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Objetivos. Determinar la correlación y concordancia diagnóstica del índice de masa corporal (IMC), con el perímetro abdominal (PA) y el índice cintura-talla (ICT). Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal, de datos secundarios usando las bases de datos antropométricos de la Encuesta Vigilancia Alimentaria y Nutricional por Etapas de Vida Adulto de 18 a 59 años 2017-2018 que incluyó 1084 personas para los dominios geográficos Lima Metropolitana, resto urbano y rural. Se estimaron las prevalencias de obesidad según IMC, PA e ICT y se empleó el coeficiente de correlación de Lin y Kappa de Cohen para determinar la correlación y concordancia entre las tres mediciones antropométricas. Resultados. Según los criterios de IMC, PA e ICT las prevalencias de obesidad fueron de 26,8%, 50,4% y 85,4%, respectivamente; las prevalencias fueron mayores en mujeres y en mayores de 30 años. La correlación entre IMC vs. PA e IMC vs. ICT fue pobre y de PA con ICT fue moderada, con diferencias entre hombres y mujeres. Además, la concordancia entre IMC y PA fue aceptable, mientras que la concordancia entre IMC vs. ICT fue leve. Conclusiones . Los resultados de la correlación y concordancia son limitados y sugieren que no son medidas intercambiables, por lo que es necesario evaluar la suficiencia de emplear solo IMC para el diagnóstico de obesidad en el Perú. Esta limitada correlación y concordancia se refleja en las diferentes proporciones de obesidad que oscilan entre 26,8% a 85,4% al aplicar los tres criterios.

Objective. To determine the correlation and diagnostic agreement of body mass index (BMI) and abdominal perimeter (AP) with the waist-to-height ratio (WHtR). Materials and methods. A descriptive, cross-sectional, secondary data study was conducted using the anthropometric databases of the Food and Nutrition Surveillance Survey by Adult Life Stages from 18 to 59 years old, 2017-2018, which included 1084 individuals for the geographic domains of Metropolitan Lima, other urban areas, and rural regions. The prevalence of obesity was estimated according to BMI, AP and WHtR. Lin's correlation coefficient and Cohen's Kappa were used to determine the correlation and agreement between the three anthropometric measurements. Results. According to the BMI, AP, and WHtR criteria, the prevalence of obesity was 26.8%, 50.4% and 85.4%, respectively; the prevalence was higher in women and in those over 30 years of age. The correlation between BMI and AP, as well as between BMI and WHtR was poor; it was moderate between AP and WHtR, with differences between men and women. Furthermore, the agreement between BMI and AP was acceptable, whereas the agreement between BMI vs. WHtR was mild. Conclusions. The results regarding correlation and agreement are limited and suggest that they are not interchangeable measures, so it is necessary to evaluate the adequacy of using BMI alone for the diagnosis of obesity in Peru. The limited correlation and agreement was reflected in the different proportions of obesity that range from 26.8% to 85.4% when applying the three criteria.

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OBJECTIVE.: Motivation for the study: the body mass index (BMI) is the most widely used criterion for diagnosing obesity, despite its limitations and the fact that it is not the most accurate for identifying the risks of metabolic diseases. In Peru, the correlation of various anthropometric measures has not been evaluated in a representative sample of adults. Main findings: the correlation was poor between BMI and abdominal perimeter (AP) and BMI and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and moderate between AP and WHtR. In addition, the diagnostic agreement between BMI and AP was acceptable but between BMI and WHtR was mild. Implications: the results show that the anthropometric measures evaluated are not interchangeable and that the use of BMI should be re-evaluated since there are other indexes that identify the risks of chronic diseases earlier. To determine the correlation and diagnostic agreement of body mass index (BMI) and abdominal perimeter (AP) with the waist-to-height ratio (WHtR). MATERIALS AND METHODS.: A descriptive, cross-sectional, secondary data study was conducted using the anthropometric databases of the Food and Nutrition Surveillance Survey by Adult Life Stages from 18 to 59 years old, 2017-2018, which included 1084 individuals for the geographic domains of Metropolitan Lima, other urban areas, and rural regions. The prevalence of obesity was estimated according to BMI, AP and WHtR. Lin's correlation coefficient and Cohen's Kappa were used to determine the correlation and agreement between the three anthropometric measurements. RESULTS.: According to the BMI, AP, and WHtR criteria, the prevalence of obesity was 26.8%, 50.4% and 85.4%, respectively; the prevalence was higher in women and in those over 30 years of age. The correlation between BMI and AP, as well as between BMI and WHtR was poor; it was moderate between AP and WHtR, with differences between men and women. Furthermore, the agreement between BMI and AP was acceptable, whereas the agreement between BMI vs. WHtR was mild. CONCLUSIONS.: The results regarding correlation and agreement are limited and suggest that they are not interchangeable measures, so it is necessary to evaluate the adequacy of using BMI alone for the diagnosis of obesity in Peru. The limited correlation and agreement was reflected in the different proportions of obesity that range from 26.8% to 85.4% when applying the three criteria.

OBJETIVOS.: Motivación para realizar el estudio: el índice masa corporal (IMC) es el criterio más usado para diagnosticar obesidad, a pesar de sus limitaciones y de que no es el más preciso para identificar los riesgos de enfermedades metabólicas. En Perú no se ha evaluado la correlación de diversas medidas antropométricas en una muestra representativa de adultos. Principales hallazgos: la correlación entre el IMC y el perímetro abdominal (PA) e IMC y el índice cintura-talla (ICT) fue pobre y entre PA e ICT fue moderada. Además, la concordancia diagnóstica entre; IMC y PA fue aceptable y entre IMC e ICT fue leve. Implicancias: los resultados muestran que las medidas antropométricas evaluadas no serían intercambiables y que al existir otros índices que identifican más precozmente los riesgos a enfermedades crónicas debe evaluarse el uso del IMC. Determinar la correlación y concordancia diagnóstica del índice de masa corporal (IMC), con el perímetro abdominal (PA) y el índice cintura-talla (ICT). MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS.: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal, de datos secundarios usando las bases de datos antropométricos de la Encuesta Vigilancia Alimentaria y Nutricional por Etapas de Vida Adulto de 18 a 59 años 2017-2018 que incluyó 1084 personas para los dominios geográficos Lima Metropolitana, resto urbano y rural. Se estimaron las prevalencias de obesidad según IMC, PA e ICT y se empleó el coeficiente de correlación de Lin y Kappa de Cohen para determinar la correlación y concordancia entre las tres mediciones antropométricas. RESULTADOS.: Según los criterios de IMC, PA e ICT las prevalencias de obesidad fueron de 26,8%, 50,4% y 85,4%, respectivamente; las prevalencias fueron mayores en mujeres y en mayores de 30 años. La correlación entre IMC vs. PA e IMC vs. ICT fue pobre y de PA con ICT fue moderada, con diferencias entre hombres y mujeres. Además, la concordancia entre IMC y PA fue aceptable, mientras que la concordancia entre IMC vs. ICT fue leve. CONCLUSIONES: . Los resultados de la correlación y concordancia son limitados y sugieren que no son medidas intercambiables, por lo que es necesario evaluar la suficiencia de emplear solo IMC para el diagnóstico de obesidad en el Perú. Esta limitada correlación y concordancia se refleja en las diferentes proporciones de obesidad que oscilan entre 26,8% a 85,4% al aplicar los tres criterios.

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Confinement due to COVID-19 has brought important changes in people's lives as well as in their eating and resting habits. In this study we aimed at exploring the eating habits and sleep quality of the adult population of Ecuador during the mandatory confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This is a cross-sectional study, which used an online survey that included questions about eating habits and sleeping habits in adults (n = 9522) between 18-69 years old. The Pittsburg sleep quality questionnaire validated for the Hispanic population was used, and questions about dietary habits. The statistical test Chi-square statistical test was used to analyze the data. The results show that sleep quality differs according to sex, being worse in women, both in all components of sleep quality and in the total score (p < 0.001). Women had greater changes in the habitual consumption of food compared to men (24.24% vs. 22.53%), and people between 18 and 40 years of age decreased their food consumption in relation to people >40 years (24.06% vs. 17.73%). Our results indicate that mandatory confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Ecuador has generated changes in the eating habits and sleep quality in the adult population sampled, and these changes are more noticeable in women and young adults. These changes offer an important alert for the health system and further, advice for the implementation of future public health policies.

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RESUMEN El consumo de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (AGPI) omega 3 tiene un prometedor potencial para el tratamiento de la dislipidemia y la obesidad, especialmente por su efecto sobre factores de transcripción como el receptor activado por proliferadores peroxisomales tipo alfa (PPARα) y sobre la actividad de la proteína desacoplante UCP3. Con el objetivo de buscar dicho efecto en un aceite rico en AGPI, ampliamente distribuido a nivel nacional, evaluamos el impacto de la suplementación dietaria con aceite de linaza (Linum usitatissimum) sobre la expresión de los genes UCP3 y PPARα en ratas Holtzman inducidas a obesidad. Los animales fueron divididos en 2 grupos, uno recibió dieta obesogénica (Grupo CO) y el otro recibió, además, aceite de linaza (Grupo AL). Las mediciones registradas fueron peso corporal, consumo de alimento, perfil lipídico y la expresión de los genes para el PPARα en el hígado y para UCP3 en el músculo esquelético. Resultados: La suplementación dietaria con aceite de linaza, incrementó significativamente la expresión del gen UCP3 en el músculo esquelético y mostró una tendencia no significativa a incrementar la expresión del gen PPARα en hígado, aunque también incrementó el peso corporal y de manera no significativa el consumo de alimentos, Conclusión: La suplementación dietaria con aceite de linaza influyó significativamente en la expresión del gen UCP3 en el músculo esquelético con un ligero, pero no significativo incremento en la expresión del gen PPARα en hígado de las ratas Holtzman con obesidad inducida.

ABSTRACT The consumption of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) holds a promising potential for treatment of dyslipidemia and obesity, especially due to its effect on transcription factors such as the peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor type alpha (PPARα) and uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) activity. In order to assess the effect of a widely distributed oil rich in PUFA, we evaluated the impact of a diet supplemented with flaxseed oil (Linum usitatissimum) on the expression of the UCP3 and PPARα genes in obesity-induced Holtzman rats. Animals were divided into 2 groups: the first group (Group CO) received an obesogenic diet, while the second group (Group AL) was supplemented with flaxseed oil in addition to the obesogenic diet. The measurements were body weight, food intake, lipid profile, and the expression of genes for PPARα and UCP3 in the liver and skeletal muscle, respectively. Results: Diet supplemented with flaxseed oil significantly increased the expression of the UCP3 gene in the skeletal muscle and showed a non-significant tendency to increase the expression of the PPARα gene in the liver. Although the body weight of the animals in Group AL increased, there was no significant increase in food consumption as compared to that of animals in Group CO. Conclusion: Flaxseed oil significantly increased the expression of UCP3 in skeletal muscle, with a slight but non-significant increase in the expression of PPARα in the liver of obesity-induced Holtzman rats.

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Objective: To determine the prevalence of anemia in elderly adults living in Metropolitan Lima (ML), classified according to socioeconomic status (SES). Methods: We sampled 300 elderly residents in Lima using a household sampling plan with uniform distribution in different SES groups. Hemoglobin (Hb) levels were assessed by photometric analysis of capillary blood samples using the HemoCue® system. Anemia was defined using reference values Hb<13 g/dL for males and Hb<12 g/dL for females. Results: The overall Hb (mean ± SD) for men in this elderly population in ML was 13.5±1.8 g/dL compared to 12.7±1.3 g/dL in women. No significant differences in the mean Hb concentration by sex (p= 0.205) were observed. Prevalence of anemia for men and women was 30.5% and23.8%. The prevalence of anemia in the low, medium andhigh SESgroups was 26.0% (17.3-34.7), 29.0% (20.0-38.0) and 25.0% (16.4-33.6), respectively, (p= 0.801). Conclusions: Anemia prevalence in this elderly metropolitan population was not different among different socioeconomic status groups.

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de anemia de adultos mayores de condiciones socioeconómicas diferenciadas que habitan en Lima Metropolitana. Metodología: Se seleccionó una muestra aleatoria de 300 adultos mayores (AM) residentes en Lima Metropolitana y de diferentes estratos socioeconómicos (NSE) con afijación uniforme. Para evaluar el estado de anemia se determinó la concentración de hemoglobina (g/dl, Hb) en una muestra de sangre capilar utilizando un hemoglobinómetro (HemoCue®). Para clasificar la anemia se utilizó los siguientes puntos de corte: varones Hb <13 g/dl y mujeres Hb < 12 g/dl. Resultados: El valor medio de Hb en los AM varones fue 13,5±1,8 g/dL y en mujeres 12,7+1,3 g/dL. No hubo diferencias significativas entre género (p= 0,205). La prevalencia de anemia fue del 30,5% para varones y 23,8% para mujeres. La prevalencia de anemia en los AM correspondientes al NSE bajo fue de 26,0% (IC 95%:17,3-34,7), en el NSE medio 29,0% (IC 95%:20,0-38,0), y en el NSE alto 25,0% (IC 95%:16,4-33,6), diferencias que no fueron significativas (p= 0,801). Conclusiones: La prevalencia de anemia de los AM del Lima Metropolitano no mostró una relación con el NSE.

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Objective: To determine the nutritional status of non-institutionali-zed elderly (NE) and their relationship with different socioeconomic conditions. Method: 300 NE residents of Metropolitan Lima from different socioeconomic levels were randomly selected. The nutritional status was determined using Body Mass Index (BMI) and brachial perimeter. The NE was classified according to BMI: normal from 22 to 27, overweight from 27.1 to 29.9 and obesity ≥ 30 kg/m2. The dietary intake was evaluated with a reminder survey of 24 hours. Results: The prevalence of overweight was 48.3 % (26% overweight and 22.3% obese) without significant differences between socioeconomic levels (SS) (p=0.088). Greater obesity in women than in men was observed with significant differences between SS (p=0.030). The highest prevalence of obesity was observed in females of SS medium (32%). The SS significantly influenced lipid consumption, vitamin C and calcium. The consumption of energy, protein, carbohydrates, fiber, iron and phosphorus, did not differ significantly with SS. Conclusions: The nutritional status and nutrient intake of NE showed no relation with socioeconomic level.

Objetivo: Determinar el estado nutricional de adultos mayores (AM) no institucionalizados y su relación con condiciones socioeconómicas diferenciadas. Metodología: Se seleccionaron aleatoriamente 300 AM residentes en viviendas de Lima Metropolitana, de diferentes estratos socioeconómicos, con afijación uniforme. El estado nutricional se determinó con el Indice de Masa Corporal (IMC) y el Perímetro Braquial. Los AM se clasificaron según el IMC: en normal de 22 a 27, sobrepeso de 27,1 a 29,9 y obesidad ≥30 Kg/m². La ingestión dietética se evaluó con una encuesta de recordatorio de 24 horas. Resultados: La prevalencia de exceso de peso fue 48% (26% tenía sobrepeso y 22,3 % eran obesos) sin diferencias significativas entre niveles socioeconómicos (NSE) (p=0,088). Se reportó mayor obesidad en mujeres y con diferencias significativas entre NSE (p=0,030). La mayor prevalencia de obesidad se observó en población de mujeres del NSE medio (32 %). El NSE influyó significativamente en el consumo de lípidos, vitamina C y calcio. El consumo de energía, proteínas, carbohidratos, fibra, hierro y fósforo, no difieren significativamente con el NSE. Conclusiones: El estado nutricional y el consumo de nutrientes de los AM no mostraron relación con el NSE.

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BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading causes of mortality in Peruvian population. Metabolic syndrome contributes to this problem. This study aims to determine the prevalence metabolic syndrome (MS) in Peruvian adults. METHODS: 4053 representative Peruvian adults were evaluated, 2037 women and 2016 men older than 20 years old. Data from socioeconomically issues, clinical and laboratory exam were registered. Blood samples for biochemical analysis were taken from fasted subjects. The economical conditions of subjects were characterized by the unmet basic needs (UBN) method. Worldwide definition from the International diabetes federation (IDF) was considered to determine MS. RESULTS: The components of the MS on evaluated population was: 65.6% of abdominal obesity, 54.2% of decreased C-HDL, 30% of elevated triglycerides, 19.1% of arterial hypertension and 8% of hyperglycemias. Women show higher prevalence of abdominal obesity (81%, IC95%:77.6 - 85.3) compared with men (48.5%, IC95%: 44.5 - 52.5). The prevalence of MS was 25.8%, being 34.3% in women which is higher (p <0.05) than 16.6% in men. CONCLUSION: Abdominal obesity was more prevalent on Peruvian population. The risk of MS on Peruvian population increases gradually with age and decreases while poverty is accentuated.

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Con la finalidad de establecer la relación causa-efecto entre área geológica y contenido de yodo en la leche de vacuno y estimar la contribución del consumo de leche a la ingesta de yodo, en la presente investigación se ha determinado el contenido de yodo en leche de vacuno procedente de la sierra y costa de Perú. Se obtuvieron muestras de leche de tres principales zonas productoras, 62 en Cajamarca, 44 en Arequipa, ambos departamentos de la Sierra, y 27 muestras en el Departamento de Lima en la Costa. La determinación cuantitativa de yodo se realizó por el método de Zak modificado, basado en la relación de Sandell-Kolthoff. Las medianas obtenidas fueron 24 µg/L en Cajamarca, 34 µg/L en Arequipa y 170 µg/L en Lima. El valor de la mediana corespondiente a la sierra, 26 µg/L, fue significativamente más baja que el corespondiente a la Costa; además mientras en la primera el 81 por ciento de los valores individuales estuvieron por debajo de 50 µg/L, en la segunda, contrariante, el 77 por ciento estuvieron sobre 80 µg/L. Estos resultados confirman que el contenido de yodo en leche de la sierra es 6 veces menor que en la costa y que su consumo contribuye significativamente a satisfacer las necesidades fisiológicas de yodo de los pobladores de dicha zona

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With the objective to establish the cause-effect relationship between a geological area and the iodine content in cattle milk, and to estimate the contribution of milk consumption to the dietary iodine intake, the iodine content in cattle milk from the sierra and the coastal regions of Perú was determined. Milk samples were collected of cows from the three main productive zones of Perú, 62 in Cajamarca, 42 in Arequipa, both in the sierra, and 27 in Lima at the coast. The measurement of iodine was made by the method of Zak, based on the Sandell- Kolthoff reaction. The median values obtained were 24 microg/L in Cajamarca, 34 microg/L in Arequipa, and 170 microg/L in Lima. The median value in the sierra, 26 microg/L, was significantly lower than the one found in the coast. Moreover, while in the former 81% of individual values were below 50 microg/L, in the latter, on the contrary, 77% were above 80 microg/L. These results confirm that the iodine content in cattle milk is related to ecological factors. At the same time, they demonstrate that the iodine content in milk from the sierra is six times lower than in milk from the coast, and also that its consumption does not contribute significantly to satisfy the human physiological requirements of iodine in that zone.

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