RESUMEN
The article covers results of studies conducted over last 15 years and aimed to elaboration of requirements to integral parameters of microclimate at workplace, its evaluation and regulation, prophylactic measures against body overcooling and overheating. The authors present methods to evaluate combined effects of physical factors (noise, vibration, microclimate) and to assess microclimate with consideration of factors determining body thermal load (energy expenditure, duration of stay at workplace, heat insulation of clothes and thermo-physical parameters of its materials). Mathematic models of forecasting cold and heat stress are presented, as well as requirements to heat insulation for individual protective means against cold and methods to calculate it. Regimens of work in heating and cooling conditions are specified. The authors set directions for further studies to define regulation requirements to microclimate on basis of studied patterns of body heat state formation, its evaluation criteria, epidemiologic studies results, specified prophylactic measures against overheating and overcooling with consideration of adaptation, sex, thermo-physical characteristics of individual protective means (special clothes, footwear, gauntlets, headwear).
Asunto(s)
Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Microclima , Enfermedades Profesionales , Exposición Profesional , Lugar de Trabajo , Adaptación Fisiológica , Regulación de la Temperatura Corporal , Vestuario/normas , Frío/efectos adversos , Calor/efectos adversos , Humanos , Modelos Teóricos , Enfermedades Profesionales/etiología , Enfermedades Profesionales/prevención & control , Exposición Profesional/efectos adversos , Exposición Profesional/clasificación , Exposición Profesional/prevención & control , Equipos de Seguridad/clasificación , Equipos de Seguridad/normas , Carga de Trabajo/normas , Lugar de Trabajo/clasificación , Lugar de Trabajo/normasRESUMEN
Experimental studies helped to compare methods determining and calculating total heat resistance of clothing sets accepted by Russian and international standards. Findings are that difference in the total heat resistance values calculated on humans and on dummies in relatively still air and quiet conditions is caused by measurement technique applied. Significant difference in the total heat resistance values calculated in windy conditions or during walk require further research aimed to study influence of those factors on clothes' heat resistance.
Asunto(s)
Frío , Ropa de Protección/normas , Guantes Protectores/normas , Humanos , Modelos Teóricos , Federación de Rusia , Caminata , VientoRESUMEN
An analysis of the 35-years experiences with treatment of 621 patients with the IV-degree frostbite of hands and feet is presented. The surgical strategy of treatment of frostbite has undergone considerable evolution for these years. In addition to classical surgical treatment, the surgeons began to widely use methods of dermo-plastic surgery which allowed not only to save the maximum possible length of the extremity segment stump, but also to reduce the frequency of purulent complications and reamputations and thus to shorten the duration of hospital treatment.
Asunto(s)
Congelación de Extremidades/cirugía , Trasplante de Piel/métodos , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Amputación Quirúrgica , Niño , Traumatismos de los Pies/cirugía , Traumatismos de la Mano/cirugía , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Cuidados PreoperatoriosRESUMEN
On the basis of clinical and medico-statistic data the article describes the main medical and evacuation indices of slight or middle-severity burn injured. The paper contains characteristics of medical care, settles the patient holding period, discusses methods and indications for rehabilitation measures depending on residual pathological disorders.
Asunto(s)
Quemaduras/terapia , Atención a la Salud , Personal Militar , Transporte de Pacientes , Quemaduras/clasificación , Quemaduras/rehabilitación , Convalecencia , Humanos , Pronóstico , Federación de Rusia , Factores de Tiempo , TriajeAsunto(s)
Traumatismos de los Dedos/cirugía , Congelación de Extremidades/cirugía , Dedos del Pie/lesiones , Enfermedad Aguda , Adulto , Amputación Quirúrgica/métodos , Traumatismos de los Dedos/complicaciones , Congelación de Extremidades/complicaciones , Humanos , Masculino , Colgajos Quirúrgicos , Dedos del Pie/cirugíaRESUMEN
The aim of the operative treatment of IV degree frostbite is not only to save the bone stump, but also to achieve its functional fitness after primary surgery or in future due to creation of favourable conditions for the following reconstructive operations. Dermo-plastic operations, both well-known and modified ones were used. The experience of the authors includes 347 patients.
Asunto(s)
Extremidades , Congelación de Extremidades/cirugía , Humanos , Colgajos QuirúrgicosRESUMEN
Actual questions of the treatment of frostbites are considered on the basis of an experience of the treatment of 397 patients. The experience shows that superficial frostbites are healing well when treated by any method of local treatment. High degrees of frostbites are to be operated upon not earlier than the third week after injury, when the injury degree is established and acute inflammation has subsided. It has been established that the use of free and non-free skin plasty for closure of finger stumps and extremity segments improves functional outcomes and shortens the time of the treatment.