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Introducción: La vigilancia epidemiológica de la morbilidad y la mortalidad relacionadas a los desastres, es fundamental para organizar y gestionar los recursos, equipos y personal necesarios para responder efectivamente a las situaciones de emergencia. Se describe la implementación del sistema de vigilancia intensificada en poblaciones desplazadas por inundaciones en Paraguay, período 2015/2016. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte trasversal, entre el 28/12/2015 y 12/07/2016, en todo el territorio nacional. Como fuentes de datos se utilizaron la planilla de notificación diaria de enfermedades, el consolidado de situación de albergues. Se diseñó un sistema de carga de datos por la web. Para el análisis de datos se utilizó el programa informático Epi Info 7.1.5, con medidas estadísticas de tendencia central como medias, medianas, proporciones. Resultados: Se registraron 68.699 personas afectadas. De las cuales, 32,4% eran menores de 5 años. Un 48,0 % se alojaron en refugios formales y 36,7% en campamentos informales, en ambos se identificó déficit de condiciones sanitarias básicas. Se registraron 23.877 consultas. Las enfermedades más frecuentes: Infección respiratoria aguda no neumonía (33%), hipertensión arterial (19%), enfermedad tipo influenza (14%), lesiones de la piel (6%) y diarreas (6%). Un 3% correspondió al síndrome febril agudo, dos casos confirmados de leptospirosis. No se registraron brotes de enfermedades infecciosas. Conclusión: La aplicación de la vigilancia intensificada durante el evento de inundación permitió la identificación de grupos de riesgo y sus problemas de salud más frecuentes. Esto fue fundamental en la orientación de los esfuerzos de prevención y control durante del desastre. Palabras claves: Desastres naturales, inundaciones, vigilancia en salud pública, epidemiología, Paraguay.

Introduction: The importance of epidemiological surveillance of morbidity and mortality related to disasters is that it is essential to organize and manage resources, equipment and personnel necessary to respond effectively to emergencies. The implementation of an intensified surveillance system in populations displaced by flooding in the affected regions of Paraguay during the 2015/2016 period is described. Materials and methods: Descriptive study of cross section, between 12/28/2015 and 7/12/2016, throughout the national territory. As data sources, the planning of the daily notifications of diseases is used, the consolidation of the situation of the shelters. A web data loading system was designed. For the analysis of the data, it is the Epi Info 7.1.5 computer program, with measures of central tendency such as means, medians, and proportions. Results: 68,699 affected people were registered. Of which, 32.4% were under 5 years old; 48.0% were housed in formal shelters and 36.7% in informal camps, both of which identified a deficit of basic sanitary conditions. There were 23,877 queries. The most frequent diseases: Acute respiratory infection, pneumonia (33%), hypertension (19%), influenza-like illness (14%), skin lesions (6%) and diarrhea (6%). 3% corresponded to the acute febrile syndrome, two confirmed cases of leptospirosis. There were no outbreaks of infectious diseases. Conclusion: The implementation of intensified surveillance during the flooding event allowed a better understanding of the general situation of the displaced population, as well as the identification of risk groups and their most frequent health problems. This was instrumental in guiding the prevention and control efforts during the disaster. Keywords: Natural disasters, floods, public health surveillance, epidemiology, Paraguay.

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Resumen: Se desarrolló un sistema basado en árboles de decisión con factores de peso heurísticos orientados al diagnóstico mediante termografía mamaria. El sistema de apoyo a la toma de decisiones clínicas propuesto incluye árboles de decisión binarios para la clasificación estadística de algunas patologías de la glándula mamaria. Dentro de ellos, se incluyen factores de peso constantes encontrados a través de la correlación de las variables involucradas en el desarrollo de los padecimientos mamarios de acuerdo al apego estadístico de las características termográficas, así como de la información clínica complementaria (historial clínico, parámetros físicos, carga genética y hábitos, entre otros), con respecto a su incidencia diagnóstica. La certeza del sistema para los trastornos inflamatorios es de 96 %, para mastopatía fibroquística de 78 %, para necrosis grasa de 62 % y para cáncer de seno de 86 %. El 14 % de error se asocia a microcalcificaciones mismas que con la técnica termográfica reportada no es posible diferenciar. Por lo tanto, es posible catalogar el riesgo de una paciente a padecer alguna afección según los resultados arrojados después de llevar a cabo el examen térmico. Con este sistema de apoyo a la decisión se mejora la posibilidad de aplicación de pruebas de detección temprana en la población que sufre de contraindicaciones para realizarse los exámenes con otros métodos, además permite un diagnóstico integral para las demás pacientes.

Abstract: A decision tree based system with heuristic weight factors oriented to diagnosis by thermography was developed. The proposed clinical decision support system (CDSS) includes binary decision trees for statistical classification of some diseases of the mammary gland. These include weight constant factors found by the correlation of the variables involved in the development of breast disorders according to the statistical attachment of the thermal features, as well as complementary clinical information (medical history, physical parameters, genetic load and habits, among others), regarding its diagnostic incidence. The certainty of the system for inflammatory disorders is 96%, for fibrocystic mastopathy is 78 %, for fat necrosis is 62% and for breast cancer is 86%. The 14% error is associated to microcalcifications that with the reported thermographic technique it is not possible to differentiate. Thus, it is possible to catalog the risk of a patient having a condition according to the results obtained after conducting a thermal test. Then, with the CDSS the possibility of applying early detection tests in the population suffering from contraindications to perform the others is improved, in addition it allows a comprehensive diagnosis for other patients.

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Tropidacris collaris (Orthoptera: Romaleidae) is a large and voracious grasshopper, which, in recent years, has become a recurrent pest in increasingly extensive areas of Argentina's northern provinces. In the present work chitinase activity was measured in 59 entomopathogenic fungal isolates native to Argentina, and the relationship between enzymatic activity and fungal virulence was assessed. Isolate LPSC 1067 caused the highest mortality on T. collaris nymphs (97.7 ± 1.22%). Nine isolates caused no mortality, while the remaining 49 caused mortalities ranging from 6.6 ± 0.3% (LPSC 770) to 91.06 ± 1.51% (LPSC 906). Several isolates revealed chitinolytic capabilities on test plates, although the activities differed with respect to the ratio of the chitin-decay-halo and fungal-colony diameters. A principal component analysis indicated that isolate LPSC 1067, obtained from a long-horned grasshopper (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae), would be a potential candidate for T. collaris biocontrol because the strain exhibited the highest mortality, a shorter median lethal time, and a high enzymatic activity and growth rate.

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Fusarium verticillioides (Saccardo) Nirenberg (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) is the most common fungus reported on infected corn kernels and vegetative tissues, but has not yet been documented as being entomopathogenic for grasshoppers. Grasshoppers and locusts represent a large group of insects that cause economic damage to forage and crops. Tropidacris collaris (Stoll) (Orthoptera: Acridoidea: Romaleidae) is a large and voracious grasshopper that in recent years has become an increasingly recurrent and widespread pest in progressively more greatly extended areas of some of in Argentina's northern provinces, with chemical insecticides being currently the only means of control. During February and March of 2008-09, nymphs and adults of T. collaris were collected with sweep nets in dense woodland vegetation at a site near Tres Estacas in western Chaco Province, Argentina, and kept in screened cages. F. verticillioides was isolated from insects that died within 10 days and was cultured in PGA medium. Pathogenicity tests were conducted and positive results recorded. Using traditional and molecular-biological methods, an isolate of F. verticillioides was obtained from T. collaris, and its pathogenecity in the laboratory was shown against another harmful grasshopper, Ronderosia bergi (Stål) (Acridoidea: Acrididae: Melanoplinae). The mortality caused by F. verticillioides on R. bergi reached 58 ± 6.53% by 10 days after inoculation. This is the first record of natural infection caused by F. verticillioides in grasshoppers.

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BACKGROUND: The Chilean Ministry of Health has implemented regulatory rules for the consumption of anti-biotics since September 1999, with sales restriction limited only with medical prescription. AIM: To analyze the impact of established regulatory measures from 2000 to 2008. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of antibiotics sales in pharmacies from 2000 to 2008 was performed. The information was obtained from the International Marketing System (IMS Health), an auditing system of pharmacy sales. The consumption unit used was the Defined Daily Dose per 1000 inhabitants/day (DDD). RESULTS: From 2000 to 2002 the regulatory rules had a great impact, but since 2002 the antibiotic consumption increased, especially amoxicillin, returning to similar levéis observed in 1998. CONCLUSIONS: The regulatory measures had an initial impact, but there was not reinforcement in the time and there was no further control. It is necessary to assume a permanent task and support of the authorities of health to edúcate the population about the implications of the inadequate use of antimicrobials and his effect on the microbial ecology.

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Background: The Chilean Ministry of Health has implemented regulatory rules for the consumption of anti-biotics since September 1999, with sales restriction limited only with medical prescription. Aim: To analyze the impact of established regulatory measures from 2000 to 2008. Material and Methods: A retrospective analysis of antibiotics sales in pharmacies from 2000 to 2008 was performed. The information was obtained from the International Marketing System (IMS Health), an auditing system of pharmacy sales. The consumption unit used was the Defined Daily Dose per 1000 inhabitants/day (DDD). Results: From 2000 to 2002 the regulatory rules had a great impact, but since 2002 the antibiotic consumption increased, especially amoxicillin, returning to similar levéis observed in 1998. Conclusions: The regulatory measures had an initial impact, but there was not reinforcement in the time and there was no further control. It is necessary to assume a permanent task and support of the authorities of health to edúcate the population about the implications of the inadequate use of antimicrobials and his effect on the microbial ecology.

Introducción: El Ministerio de Salud de Chile reguló el consumo de antimicrobianos en el mes de septiembre de 1999, mediante restricción de venta limitada sólo a venta con receta médica. El objetivo de este estudio es conocer el impacto de las medidas regulatorias entre los años 2000 y 2008. Metodología: Se realizó un análisis retrospectivo de las ventas en farmacias privadas desde el año 2000 al 2008. La información se obtuvo del International Marketing System Health (IMS Health), una empresa internacional encargada de auditar las ventas de farmacias. La unidad de consumo usada fue la DDD/1.000 habitantes-día. Resultados: A partir del año 2000 al 2002, las medidas regulatorias tuvieron un gran impacto; sin embargo, desde el año 2002 el consumo de antimicrobianos aumentó, especialmente amoxicilina, obteniéndose valores similares a los existentes en 1998. Conclusiones: Las medidas regulatorias tuvieron un impacto inicial; sin embargo, no fueron reforzadas ni controladas en el tiempo. Es necesario que las autoridades de salud del país asuman la tarea pennanente de educar a la comunidad acerca del uso inadecuado de antimicrobianos y su efecto sobre la ecología bacteriana.

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Para conocer la prevalencia de dengue y leptospirosis en pobladores de Carmen del Paraná (Itapúa) realizamos un estudio transversal descriptivo. Aplicamos un cuestionario y toma de muestras sanguíneas, mediante un muestreo por hogares. Los jefes de familia fueron informados sobre la metodología, beneficios, posibles riesgos a fin de decidir su participación o de sus familiares en el estudio. Por el método de ELISA determinamos la presencia de anticuerpos IgG anti-leptospira en 211 mujeres y 107 varones, contra el virus del dengue en 255 mujeres y 142 varones. Hallamos una seroprevalencia de dengue de 25% (IC 95%:20,7-29,4), no habiendo diferencia entre varones y mujeres. La prevalencia de leptospirosis fue de 24,1% (IC95%:19,6-29,2), siendo mayor en mujeres que en varones (28,4% vs 15,9%; p <0,05). La seroprevalencia de dengue fue más alta en los mayores de 35 años (36% vs 17%, p<0,001), mientras que la leptospirosis lo fue en menores de 15 años (48% vs 21,6%, p<0,001). El 8% de los individuos tenía serología positiva tanto para leptospira como para dengue. En esta comunidad, un importante número de individuos tiene riesgo de desarrollar dengue hemorrágico. La coexistencia de dengue y leptospirosis en el mismo nicho ecológico es importante porqueal presentar características clínicas semejantes, implican un problema para el médico al momento de establecer el diagnóstico oportuno y el tratamiento apropiado, entonces sería importante el desarrollo de estrategias integrales de vigilancia epidemiológica, prevención y control de estas enfermedades que se basen en la participación conjunta del personal de salud, autoridades y comunidad.

This cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out to know the prevalence of dengue and leptospirosis in the inhabitants of Carmen del Paraná (Itapúa). Through a house hold sampling, we applied a questionnaire and collected blood samples. The heads of the families were informed about the methodology, benefits and possible risks so that they could decide about the participation of their families in the study. The presence of anti-leptospira IgG antibodies was determined by ELISA method in 320 individuals (211women and 107 men) and anti-dengue virus antibodies in 399 individuals (255 women and 142 men). We found a dengue virus seroprevalence 25% (IC 95 %:20.7-29.4) without any differences between men and women. The prevalence of leptospirosis was24.1% (IC95 %:19.6-29.2), higher in women than in men (28.4 % vs. 15.9 %; p value <0.05). Dengue seroprevalence was higher in the age group older than 35 years old(36% vs. 17%, value of p <0.001), where as leptospirosis was more prevalent in those younger than 15 years old (48% vs 21.6%, p value <0.001). Eight percent of the individuals who were leptospira positive were also dengue positive. In this community, there is an important number of individuals who has a risk of developing hemorrhagicdengue. The coexistence of dengue and leptospirosis in the same ecological niche is important because both diseases presented similar clinical characteristics, implying a problem for the physician at the time of determining the appropriate diagnosis andtreatment. Therefore, it would be important to develop integral strategies of epidemiological surveillance, prevention and control of these diseases, based on the jointparticipation of healthcare personnel, authorities and community.

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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can use different types of propagules to colonize new roots. In this work we tested different types of AMF inocula obtained from a field experiment with tilled and no-tilled soils planted with wheat as well as from nondisturbed treatments with spontaneous vegetation. AMF trap cultures were carried out with soil, mycelium, segments of roots and wheat plants from the field as sources of inocula. Then after the senescence of the trap plants Glomeromycota species that had been established from each type of propagule in the substrate from the pots were identified. In field soils the proportions of Acaulosporaceae and Gigasporaceae were relatively similar to that of Glomeraceae, mainly in conventional tillage, whereas in all trap cultures investigated the percentages of members of the Glomeraceae family were higher than 90%. Because most of the trap cultures were based on intra- and/or extraradical mycelium our results show that members of Glomeraceae have advantages in the use of these propagules over Acaulosporaceae and Gigasporaceae species. We suggest that the higher contribution of Glomeraceae previously found in no-tillage systems could be related partially to the lack of disruption of the hyphal network and the composition of the soil propagules in this system.

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Intravenous antimicrobial consumption has not been evaluated previously in Chile. In order to know this consumption (in DDD per 100 bed days), associated factors and antimicrobial control systems across the country, a questionnaire was sent to evalúate these features during 2005. A total of 29 public hospitals and private clinics answered this poli, 20 belonging to the public health system (69 percent). Only 48.1 percent declared to have an independent antimicrobial committee and 17.2 percent allowed unrestricted antimicrobial use. Glycopeptides and carbapenems were the most regulated compounds (75.9 and 82.8 percent, respectively). Antimicrobial controls systems were more frequently declared among public hospitals and only non-public hospitals permitted free use of antimicrobials. Global consumption reached 59.98 DDD per 100 bed-days, with beta-lactams representing 74.3 percent of this consume (44.57 DDD per 100), and cephalosporms 43 percent (25.78 DDD per 100). Chloramphemcol, penicillin G and cloxacillin use was significantly higher among public hospitals. The opposite was observed for imipenem-cilastatin, linezolid, cefuroxime and caspofungin with higher consumes observed among non-public hospitals. In a multivariate analysis, increased cefazolin use was independently associated with sites allowing unrestricted use, and ciprofloxacin consumption with non-public hospitals. Institutions with decreased susceptibility to imipenem-cilastatin among non-fermentative gram negative bacilli showed a higher use of this compound and linezolid consumption paralleled vancomycin-resistant enterococci prevalence. It is necessary to reinforce governmental regulations about antimicrobial use issued during 1999.

El consumo de antimicrobianos parenterales en hospitales y sus sistemas de control no han sido evaluados previamente en Chile. Para conocer la magnitud de este consumo (en DDD por 100 días camas), los potenciales factores asociados y los sistemas de regulación, se aplicó una encuesta en una muestra de hospitales públicos y privados a lo largo del país durante el año 2005. Un total de 29 hospitales o clínicas contestaron la encuesta, 20 de tipo público (69 por ciento). Sólo 48,1 por ciento declaró contar con un comité independiente de antimicrobianos y 17,2 por cientoo permite el uso libre sin ninguna restricción. Los carbapenémicos y glicopéptidos fueron los compuestos más supervisados (82,8 y 75,9 por cientoo, respectivamente). Los programas de control sobre antimicrobianos fueron más frecuentes en los hospitales públicos que en el resto y sólo los hospitales no públicos permitían el uso libre sin restricciones. El consumo global de los compuestos antibacterianos alcanzó 59,98 DDD por 100 días camas, representando los ß-lactámicos el 74,3 por cientoo de este consumo (44,57 DDD por 100) y las cefalosporinas el 43 por cientoo de este valor (25,78 DDD por 100). El consumo de cloranfenicol, penicilina G y cloxacilina fue más elevado en los hospitales públicos. En contraste, el consumo de imipenem-cilastatina, linezolid, cefuroxima y caspofungina, fue más elevado en los de tipo no público. El mayor consumo de cefazolina apareció ligado, en un análisis multi-variado, al uso libre sin restricción y el mayor consumo de ciprofloxacina, a los hospitales no públicos. Aquellos lugares que tuvieron un mayor consumo de imipenem-cilastatina presentaron una menor susceptibilidad a este compuesto en cepas de P. aeruginosa y A. baumannii. El consumo de linezolid fue mayor en lugares con mayores porcentajes de aislados de Enterococcus sp resistente a vancomicina. Los datos demuestran que es necesario reforzar las medidas ministeriales vigentes desde 1999...

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Intravenous antimicrobial consumption has not been evaluated previously in Chile. In order to know this consumption (in DDD per 100 bed days), associated factors and antimicrobial control systems across the country, a questionnaire was sent to evaluate these features during 2005. A total of 29 public hospitals and private clinics answered this poll, 20 belonging to the public health system (69%). Only 48.1% declared to have an independent antimicrobial committee and 17.2% allowed unrestricted antimicrobial use. Glycopeptides and carbapenems were the most regulated compounds (75.9 and 82.8%, respectively). Antimicrobial controls systems were more frequently declared among public hospitals and only non-public hospitals permitted free use of antimicrobials. Global consumption reached 59.98 DDD per 100 bed-days, with beta-lactams representing 74.3% of this consume (44.57 DDD per 100), and cephalosporins 43% (25.78 DDD per 100). Chloramphenicol, penicillin G and cloxacillin use was significantly higher among public hospitals. The opposite was observed for imipenem-cilastatin, linezolid, cefuroxime and caspofungin with higher consumes observed among non-public hospitals. In a multivariate analysis, increased cefazolin use was independently associated with sites allowing unrestricted use, and ciprofloxacin consumption with non-public hospitals. Institutions with decreased susceptibility to imipenem-cilastatin among non-fermentative gram negative bacilli showed a higher use of this compound and linezolid consumption paralleled vancomycin-resistant enterococci prevalence. It is necessary to reinforce governmental regulations about antimicrobial use issued during 1999.

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La diseminación de las infecciones de transmisión sexual/síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida(ITS/SIDA) se presenta principalmente en jóvenes, con una tendencia creciente a la asociación conpobreza y falta de acceso a educación y salud pública. El objetivo del estudio fue explorar lasituación de riesgo y el conocimiento sobre el VIH/SIDA en niños de 9-15 años que asistían a loscolegios del Barrio Santa Ana y Ricardo Brugada. El consentimiento para el estudio fue solicitado alas autoridades del colegio y a los padres. Se les aplicó un cuestionario administrado por unaencuestadora, que incluía el nivel de conocimientos sobre los factores de riesgo, sobre las formasde prevención para la infección por VIH. Un total de 297 niños participaron en el estudio, 173(58%) de sexo femenino, la mayoría (86%) vivían en condiciones de hacinamiento. Del 28 % quetrabajaban, 66% de los varones eran vendedores ambulantes y el 49 % de las niñas eranempleadas domésticas. El 80 % no conocía las formas de transmisión del ITS/SIDA, ni que elpreservativo puede prevenir la transmisión. El 9% (11/24) de los varones y el 2% (3/173) de lasniñas tuvieron relaciones sexuales. El 10% refieren abusos sexuales. El 25% ingieren bebidasalcohólicas, el 2% consume drogas inhalantes. En conclusión, este estudio muestra un importantedesconocimiento sobre las ITS/SIDA, formas de prevenirlas, la falta de percepción de riesgo concondiciones ambientales y socioeconómicas que la favorecen. Estos resultados plantean la urgentenecesidad de iniciar campañas de prevención en este grupo

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We investigated the influence of tilling, N fertilization and crop stage on arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) fungal species diversity in a wheat monoculture in the Pampa region of Argentina. Glomalean spores were isolated by wet sieving and decanting from conventionally tilled and nontilled soils cropped with wheat with or without N fertilization, at three phenological stages of the crop (tilling, flowering and grain filling) and fallow. Morphological characterization yielded at least 24 AM fungi taxa in the field samples, belonging to six genera of AMF: Acaulospora Archaeospora, Entrophospora, Gigaspora, Glomus and Scutellospora. Tilling and fertilization treatments did not result in decreased spore biodiversity. Wheat phenology influenced AM communities, with highest spore biodiversity during grain filling.

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Background: The indiscriminate use of antibiotics increases the appearance of bacterial resistance and forces the use of more expensive alternatives. The Chilean Ministry of Health is regulating the consumption of antibiotics since September 1999. These regulatory measures restricted the sale of antibiotics only when these were prescribed by an MD or an DS. Aim: To study the impact of these regulatory measures on antibiotics sales in pharmacies. Material and methods: A retrospective analysis of antibiotics sales in pharmacies from 1996 to 2000. The information was obtained from the International Marketing System (IMS Health), an auditing system of pharmacy sales. The consumption unit used was the Defined Daily Dose per 1000 inhabitants/day (DDD). Results: There was an important reduction in DDD, after the introduction of regulatory measures, for amoxicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, trimethoprim/sulpha, chroramphenicol, cloxacillin and phenoxymethylpenicillin. There was also a important fall in sales, expressed in dollars. Conclusions: The regulatory measures of the Ministry of Health, had an immediate and great impact on antibiotics sales in Chile

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The effect of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) phenanthrene and the yeast Rhodotorula glutinis on the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Glomus geosporum colonizing maize roots, was studied. During a 90-day experiment, the highest G. geosporum colonization values were found in control plants. Mycorrhiza root length, measured both on the basis of percentage of root colonization and on the activity of succinate dehydrogenase, showed similar patterns in different phenanthrene treatments. The presence of phenanthrene in the substrate reduced G. geosporum intraradical colonization. The presence of R. glutinis did not enhance AMF colonization in the presence of phenanthrene. The biomass of the external mycelium estimated on the basis of the fatty acid 16:1 omega 5 concentration showed a progressive increase through time, and the amounts of this fatty acid differed among treated and untreated substrates. However, this increase was found to be lowest in the phenanthrene and Rhodotorula treatment at 60 days. There was less phenanthrene accumulation in roots of maize inoculated with AMF and the yeast than in roots inoculated only with AMF. A similar pattern was observed in the phenanthrene content of G. geosporum spores collected after 90 days.

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The aim of the present study, performed on typical Argiudolls in a natural reserve with little or no anthropic impact, was to characterize the fungous biomineralizing process of calcium oxalate crystals in organic horizons of the soil. The chosen sites possessed different plant cover, identified as acacia woods and grassy meadows with particular micro environmental conditions that have differing effects in the process of biomineralization. The contribution of the plant material in the soil is a key factor since 1) it generates the particular composition of the organic horizons, 2) it determines the nature of decomposing organisms, and 3) it affects the presence, composition and development of biominerals. According to the results obtained, the acacia woods prove to be a site comparatively more favorable to the fungous biomineralizing process. This makes itself manifest in the greater abundance and development of crystals in the organic horizons of the soil, resulting in whewellite (CaC2O4.H2O) and weddellite (CaC2O4.(2+x) H2O) regarding biomineral species developed, the latter being the major component. The observation of both species of biominerals is noteworthy since it represents the first cited in the country. The isolated fungous organisms were Trichoderma koningii, and Absidia corymbifera. T. koningii was identified as the most active biomineralizing organism thus constituting the first reference to indicate this species as a biomineral producing agent.

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The fatty acid methyl esters of lipids extracted from an agricultural soil in the preharvest period of soybean or middle growth cycle from wheat were characterized and quantified by gas-liquid chromatography. The fatty acids 18:2omega6 and 16:1omega5 were used as markers of saprotrophic and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. In parallel, biomass estimation through plate counts in selective media for cellulolytic and saprotrophic fungi was also performed all throughout a soybean crop or middle growth cycle of wheat. As an enzymatic method, the fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolytic activity of the samples was determined. Owing to the high relationship exhibited by FDA hydrolysis with organic carbon and total nitrogen content of soil, the enzymatic activity was correlated with the microbial biomass estimated through marker lipids or plate counts. The results obtained point out that FDA hydrolysis may be used as a rapid, cheap, and reliable estimator of fungal biomass.

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Background: Anemia is common among very low birth weight newborns and requires frequent blood tranfusions. Erythropoietin was been reported to be useful in the prevention of this anemia. Aim: To asses the benefits of early (before the third week of life) Human recombinant Erythropoietin (r-EPO) administration to reduce the requirement of blood tranfusions in very low birth weight newborns. Patients and methods: sixty newborns under 1500g of birthweight were randomly assigned to recive r-EPO (n=29) or placebo (n=31) three times per week, during four weeks. Packed red cell volume and reticulocyte counts were measured weekly. Serum erythropoietin was measured prior to eigth dose. Transfusion requirements were recorded. Results: r-EPO reduced transfusions from 1.41 ñ 1.1 to 0.69 ñ 1 transfusions/newborns (p<0.001). At the fourth week of treatment, reticulocyte count was 14.8 ñ 7 and 6.4 ñ 4.9 percent in the active treatment group and placebo group respectively (p<0.001). Conclusions: r-EPO reduces the requrement of transfusions in low birth weight infants

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The screening for extracellular oxidases and peroxidases from autochthonous filamentous fungi isolated from different substrates is an important step towards the detection of extracellular fungal oxidative systems. Thirty-one autochthonous fungal strains from Argentina, belonging to different ecophysiological and taxonomic groups, were plate-screened for their ability to produce extracellular oxidoreductases. Modified Kirk solid medium containing the chromogen 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) was used to determine the presence of this extracellular activity. The fungi tested were grouped according to the colour intensity of the modified Kirk medium in: a) species without extracellular ABTS-oxidizing activity; b) species with low extracellular ABTS-oxidizing activity; c) species with moderate extracellular ABTS-oxidizing activity; d) species with high extracellular ABTS-oxidizing activity. The assay revealed extracellular ABTS-oxidizing activity in 90% of the strains tested. All species of Basidiomycetes used exhibited ABTS-oxidizing activity, except Laeticorticium roseum. Aspergillus terreus and Epicoccum purpurascens (Deuteromycetes) did not show extracellular oxidative activity on ABTS. Agrocybe aegerita, Amauroderma boleticeum, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Coriolopsis rigida, Grammothele subargentea, Graphium putredinis, Hexagona hydnoides, Hexagona papyraceae, Loweporus lividus, Peniophora albobadia, Phellinus everhartii, Phellinus gilvus; Phellinus linteus; Pleurotus laciniatocrenatus, Pycnoporus sanguineus, Rigidoporus ulmarius, Steccherinum rawakense, Talaromyces helicus, Trametes elegans, Trametes pavonia, Trametes villosa and Trichaptum sector are reported here for the first time as species capable of producing ABTS-oxidizing extracellular oxidorreductases.

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El presente estudio se realizó para conocer el consumo de antimicrobianos en la comunidad, en Chile, como parte de un nuevo proyecto del Ministerio de Salud, destinado a proponer una política de uso racional de éstos. Se utilizaron los datos de venta de antimicrobianos en farmacias privadas del país, provenientes del International Marketing System de los años 1996 y 1997 para cada antimicrobiano y grupo respectivo y se compararon con los estudiados en 1988. La unidad de medida de consumo utilizada fue la DDD/1.000 habitantes/día. En los resultados obtenidos se detectó un aumento alarmante de consumo entre 1988 y 1997 para las penicilinas de amplio espectro orales, cefalosporinas, fluorquinolonas y macrólidos aunque este último grupo sólo pudo ser analizado en base a unidades vendidas. El consumo de cotrimoxazol se mantuvo estacionario y el de cloranfenicol disminuyó en estos 10 años

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BACKGROUND: In recent years, minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass grafting has emerged as a valid tool for revascularization in a select group of patients with severe lesions of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Here we report the clinical results using two devices designed by us to facilitate the harvesting of the left internal mammary artery up to its origin and to occlude and stabilize the left anterior descending coronary artery while placing the anastomosis. METHODS: From January 1996 to January 1998, 122 patients underwent minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass grafting in the Department of Cardiac Surgery, Favaloro Foundation. One hundred twelve patients received a single left internal mammary artery-left anterior descending coronary artery bypass graft, and in 10 patients, an additional bypass graft was performed. RESULTS: Most patients were discharged on day 2 or 3 after the procedure. Three patients (2.5%) had a perioperative myocardial infarction. The overall hospital mortality rate was 3.3% (4 patients). CONCLUSIONS: The combination of team experience, more careful dissection of the left internal mammary artery up to its origin, and use of the stabilizer-occluder and interrupted suture technique for the anastomosis has markedly improved our results.

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