RESUMEN
Neospora caninum is recognized as a major cause of reproductive losses worldwide but its pathogenesis is not completely understood. Immune mediated placental pathology has been reported as being responsible for compromising pregnancy probably due to the adverse effects of exacerbated Th1 type response at the maternal-foetal interface. Different clinical outcomes are known to occur following experimental infections of cattle at different stages of gestation, with foetal death being the most common finding during early gestation, and the birth of live congenitally infected calves following infection later in gestation. The aim of the current study was to characterize the cytokine expression in the placenta of cattle experimentally challenged with tachyzoites of the Nc-1 strain during early, mid and late gestation. Moderate to severe infiltration of IL-12, IFN-γ and TNF-α expressing cells was observed in the placentas collected at early gestation and this infiltration was more pronounced in the samples collected from challenged dams carrying non-viable foetuses, compared with the mothers carrying viable foetuses. In contrast, the infiltration of Th1 cytokine expressing-cells was mild following N. caninum infection in mid gestation and scarce during infection in late gestation. Scarce expression of IL-4 was observed in the placentas from N. caninum-challenged and negative control animals throughout gestation. The milder Th1 immune response observed during later stages of gestation following Nc-1 infection could partially explain the less severe clinical outcome when compared to early pregnancy.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Bovinos/parasitología , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Citocinas/metabolismo , Neospora , Placenta/metabolismo , Placenta/parasitología , Animales , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/metabolismo , Coccidiosis/inmunología , Coccidiosis/metabolismo , Coccidiosis/parasitología , Citocinas/genética , Femenino , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/inmunología , Hibridación in Situ , Placenta/inmunología , Embarazo , ARN Mensajero/genética , ARN Mensajero/metabolismoRESUMEN
Toxoplasma gondii has a very wide intermediate host range and is thought to be able to infect all warm blooded animals. The parasite causes a spectrum of different diseases and clinical symptoms within the intermediate hosts and following infection most animals develop adaptive humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. The development of protective immunity to T. gondii following natural infection in many host species has led researchers to look at vaccination as a strategy to control disease, parasite multiplication and establishment in animal hosts. A range of different veterinary vaccines are required to help control T. gondii infection which include vaccines to prevent congenital toxoplasmosis, reduce or eliminate tissue cysts in meat producing animals and to prevent oocyst shedding in cats. In this paper we will discuss some of the history, challenges and progress in the development of veterinary vaccines against T. gondii.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/inmunología , Vacunas Antiprotozoos/inmunología , Toxoplasma/inmunología , Toxoplasmosis Animal/prevención & control , Animales , Interacciones Huésped-Parásitos , Toxoplasmosis Animal/congénito , Toxoplasmosis Animal/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Toxoplasma gondii has a very wide intermediate host range and is thought to be able to infect all warm blooded animals. The parasite causes a spectrum of different diseases and clinical symptoms within the intermediate hosts and following infection most animals develop adaptive humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. The development of protective immunity to T. gondii following natural infection in many host species has led researchers to look at vaccination as a strategy to control disease, parasite multiplication and establishment in animal hosts. A range of different veterinary vaccines are required to help control T. gondii infection which include vaccines to prevent congenital toxoplasmosis, reduce or eliminate tissue cysts in meat producing animals and to prevent oocyst shedding in cats. In this paper we will discuss some of the history, challenges and progress in the development of veterinary vaccines against T. gondii.