP users overcome barriers to discontinuation and assist them to remain persistent with their PrEP regimen. We describe potential options for support services such as PrEP case management, expanded PrEP navigation services, or text messaging services.

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Health care providers have an important role to play in expanding PrEP uptake to populations disproportionately burdened by HIV. In this study, in-depth, semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with 20 PrEP providers in Los Angeles, California to explore their experiences and perspectives prescribing PrEP. Overall, the findings indicate that providers generally adhered to US CDC clinical guidelines in determining PrEP eligibility. However, they also identified special considerations with respect to adults with "low" or "no" HIV risk. Three themes were developed from the data related to the delivery of PrEP to such individuals: 1) patients may not disclose sexual behaviours; 2) patient autonomy and agency; and 3) the importance of PrEP in gay male monogamous relationships. Two additional themes were identified related to prescribing PrEP to young people under the age of consent: 4) the need for more PrEP and sexual health education with youth and 5) challenges in providing PrEP to youth without parental consent. Findings highlight the importance of providing PrEP to patients who could potentially benefit from adoption, whether or not they present with clear behavioural indicators for PrEP. Providers should also consider the potential barriers to delivering PrEP to youth to ensure successful adoption among members of this population.

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Youth and young adults living with HIV (YYALH) are less likely to be engaged in HIV care, adhere to their medications, and achieve viral suppression compared to older adult populations. In the United States, the majority of YYALH belong to racial/ethnic, sexual, and gender minority groups. HIV care interventions are needed that specifically target YYALH and that exploit the use of social media and mobile technology (SMMT) platforms, where youth and young adults have a ubiquitous presence. We conducted a qualitative evaluation of SMMT interventions included in a Health Resources and Services Administration Special Projects of National Significance initiative designed to improve medical care engagement, retention, and medication adherence to achieve viral suppression among YYALH. However, in this study, only young adults living with HIV (YALH) ages 18 to 34 years participated. A total of 48 YALH were interviewed. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis and revealed three main themes supporting the usefulness of the SMMT interventions, which included (1) acceptability of SMMT interventions in managing HIV care with subthemes of medical information accessibility, reminders, and self-efficacy; (2) feelings of support and personal connection afforded by SMMT interventions; and (3) SMMT interventions help to alleviate negative feelings about status and mitigate HIV-related stigma. A few participants identified problems with using their respective intervention, primarily related to the functionality of the technologies. Overall, findings from our qualitative evaluation suggest that SMMT-based interventions have the potential to increase engagement and retention in care, support YALH in adhering to medication, and help them adjust to their diagnosis.

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In April 2019, nine older women (age 50+) living with HIV in Palm Springs, California, participated in a 90-minute focus group to identify their major health issues, strengths, and HIV and aging-related health priorities. Using the rigorous and accelerated data reduction (RADaR) technique, we identified four major themes: (1) mental health, (2) HIV comorbidities, (3) social determinants of health, and (4) resiliencies. These results reinforce the need to conduct additional research focused on women aging with HIV, an understudied population that requires more effective, tailored interventions to promote better quality of life and healthy aging.

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Black men who have sex with men (BMSM) are disproportionately affected by HIV infection in the USA. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a proven efficacious biomedical prevention strategy with the potential to alter significantly the course of the epidemic in this population. However, the social stigma attached to PrEP and those who use it may act as a barrier to the uptake and continuation of PrEP among high-risk BMSM. In-depth, semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with 26 BMSM PrEP users to explore their experiences of stigma related to their PrEP use. BMSM reported multiple experiences or manifestations of PrEP-related stigma, which included (1) perception that PrEP users engage in elevated sexual risk behaviors; (2) conflicts in relationships attributed to PrEP; (3) experiences of discomfort or judgment from medical providers; (4) assumption that PrEP users are HIV-positive; and (5) gay stigma in families limiting PrEP disclosure. The experiences of stigma typically occur within the context of PrEP disclosure and have significant personal and social consequences for PrEP users. Efforts to address PrEP and other social-stigmas within the Black community may help facilitate PrEP uptake and continuation with BMSM.

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Schim van der Loeff et al. weigh the pros and cons of offering HPV vaccines to female sex workers (FSWs). This is a pressing question in areas where the vaccine is not routinely available to all and vaccine resources are limited. In many countries, current FSWs would have missed the opportunity for vaccination as part of nationwide campaigns to reach school-age girls. Offering the HPV vaccine at the time of sex worker registration may protect them from acquiring high risk HPV types from future clients. A critical mistake in academic writing is excluding the population of interest from contributing to discussions about their health. Without the perspective of FSWs as authors, we are not engaging in good participatory practices.

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Purpose: In the United States, HIV disproportionally affects Black and Latina transgender women (BLTW). Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a proven biomedical method for preventing HIV acquisition. However, the social stigma attached to using PrEP may deter uptake and persistence of PrEP among BLTW, two highly vulnerable populations. The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of PrEP stigma among BLTW who are using PrEP in Los Angeles County. Methods: In-depth, semistructured interviews were conducted with BLTW PrEP users (N=19) to explore experiences of anticipated, enacted, and internalized PrEP stigma within the context of their unique social and contextual factors. A thematic analysis approach was used in the analysis of qualitative data. Results: We noted an underlying theme of HIV stigma related to participants' identification as trans women that served as the social context for other experiences. In addition, our data revealed five themes related to the experience of using PrEP. Three themes were specifically related to PrEP stigma and included: (1) Perception that BLTW PrEP users are HIV-positive; (2) perception that BLTW PrEP users engage in elevated sexual risk behaviors; and (3) negative labels ascribed to BLTW PrEP users. A fourth theme identified was the positive experiences of social support after PrEP disclosure reported by BLTW. Our fifth theme identified involved the dissemination of PrEP information by BLTW to friends/peers and sex partners. Conclusion: BLTW experience PrEP stigma within the context of PrEP disclosure. This experience is underscored by existing experiences of HIV stigma connected to their identity as trans women. PrEP providers should prepare BLTW to use selective disclosure practices when revealing their PrEP use to help minimize experiences of PrEP stigma or potential physical harm. PrEP implementation programs should also support peer-to-peer PrEP education programs for transgender women to promote positive views of PrEP and help facilitate PrEP uptake in this population.

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Palm Springs, CA, is a retirement community with the highest prevalence of gay men living with HIV older than 50 years in the United States. Through a community-academic partnership, we explored the major health issues, resiliencies, and priority research topics related to HIV and aging. We conducted five community facilitated focus groups with different stakeholders, including two focus groups with older adults living with HIV, one with their caregivers, one with HIV-focused community-based organizations, and a joint focus group with researchers and HIV care providers. Using the rigorous and accelerated data reduction technique, five major themes emerged, which included long-term side effects of medication, social determinants of health, mental health, resiliencies, and involving community in research. These data are important for developing effective interventions, conducting useful and impactful research, and providing health care providers with the tools and knowledge to provide optimal care.

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BACKGROUND: Oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is effective for HIV prevention, and PrEP delivery studies are investigating ways to deliver PrEP with high adherence. However, in many settings with high HIV burden, intimate partner violence (IPV) is reported often and could be a barrier to the effective PrEP use. We examined the association between IPV and interruptions in PrEP use. METHODS: We analyzed data from 1013 serodiscordant heterosexual couples enrolled in a large PrEP demonstration project in Kenya and Uganda, the Partners Demonstration Project. At quarterly study visits, HIV-negative participants receiving PrEP were asked about interruptions in their PrEP use and experiences with IPV. The association between IPV and PrEP interruptions was analyzed using multivariable generalized estimating equations. RESULTS: At baseline and follow-up, there were 53 visits with reports of abuse by 49 HIV-negative partners, including physical, economic, and verbal IPV. Interruptions in PrEP use were reported at 328 visits (7.1% of all visits) by 249 people. The median length of PrEP interruption was 28 days (interquartile range: 7-45). The frequency of PrEP interruptions among those reporting IPV was 23.8% and those without IPV was 6.9%. PrEP interruption was significantly associated with IPV after adjustment for age and frequency of sexual intercourse (adjusted odds ratio = 2.6, 95% confidence interval: 1.2 to 6.0). CONCLUSIONS: IPV was more likely to be reported at visits when PrEP interruptions were also reported, which may have implications for sustained adherence to PrEP. Within PrEP delivery programs, there may be opportunities to assess individual safety and well-being to bolster adherence.

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It is early Saturday morning: a day for heroes. Bogged down with various costumes, capes and action figures, young Nikoli bounds downstairs to catch reruns of Teen Titans He puts his newly acquired reading skills to work, studying comic books and recreating the adventures therein. Nikoli imagines himself as the hero in his comics, defeating villains and saving victims, imitating the poses and catchphrases in the mirror. Although children like Nikoli will never gain super strength or the ability to fly, the superheroes they emulate in play are examples of people they can aspire to be. They don't even have to be fictional heroes-if we widen the scope of children's superheroes to include those that address real-life issues, or even real-life heroes who have made breakthroughs in fields such as public health, the impact could be tremendous. Imagine a world where Superman is mentioned in the same breath as Ignaz Semmelweis, the man who revolutionized sanitation in health care by demonstrating that hand washing prevents the spread of infection. Children who idolize the champions of health care could someday grow up to be heroes themselves, fighting epidemics and saving lives through education, treatment and research. Their wildest fantasies could become a reality.

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While brothel-based sex work is regulated by the Peruvian government, there is little data on STI risk factors reported by female sex workers (FSW). This study compared high risk behaviors among 120 Peruvian FSW from government regulated brothels with both clients and non-commercial partners. Our study found that 12% of FSW reported unprotected vaginal sex with clients (compared to 75% with non-commercial partners), and 42% reported unprotected anal sex with clients (compared to 87% with non-commercial partners). Group differences were observed in the expectation to have oral sex (32% for partners vs 60% for clients; p<0.01), and a history of anal sex (65% for partners vs 32% for clients; p<0.01) and both vaginal and anal sex with the same partners (46% for partners vs 25% for clients; p<0.001). These findings suggest that FSW constitute an important bridge population for STI/HIV transmission in Peru.

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Two hundred female sex workers (FSWs) in Lima, Peru were randomized to receive HPV4 vaccine in the standard (0, 2, 6 months) or a modified schedule (0, 3, 6 months). One hundred and eighty four (92%) participants completed 3 doses of vaccine. Baseline seropositive rates were 58% for HPV6, 22.5% for HPV11, 41.5% for HPV16, and 13% for HPV18. The final geometric mean antibody titer (GMT) following vaccination was significantly greater for women who were seropositive at baseline compared to seronegative women: HPV6 (GMT ratio=2.3, p<0.01), HPV11 (GMT ratio=2.7, p<0.01), HPV16 (GMT ratio=1.3, p=0.04), and HPV18 (GMT ratio=2.4, p<0.01). Antibody titers in the modified schedule were not inferior to those in the standard schedule, suggesting the modified schedule may be paired with required STD visits. Although all women benefit from vaccination, administration at a younger age and before sexual debut is needed to achieve maximum protection from vaccine.

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