RESUMEN
The aim of the present study was to advance knowledge of the secular changes in the prevalence of excess weight (overweight and obesity) and body composition of children living in different localities of La Plata district (Buenos Aires province, Argentina) over the last two decades. For this purpose, anthropometric data and information on the socioeconomic and environmental context of residence of schoolchildren aged 4.0-12.9 years collected during 2005-2009 (Cohort 1, n = 1 233) and 2016-2019 (Cohort 2, n = 1 499) were analysed and compared. From a secular perspective, the current analysis showed that the socioeconomic and environmental conditions of families living in La Plata district have deteriorated in recent decades. In this context, child excess weight increased by 13% and body composition was altered, mainly as a result of an increase in fat mass, without observing changes in the muscle component.
RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To provide information on the secular trend in age at menarche (AgM) in Argentinean girls in relation to excess weight (EW) and body adiposity. METHODS: Two cohorts (C) (C1, 2005-2007 and C2, 2015-2019) of children aged 8-14 years from La Plata district were studied using identical methodological criteria. Each participating child was asked about menarche (M) status: M presence (MP) or absence (MA). The AgM was estimated using the status quo method and logistic regression analysis. Body weight, height, and tricipital and subscapular skinfolds were collected to estimate EW (overweight + obesity) according to WHO criteria, and body adiposity (sum of skinfolds, SSK = [tricipital + subscapular]). The prevalence of EW by C was estimated and compared using the Chi-square test. The MP probability in relation to age, C, and EW was analyzed by applying logistic regression. Parents completed a questionnaire to assess family socioeconomic conditions. Data were compared using the Chi-square test. RESULTS: Differences in MP prevalence between C were significant (C1: 21.1% vs. C2: 28.7%). Median AgM was 12.81 years in C1 and 12.22 in C2. The prevalence of EW was higher in C2 (35.3%) than in C1 (24.6%). The probability of MP was higher in C2 than in C1 and children with EW. Both BMI and SSK showed inter-cohort increases. Socioeconomic conditions were substantially deteriorated between C. CONCLUSION: In an obesogenic context marked by the significant increase in body adiposity and EW, M prevalence exhibited a positive secular trend and AgM reduced by nearly seven months between the cohorts studied.
Asunto(s)
Menarquia , Humanos , Argentina/epidemiología , Niño , Adolescente , Femenino , Factores de Edad , Sobrepeso/epidemiología , Pubertad , Adiposidad , Estudios de Cohortes , PrevalenciaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The frame index (FI), based on measurements of elbow breadth and height, is the body frame size parameter most frequently used in child and adolescent populations to assess skeletal robustness. In 2018, the first FI reference percentiles were elaborated with data of boys and girls aged 0-18 years from different European populations. In Argentina, the FI reference values were published in 2022. OBJECTIVE: The present study aims to compare the Argentine (AR) and European (EU) FI reference percentiles to evaluate possible variation in bone robustness between populations. METHODS: The values of the 3rd, 50th and 97th percentiles of the AR and EU FI references for boys and girls aged 4-14 years were compared using the Wilcoxon test (p < .05). Percentage differences between means (PDM) were calculated to analyze the magnitude of the differences between both references. The R 3.2.0 program was used to plot the percentile curves. RESULTS: The FI reference values were lower in AR than in EU in both the 3rd and the 50th percentiles, regardless of sex and age. Conversely, the AR reference values of the 97th percentile were higher than the EU values at most ages. CONCLUSIONS: The comparison of the AR and EU FI references showed similar age and sex growth patterns. However, differences in percentile values between populations were observed, highlighting the importance of having local references for the evaluation of skeletal robustness.
Asunto(s)
Estatura , Masculino , Niño , Femenino , Adolescente , Humanos , Valores de Referencia , Argentina , Índice de Masa CorporalRESUMEN
El índice de masa corporal (IMC) es una eficaz herramienta para detectar la sobrecarga ponderal en niños y adolescentes, asociado a la adiposidad corporal. Objetivo. Analizar la concordancia, sensibilidad y especificidad de tres referencias internacionales de IMC/edad (OMS, IOTF y CDC) para diagnosticar el exceso ponderal y conocer su precisión diagnóstica para identificar el exceso de adiposidad con relación al área grasa braquial (AGB) en población infanto juvenil de Argentina. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio multicéntrico, descriptivo-comparativo y transversal entre 2003 y 2008, en 22.658 niños y adolescentes argentinos de 4 a 13 años de edad. A partir del peso, talla, circunferencia del brazo y pliegue tricipital, se calcularon IMC y AGB. Se analizó la concordancia, sensibilidad y especificidad de referencias de IMC/edad (OMS, CDC, IOTF) y la precisión diagnóstica (curvas ROC) para identificar exceso de adiposidad, a partir del AGB, así como el punto de corte óptimo (PCO). Resultados. Las tres referencias tuvieron buena concordancia. La mayor sensibilidad correspondió a OMS y la mayor especificidad a IOTF. El área bajo la curva (ABC) fue mayor en Z-IMC/IOTF en varones y en Z-IMC/OMS en mujeres. Los PCO mostraron discrepancias, siendo mayores con OMS. Conclusión. Las tres referencias muestran similar precisión diagnóstica para detectar alta reserva calórica, con puntos de corte óptimo para las puntuaciones Z-IMC menores a 2 Z scores. Esto resulta relevante para la identificación de exceso de adiposidad en poblaciones, en relación con la implementación de políticas públicas de prevención de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles(AU)
The body mass index (BMI) is an effective tool to detect weight overload in children and adolescents, associated with body adiposity. Objective. To analyze the concordance, sensitivity and specificity of three international BMI/age references (WHO, IOTF and CDC) to diagnose excess weight and to know their diagnostic accuracy to identify excess adiposity in relation to the brachial fat area (BFA) in Argentine child-youth population. Materials and methods. A multicenter, descriptive- comparative and cross-sectional study was carried out between 2003 and 2008 in 22.658 Argentine children and adolescents between aged 4 to 13 years. From the weight, height, arm circumference and tricipital fold, BMI and BFA were calculated. The concordance, sensitivity, and specificity of BMI / age references (WHO, IOTF, CDC,) were analyzed and the diagnostic precision (ROC curves) to identify excess adiposity, from the BFA, as well as the optimal cut-off point (OCP). Results. The three references had good agreement, the highest sensitivity corresponded to WHO and the highest specificity to IOTF. The area under the curve (AUC) was greater in Z-BMI/IOTF in men and in Z-BMI/WHO in women. The OCPs showed discrepancies, being higher with WHO. Conclusion. The three references show similar diagnostic accuracy to detect high caloric reserve, but with cut-off points for Z-BMI scores less than 2 Z scores. This is relevant for the identification of excess adiposity in populations in relation to the implementation of public policies for the prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Niño , Adolescente , Circunferencia del Brazo , Índice de Masa Corporal , Estado Nutricional , Distribución de la Grasa Corporal , Estudiantes , Peso por Estatura , Desnutrición , Obesidad InfantilRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To describe the magnitude and spatial distribution of household food and nutrition security (FNS) during the COVID-19 pandemic in Tucumán (Argentina) and identify factors associated with food insecurity. METHODS: During April and May 2020 a cross-sectional quantitative study was performed. Data from 3915 households were analyzed. The study of FNS was performed with the Latin American and Caribbean Scale for Food Security. To identify associated factors, bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were applied. RESULTS: Household food insecurity affected 55.9% of the sample (mild: 39.3%, moderate: 10.8%, severe: 5.8%). Analyzing the spatial distribution, the eastern area showed the highest food insecurity prevalence, followed by the south and west areas. Logistic regression analysis showed that household food insecurity varied according to household size, presence of children, socioeconomic status, and health area of residence. CONCLUSIONS: Household size, presence of children, socioeconomic status and public health area of residence were associated to household food insecurity. The perception of hunger was higher in larger households, in those with low and medium socioeconomic status and in households located in the southern area of the province.
Asunto(s)
COVID-19 , Argentina , COVID-19/epidemiología , Niño , Estudios Transversales , Abastecimiento de Alimentos , Humanos , Pandemias , SARS-CoV-2 , Factores SocioeconómicosRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to evaluate body composition in relation to nutritional status and socio-environmental conditions of residence in schoolchildren living in the urban periphery of La Plata, Argentina. Weight, height, arm circumference and tricipital and subscapular skinfolds were measured in 3,284 schoolchildren aged 4-12 years in the period 2014-2017. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III reference was used to assess nutritional status, identifying the following categories: normal, underweight, stunting, wasting, overweight and obesity. Body composition was evaluated based on upper arm muscle area (UMA) and upper arm fat area (UFA). Deficit and excess UMA and UFA were also calculated. Central fat distribution was determined with the subscapular-tricipital index. Socio-environmental characteristics were surveyed using a structured questionnaire. The prevalence of nutritional status and body composition indicators were compared by sex using Chi square test. Socio-environmental data were analyzed using categorical Principal Component Analysis, discriminating into more favorable and unfavorable conditions. Nutritional status results were as follows: normal, 64.5%; stunting, 3.4%; underweight, 0.0%; wasting, 0.1%; overweight, 15.6% and obesity 16.4%. The nutritional status of children worsened as the socio-environmental condition of their families became more precarious. Long-term socio-environmental stress manifested as decreased muscle tissue in normal, stunted, overweight and obese children. The current results evidence the strong impact of poverty on child growth and development and at the same time enforce the need for continuous monitoring of children with hidden malnutrition(AU)
El objetivo del trabajo fue analizar la composición corporal en relación al estado nutricional y las condiciones socio-ambientales de niños residentes en la periferia urbana de La Plata, Argentina. Sobre 3284 escolares de 4 a 12 años se evaluaron peso, talla, perímetro braquial y pliegues tricipital y subescapular, durante los años 2014-2017. Se determinaron, utilizando la referencia NHANES III, las categorías de estado nutricional Normal; Bajo Peso/Edad; Baja Talla/Edad; Bajo IMC/Edad; Sobrepeso y Obesidad, y para composición corporal, se calcularon las áreas muscular y grasa (UMA y UFA) y se estimaron los déficits y excesos de tejido muscular y graso. La adiposidad centralizada fue estimada con el índice subescapular-tricipital. Las características socio-ambientales se evaluaron mediante encuesta estructurada. Las prevalencias del estado nutricional y de los indicadores de composición corporal fueron estimados y comparados por sexos, mediante pruebas de Chi2. Los datos socio-ambientales se analizaron empleando Análisis de Componentes Principales categóricos y se discriminaron dos grupos: con condiciones más favorables y con condiciones desfavorables. Los resultados indicaron: 64.5% Normal, 3.4% Baja Talla/Edad, 0.0% Bajo Peso/Edad; 0.1% Bajo IMC/Edad; 15.6% Sobrepeso; 16.4% Obesidad. El estado nutricional de los niños empeoró cuando la calidad socio-ambiental de sus familias se hizo más precaria. Debido al estrés socio-ambiental continuo, los niños tuvieron disminución del tejido muscular, incluyendo aquellos con estado nutricional Normal, Baja Talla/Edad, Sobrepeso y Obesidad. Los resultados alcanzados evidencian la impronta que deja la pobreza e impone urgentemente el monitoreo continuo de niños "con desnutrición oculta"(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Preescolar , Niño , Clase Social , Composición Corporal , Índice de Masa Corporal , Estado Nutricional , Crecimiento y Desarrollo , Desnutrición , Sobrepeso , ObesidadRESUMEN
ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of high blood pressure in schoolchildren aged 4-14 years from urban peripheral areas of the city of La Plata, and analyze variations in high blood pressure prevalence by sex, age, excess weight and family socioeconomic status. Materials and methods: Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, body weight and height were measured in 3,312 schoolchildren of both sexes. The prevalence of high blood pressure (HBP), overweight and obesity was calculated. Socioeconomic information was obtained through a semi-structured survey and processed by categorical principal-component analysis. The prevalence of HBP was compared with sex, age and nutritional status (chi square test) and family socioeconomic status (generalized linear model) (p< 0,05). Results: The results showed that the prevalence of HBP was 20.5% and that it varied by age, nutritional status and family socioeconomic status. Sexual differences were observed only in HBP obese schoolchildren. Conclusions: Children and adolescents living in urban peripheral areas of the city of La Plata, Argentina, presented higher HBP prevalence. While HBP prevalence was higher among overweight/obese children, those aged >8 years and those of more favorable family socioeconomic status, sex did not affect HBP development. However, when HBP was analyzed associated with nutritional status, obese boys were more likely to have HBP than girls.
RESUMEN Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de la presión arterial elevada (PAE) en escolares de 4 a 14 años de edad residentes en áreas periféricas de la ciudad de La Plata y analizar variaciones de acuerdo al sexo, la edad, el exceso ponderal y el nivel socioeconómico familiar. Materiales y Métodos: Se registraron los valores la presión arterial sistólica y diastólica y se relevaron el peso y la talla de 3.312 escolares de ambos sexos. Se determinaron los casos de PAE, sobrepeso y obesidad y se calcularon prevalencias por sexo y edad. La información socioeconómica familiar fue obtenida a través de una encuesta y procesada mediante análisis de componentes principales. Las prevalencias de PAE se compararon por sexo, edad, estado nutricional (pruebas de chi cuadrado) y nivel socioeconómico familiar (modelo lineal generalizado) (p< 0,05). Resultados: El 20.5% de los escolares presentó PAE, con variaciones de acuerdo a la edad, el estado nutricional y el nivel socioeconómico. Sólo se observaron diferencias sexuales en los escolares obesos. Conclusiones: Los niños y adolescentes que viven en áreas periféricas de la ciudad de La Plata presentan elevadas prevalencias de PAE. Aquellos con sobrepeso/obesidad, con edades >8 años y los provenientes de familias con nivel socioeconómico más favorable evidencian mayores prevalencias de PAE. Los varones obesos son más propensos que las mujeres obesas a presentar presión arterial elevada.
RESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Background: mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), subcutaneous fat and muscle measurements are an alternative method to diagnose overweight and evaluate growth as well as protein and energy reserves. Aim: to compare MUAC, arm muscle area (AMA) and arm fat area (AFA) measurements of Argentinean boys and girls (Sa) with reference curves for US boys and girls (R). Subjects and methods: data from 22,736 school-children aged 4-14 years from six Argentinean provinces were collected. MUAC and triceps skinfold thickness were measured and the derived AMA and AFA measures were calculated. Analyses were performed with GAMLSS using the R software. Differences in mean values of Sa and R were compared in percentiles 3, 50 and 97. Results: mean values of MUAC and AMA in boys and girls were higher in R than in Sa at all ages; conversely, AFA values were lower. Conclusions: our results confirm differences in upper arm anthropometry of Argentinean school-children with respect to the US reference. The higher adipose tissue and lower skeletal muscle mass observed in Argentinean children could be partly associated with the different ethnic origin of both populations. However, differences should be interpreted in the context of an obesogenic environment, which has favored a calorie-protein imbalance.
INTRODUCCIÓN: Antecedentes: la medición de la circunferencia del brazo (MUAC), así como la estimación de la grasa subcutánea y muscular constituyen un método alternativo para diagnosticar el sobrepeso y evaluar el crecimiento y las reservas proteicas y energéticas. Objetivo: comparar las mediciones de MUAC, área muscular (AMA) y área grasa (AFA) del brazo de niños y niñas argentinos (Sa) con curvas de referencia para niños y niñas de Estados Unidos (R). Sujetos y métodos: se recopilaron datos de 22,736 escolares de 4 a 14 años de edad de seis provincias argentinas. Se obtuvieron medidas de MUAC y pliegue subcutáneo tricipital y se calcularon AMA y AFA. Los análisis se realizaron con GAMLSS utilizando el software R. Las diferencias en los valores medios de Sa y R se compararon para los percentiles 3, 50 y 97. Resultados: a todas las edades los valores medios de MUAC y AMA en niños y niñas fueron más altos en R que en Sa; por el contrario, los valores de AFA fueron más bajos. Conclusiones: nuestros resultados confirman la existencia de diferencias en la antropometría mesobraquial de los niños argentinos con respecto a los de la referencia. La mayor cantidad de tejido adiposo y menor de tejido muscular observada en los niños argentinos de ambos sexos puede ser parcialmente asociada con el diferente origen étnico de ambas poblaciones. Sin embargo, las diferencias podrían interpretarse en el contexto de un ambiente obesogénico, el cual habría favorecido el desbalance proteico-calórico.
Asunto(s)
Adiposidad , Brazo/anatomía & histología , Músculo Esquelético/anatomía & histología , Adolescente , Antropometría , Argentina , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Obesidad/diagnóstico , Sobrepeso/diagnóstico , Caracteres Sexuales , Grosor de los Pliegues Cutáneos , Factores Socioeconómicos , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
In contexts in which poverty compromises children's health and quality of life, the study of perceived health allows for the identification of aspects of quality of life affected by overweight and obesity. From this perspective, the objectives of this study were: 1) to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in schoolchildren aged 8-12 years living in contexts of poverty, 2) to describe and compare the perception of health of children according to the presence or absence of overweight and obesity, and 3) to identify possible factors associated with low quality of life related to health. A quantitative and cross-sectional study was conducted. The KIDSCREEN-52 questionnaire was applied and weight and height were assessed in 666 schoolchildren living in the department of Simoca (province of Tucumán), which has high percentages of structural poverty. The high prevalence of overweight (23.0%) and obesity (27.2%) affect the perception of health among children, especially in psychosocial dimensions such as moods and emotions, autonomy, social acceptance, and financial resources.
En contextos en los que la pobreza compromete la salud y la calidad de vida infantil, el estudio de la salud percibida permite identificar aspectos de la calidad de vida afectados por el sobrepeso y la obesidad. Desde esta perspectiva, los objetivos de este trabajo fueron: 1) determinar la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en escolares con edades comprendidas entre 8 y 12 años residentes en contextos de pobreza, 2) describir y comparar la percepción de la salud de niños y niñas según la presencia o ausencia de sobrepeso y obesidad, y 3) identificar eventuales factores asociados a la baja calidad de vida relacionada con la salud. Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo y transversal, en el que se aplicó el cuestionario KIDSCREEN-52 y se relevó el peso y la talla de 666 escolares residentes en el departamento de Simoca (provincia de Tucumán), el cual registra elevados porcentajes de pobreza estructural. Las altas prevalencias de sobrepeso (23,0%) y obesidad (27,2%) encontradas comprometen la percepción de la salud infantil, especialmente con relación a aspectos psicosociales, como el estado anímico, la autonomía, la aceptación social y los recursos económicos familiares.
Asunto(s)
Estado de Salud , Obesidad Infantil , Percepción , Pobreza , Calidad de Vida/psicología , Argentina/epidemiología , Actitud Frente a la Salud , Niño , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Indicadores de Salud , Humanos , Masculino , Obesidad Infantil/economía , Obesidad Infantil/epidemiología , Obesidad Infantil/psicología , PrevalenciaRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the nutritional status of child populations living in four counties of the province of Buenos Aires to observe differences related to particular environmental and socioeconomic contexts in the framework of the nutrition transition. During the school years corresponding to the 2008-2012 period, weight and height were measured and body mass index was calculated for 7,873 school children between the ages of 4 and 12 years from the counties of La Plata, Brandsen, Magdalena and Punta Indio. Information about the contexts of residence was obtained using self-administered structured surveys. About 40% of schoolchildren presented malnutrition, with a prevalence of overweight in La Plata, obesity in Punta Indio and undernutrition in Magdalena. The nutritional status of the study populations was associated with the socioenvironmental conditions of residence, indicating that these populations are at different stages of the nutrition transition process.
El objetivo fue evaluar y comparar el estado nutricional en poblaciones infanto-juveniles residentes en cuatro partidos de la provincia de Buenos Aires y observar si existen diferencias vinculadas a los contextos ambientales y socioeconómicos particulares, en el marco de la transición nutricional. Entre los ciclos lectivos 2008-2012, se relevó el peso y la talla y se calculó el índice de masa corporal de 7.873 escolares, entre 4 y 12 años de edad, residentes en los partidos de La Plata, Brandsen, Magdalena y Punta Indio. La información acerca del contexto de residencia se obtuvo mediante encuesta estructurada y autoadministrada. Alrededor del 40% de los escolares presentó malnutrición, y prevalecieron el sobrepeso en La Plata, la obesidad en Punta Indio y la desnutrición en Magdalena. El estado nutricional se vinculó con las condiciones socioambientales de residencia y dio cuenta de que estas poblaciones se ubican en distintas etapas del proceso de transición nutricional.
Asunto(s)
Desnutrición/epidemiología , Estado Nutricional , Obesidad Infantil/epidemiología , Argentina/epidemiología , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Desnutrición/diagnóstico , Desnutrición/etiología , Obesidad Infantil/diagnóstico , Obesidad Infantil/etiología , Factores de Riesgo , Factores SocioeconómicosRESUMEN
RESUMEN El objetivo fue evaluar y comparar el estado nutricional en poblaciones infanto-juveniles residentes en cuatro partidos de la provincia de Buenos Aires y observar si existen diferencias vinculadas a los contextos ambientales y socioeconómicos particulares, en el marco de la transición nutricional. Entre los ciclos lectivos 2008-2012, se relevó el peso y la talla y se calculó el índice de masa corporal de 7.873 escolares, entre 4 y 12 años de edad, residentes en los partidos de La Plata, Brandsen, Magdalena y Punta Indio. La información acerca del contexto de residencia se obtuvo mediante encuesta estructurada y autoadministrada. Alrededor del 40% de los escolares presentó malnutrición, y prevalecieron el sobrepeso en La Plata, la obesidad en Punta Indio y la desnutrición en Magdalena. El estado nutricional se vinculó con las condiciones socioambientales de residencia y dio cuenta de que estas poblaciones se ubican en distintas etapas del proceso de transición nutricional.
ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the nutritional status of child populations living in four counties of the province of Buenos Aires to observe differences related to particular environmental and socioeconomic contexts in the framework of the nutrition transition. During the school years corresponding to the 2008-2012 period, weight and height were measured and body mass index was calculated for 7,873 school children between the ages of 4 and 12 years from the counties of La Plata, Brandsen, Magdalena and Punta Indio. Information about the contexts of residence was obtained using self-administered structured surveys. About 40% of schoolchildren presented malnutrition, with a prevalence of overweight in La Plata, obesity in Punta Indio and undernutrition in Magdalena. The nutritional status of the study populations was associated with the socioenvironmental conditions of residence, indicating that these populations are at different stages of the nutrition transition process.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Preescolar , Niño , Estado Nutricional , Desnutrición/epidemiología , Obesidad Infantil/epidemiología , Argentina/epidemiología , Factores Socioeconómicos , Estudios Transversales , Factores de Riesgo , Desnutrición/diagnóstico , Desnutrición/etiología , Obesidad Infantil/diagnóstico , Obesidad Infantil/etiologíaRESUMEN
ntecedentes:se considera que el conocimiento que guía nuestras prácticas es socialmente elaborado y compartido y que la variabilidad en las elecciones en torno a la alimentación se relaciona con la variabilidad en las condiciones de vida.Objetivo: indagar acerca de prácticas (acciones) y representaciones (ideas subyacentes) en torno a la alimentación de familias con al menos un niño/a de 3 a 6 años de edad residentes en distintos ambientes socio-económicos del departamento de Villaguay, Entre Ríos, Argentina.Metodología:en establecimientos educativos públicos de la zona urbana (Ur), periurbana (Pe) y rural (Ru) del departamento de Villaguay, padres y madres fueron invitados a desarrollar voluntariamente encuestas asistidas, obteniéndose un total de 303 encuestas (109 Ur, 133 Pe y 61 Ru). Los resultados se analizaron y compararon entre zonas mediante pruebas de Chi2.Resultados y conclusiones:el análisis de los datos evidenció diferencias para algunas prácticas y representaciones exhibiendo, además, estrecha relación con la variabilidad en las condiciones de vida. Así, por ejemplo, mientras que las familias urbanas, de más alto nivel socio-económico, elegían sus alimentos principalmente por las marcas, en las familias más carenciadas del periurbano, el precio era el factor determinante. Por último, la zona rural presentó características socio-económicas intermedias y se observó una mayor participación de toda la familia en actividades relacionadas a la alimentación. No obstante, también se detectaron ciertas uniformidades independientes de las condiciones socio-económicas, como la práctica de consumo entre comidas o la preocupación por lograr una "buena alimentación", dando cuenta de que algunos aspectos trascienden las fronteras de los subsistemas socioculturales
ackground:It is known that the knowledge that guides our practices is socially elaborated and that the variability in food choices is related to the variability in living conditions.Objetive: To inquire about practices (actions) and representations (underlying ideas) about the feeding of families with at least one child from 3 to 6 years old living in different socio-economic environments of the Villaguay district, Entre Ríos, Argentina.Methodology:In public educational establishments of the urban (Ur), periurban (Pe) and rural (Ru) areas of the department of Villaguay, parents were invited to voluntarily develop assisted surveys, obtaining a total of 303 surveys (109 Ur, 133 Pe and 61 Ru).Results and Conclusions:The analysis of the data showed differences between zones for some practices and representations, also exhibiting their close relationship with the variability of the living conditions. For example, while urban families of higher socioeconomic status chose their food primarily for brands, in the most deprived families of the periurban, price was the determining factor. Finally, the rural area had intermediate socio-economic characteristics and a greater participation of the whole family in activities related to food was observed. However, certain uniformities, independent of the socioeconomic differences, were also detected, such as the practice of eating between meals or the concern to achieve "a good food", noting that some aspects transcend the boundaries of sociocultural subsystems.
RESUMEN
Objetivo:Indagar a) si existen diferencias en las condiciones de vida estimadas a partir de variables socio-económicas, entre familias con niños de 3 a 6 años de edad, residentes en zonas urbana, periurbana y rural del departamento de Villaguay, Entre Ríos, Argentina; y b) en caso de haberlas, si esas diferencias se expresan en el estado nutricional infantil y en la percepción de inseguridad alimentaria en los hogares (PIAH) (en lo que respecta al acceso).Población y Métodos:El estudio fue de tipo transversal e incluyó 303 niños de 3 a 6 años de edad. Para el estudio antropométrico se tomaron peso corporal y estatura, y se empleó la referencia The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (Frisancho, 2008) para determinar los indicadores de estado nutricional. La información socio-económica se relevó mediante una encuesta semiestructurada, mientras que la PIAH se obtuvo a partir de la encuesta propuesta por la Academia para el Desarrollo Educativo. Ambas encuestas fueron completadas por los padres de los niños medidos antropométricamente.Resultados y Conclusiones:En general se observó que las poblaciones estudiadas presentaron diferencias socio- económicas en relación con el nivel educativo y empleo paterno y materno, hacinamiento crítico, cobertura de salud, entre otras; estas diferencias se expresarían en la distribución diferencial de la malnutrición infantil y de la percepción de las limitaciones que los padres manifestaron tener a una buena alimentación tanto en términos de cantidad como de calidad.
Objective:To inquire: a) if there are differences in living conditions estimated through socio-economic variables among families with 3 to 6 years old children, living in urban, peri-urban and rural areas of Villaguay department, Entre Ríos, Argentina; and b) in case there is any, whether these differences are expressed in child nutritional status and in the perception of households food insecurity (PHFI) (regarding access).Population and Methods:The study was transverse and included 303 children aged 3 to 6 years old. For the anthropometric study, we considered body weight and height, along with The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (Frisancho, 2008) reference to determine nutritional status indicators. Socioeconomic information was inquired through a semistructured survey, while the PHFI was obtained from the survey proposed by the Academy for Educational Development (AED), both filled by parents of children measured anthropometrically.Results and Conclusion:In general, it was observed that the studied populations showed socio-economic differences in relation to parental education level and employment, critical overcrowding, and health insurance, among others; these differences might be expressed in the differential distribution of children malnutrition and in the perception of the limitations that parents said to have to a good nutrition both in terms of quantity and quality.
RESUMEN
The analysis of nutritional status is anthropologically important to address the complex interaction of biological, social, political, economic and cultural factors. To deepen the knowledge about contexts of occurrence of child malnutrition, we analyzed nutritional status in relation to socio-environmental conditions of residence in children between three and six years from Villaguay, Entre Ríos, Argentina. We performed a cross-sectional study of 1,435 school children of both sexes. Body weight and height were measured and prevalence of low height/age (LH/A), low weight/age (LW/A), low BMI/age (LBMI/A), overweight (Ow) and obesity (Ob) was calculated using World Health Organization reference charts. Socio-environmental information was obtained through a semi-structured survey and processed by Categorical Principal Component Analysis (CatPCA). Anthropometric data showed 1.5% LW/A, 5.2% LH/A; 0.6% LBMI/A, 20.9% Ow and 10.9% Ob. CatPCA allowed us to define four groups (G1-G4) with better (G2), middle (G1) and worst (G4) urban socio-environmental conditions and one with rural characteristics (G3). G4 presented the highest LH/A prevalence and G2 the highest Ow and Ob prevalence (P<0.05). It is concluded that since the distribution of malnutrition was not even it may dependent on the context in which children grow up. Thus, the higher the socio-economic level, the higher the incidence of overweight and obesity. Conversely, at the other end of the social scale, undernutrition and increasing weight excess remained major health problems.
Asunto(s)
Trastornos de la Nutrición del Niño/epidemiología , Desnutrición/epidemiología , Sobrepeso/epidemiología , Argentina/epidemiología , Estatura/fisiología , Índice de Masa Corporal , Peso Corporal/fisiología , Niño , Trastornos de la Nutrición del Niño/etiología , Trastornos de la Nutrición del Niño/fisiopatología , Preescolar , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Encuestas Epidemiológicas , Humanos , Masculino , Desnutrición/etiología , Desnutrición/fisiopatología , Análisis Multivariante , Estado Nutricional , Obesidad/epidemiología , Obesidad/etiología , Obesidad/fisiopatología , Sobrepeso/etiología , Sobrepeso/fisiopatología , Prevalencia , Factores SocioeconómicosRESUMEN
AIM: To analyze the secular changes in body size and composition of two cohorts of children from La Plata City, Argentina, with a 35-year follow-up. subjects and methods: Cohort 1 (C1) was measured in 1969-1970 and included 1772 children (889 boys, 883 girls), and Cohort 2 (C2), measured in 2004-2005, included 1059 children (542 boys, 517 girls). Both cohorts were obtained from matching geographical areas and comprised children from 4 to 12 years. Body weight (W); Height (H); Upper arm circumference (UAC); Tricipital (TS) and Subscapular skinfolds (SS) were measured, and Body Mass Index (BMI) and muscle (UMA) and fat (AFA) brachial areas were calculated. Prevalence of overweight and obesity was estimated by IOTF. To compare C1-C2 we used a generalized linear model with log-transformed variables, and chi square test. RESULTS: There were significant and positive differences between C2-C1 in W, UAC, SS, TS, and AFA. In contrast, H was not significantly different and UMA was significantly different but with negative values. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 14.5% and 3.8% in C1, and 17.0% and 6.8% in C2. Differences between cohorts were significant for obesity. CONCLUSION: The shifts observed for soft tissues--positive trend for fat and negative for muscle area--occurring without changes in height lead us to suppose that in these three decades, La Plata's population has experienced deterioration in living conditions and important changes in their lifestyle, such as an increased consumption of energy-dense foods and sedentary habits.
Asunto(s)
Composición Corporal/fisiología , Tamaño Corporal/fisiología , Antropología Física , Argentina , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
The aim of this paper was to analyze if intergenerational undernutrition causes growth retardation in weight and body length in two generations of rats and, if so, to assess whether the delay is cumulative. Male and female rats were assigned to one of the following groups: (1) control: they were fed ad libitum and constituted the parental generation (P), and (2) undernourished generations (F1 and F2): they were fed on 75% of the control diet. Animals were weighed and X-rayed every ten days from 20 to 100 days old in order to measure total body length. Also, body mass index was calculated. Data were processed by ANOVA and LSD post hoc tests. Impairment in weight, body length, and body mass index was found in both generations; nevertheless growth retardation was greater in F2, indicating a cumulative effect of nutritional stress. Sex differences were found, since the cumulative effect of generational undernutrition was greater and earlier in males than in females. It is concluded that when the undernutrition acts with constant intensity during several generations, the growth retardation is cumulative, indicating a negative secular trend.
RESUMEN
The purpose of this study was to analyze whether nutritional status and body composition varies according to the environment of residence (urban or rural) of children in the Brandsen district (Argentina). Weight, height, arm circumference and tricipital and subscapular skinfolds were performed in 1368 schoolchildren aged 3 to 14. NHANES III reference was used to estimate nutritional status -underweight, stunting, wasting, overweight, and obesity- and to evaluate body composition -deficit and excess of adipose (DA, EA) and muscular (DM, EM) tissues of the arm-. Central fat distribution (CFD) was estimated using the subscapular-tricipital index. A structured questionnaire was implemented to evaluate socio-environmental characteristics. Nutritional categories based on body size and body composition were compared between urban and rural areas of residence using Chi-squared tests (χ2). The results indicated for the total sample: 1.1% underweight, 6.9% stunting, 0.4% wasting, 12.1% overweight, 9.7% obesity, 22.0% DM, 2.5% EM, 0.1% DA, 17.6% EA, and 8.5% CFD. Significant differences between urban and rural areas were found only for CFD. The socio-environmental analysis showed that while access to public services and housing quality was significantly better in the urban area, a considerable number of city households lived under deficient conditions, lacked health insurance and had low socioeconomic level. Fifty-three percent of the undernourished children had DM without urban-rural significant differences, and none of them showed DA. In the overweight plus obesity group, 62.8% presented EA, 6.4% EM, 4.7% DM, and 22.8% CFD. The highest percentages of DM and CFD were recorded in rural areas (p = 0.00). We conclude that the child population shows the "double burden" of malnutrition. The environment of residence does not promote any differentiation in the nutritional status. Nevertheless, the increment of central adiposity and, in some cases of muscle deficit in rural children, suggests a consumption of unbalanced diet.
Asunto(s)
Composición Corporal , Estado Nutricional , Adolescente , Argentina/epidemiología , Pesos y Medidas Corporales , Niño , Preescolar , Ciudades , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Desnutrición/epidemiología , Obesidad/epidemiología , Sobrepeso/epidemiología , Población Rural , Delgadez/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
This paper addresses the effect of a reduction of uterine blood flow (RUB) on postcranial bone growth in rats. The objectives were: (1) to discover and characterize the changes evoked by growth retardation through a reduction in placental blood flow, (2) to see if the resulting growth retardation is different in each bone, and (3) to analyze any sex-specific features. RUB was induced by the partial bending of uterine vessels at day 1 of pregnancy. Control and sham-operated animals were also included. The animals were X-rayed at birth. The lengths and widths of the humerus, radius, and femur and pelvic length, interischial, interpubic, and pubic widths were measured. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and LSD post hoc tests. The intersubject analysis showed significant differences between groups and non-significant differences between sexes. In males, sham-operated and RUB showed significant differences in pelvic lengths and widths, and humeral, radial, femoral, and tibial widths. In females, there were significant differences only for humeral widths, radial lengths and widths, and femoral and tibial widths. We conclude that reduced blood flow delays appendicular bone growth as observed at birth. Pelvic length was more affected than that of the limbs. The widths of the pelvic and limbs bones, in turn, were more altered than the lengths, and the growth of the males more than that of the females. Partial bending of uterine vessels compromised postcranial growth, though under such disadvantageous circumstances the females proved to be more capable of growing and thus more resilient than the males.