RESUMEN
Background: Syndromic surveillance represents a potentially inexpensive supplement to test-based COVID-19 surveillance. By strengthening surveillance of COVID-19-like illness (CLI), targeted and rapid interventions can be facilitated that prevent COVID-19 outbreaks without primary reliance on testing. Objective: This study aims to assess the temporal relationship between confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections and self-reported and health care provider-reported CLI in university and county settings, respectively. Methods: We collected aggregated COVID-19 testing and symptom reporting surveillance data from Cornell University (2020-2021) and Tompkins County Health Department (2020-2022). We used negative binomial and linear regression models to correlate confirmed COVID-19 case counts and positive test rates with CLI rate time series, lagged COVID-19 cases or rates, and day of the week as independent variables. Optimal lag periods were identified using Granger causality and likelihood ratio tests. Results: In modeling undergraduate student cases, the CLI rate (P=.003) and rate of exposure to CLI (P<.001) were significantly correlated with the COVID-19 test positivity rate with no lag in the linear models. At the county level, the health care provider-reported CLI rate was significantly correlated with SARS-CoV-2 test positivity with a 3-day lag in both the linear (P<.001) and negative binomial model (P=.005). Conclusions: The real-time correlation between syndromic surveillance and COVID-19 cases on a university campus suggests symptom reporting is a viable alternative or supplement to COVID-19 surveillance testing. At the county level, syndromic surveillance is also a leading indicator of COVID-19 cases, enabling quick action to reduce transmission. Further research should investigate COVID-19 risk using syndromic surveillance in other settings, such as low-resource settings like low- and middle-income countries.
Asunto(s)
COVID-19 , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/diagnóstico , COVID-19/prevención & control , Estudios Retrospectivos , Universidades/estadística & datos numéricos , Vigilancia de GuardiaRESUMEN
Many aspects of reproductive maturation in newly emerged adult female mosquitoes are controlled by juvenile hormone (JH). However, the molecular basis of this hormonal regulation remains poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed transcriptome changes in young female adults after topical application of exogenous JH. mRNA levels of 16 and 72 genes were enhanced at 3 h and 12 h after hormone administration, respectively. The observed upregulations can be also induced by the JH analogues, methoprene and pyriproxyfen, but not by farnesol, indicating that these responses are JH-specific. Among the genes activated by JH is the mosquito Krüppel homolog 1 (Kr-h1) gene. Studies in the beetle Tribolium castaneum have indicated that Kr-h1 is transcriptionally activated by JH during metamorphosis and encodes a gene expression regulator acting downstream of the methoprene-tolerant (Met) gene in the JH signaling pathway. We found that the upregulation of AaKr-h1 after eclosion relied on the function of the mosquito Met protein, suggesting that a conserved JH signaling pathway is utilized both in the metamorphosis of T. castaneum and in the adult reproductive maturation of the Aedes aegypti mosquito. This study lays a foundation for a better understanding of the mechanisms of juvenile hormone action.