RESUMEN
Motor inhibition is considered to be an important process of executive control and to be implicated in numerous activities in order to cancel prepared actions and, supposedly, to suppress ongoing ones. Usually, it is evaluated using a "stop-signal task" in which participants have to inhibit prepared discrete movements. However, it is unknown whether other movement types involve the same inhibition process. We therefore investigated whether the inhibition process for discrete movements is involved in stopping ongoing rhythmic movements as well. Twenty healthy adults performed two counterbalanced tasks. The first task was used to estimate the stop-signal reaction time (SSRTd) needed to inhibit prepared discrete key-pressing movements. In the second task, participants drew graphic patterns on a tablet and had to stop the movement when a stop-signal occurred. We calculated the rhythmic stop signal-reaction time as the time needed to initiate stopping such ongoing rhythmic movement (SSRTr) and the same latency relative to the period of the rhythmic movement (relSSRTr). We measured these delays under different movement frequencies and motor coordination conditions and further investigated whether they varied as a function of several parameters of the rhythmic movements (speed, mean and variance of the relative phase, and movement phase at several time events). We found no correlation between inhibition measures in the two tasks. In contrast, generalized linear models showed a moderate yet significant influence of the motion parameters on the inhibition of ongoing rhythmic movements. We therefore conclude that the motor inhibition processes involved in cancelling prepared discrete movements and stopping ongoing rhythmic movements are dissimilar.
Asunto(s)
Inhibición Psicológica , Desempeño Psicomotor/fisiología , Adulto , Cognición/fisiología , Femenino , Voluntarios Sanos , Humanos , Masculino , Movimiento/fisiología , Periodicidad , Tiempo de Reacción/fisiologíaRESUMEN
This brief communication suggests that in patients who had bariatric surgery and in whom protein intake is lower than 60 g/d, the use of an application is likely to improve protein intake.
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Cirugía Bariátrica/rehabilitación , Registros de Dieta , Proteínas en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Conducta Alimentaria/fisiología , Aplicaciones Móviles , Obesidad Mórbida/cirugía , Adulto , Ingestión de Alimentos/fisiología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Monitoreo Fisiológico/métodos , Obesidad Mórbida/rehabilitación , Proyectos Piloto , Periodo Posoperatorio , Prueba de Estudio ConceptualRESUMEN
Progressive addition of hydroxypropylated amylose (AmH), from 0.05 wt% to 4.5 wt%, to single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in aqueous surfactant suspensions quenches the intrinsic near Infra-Red fluorescence of semiconducting SWNTs while dispersions obtained with a same amount of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) remain luminescent. Near Infra-Red emission spectroscopy (fluorescence and Raman scattering) of the samples is used to characterize the supramolecular organization of these polymer/SWNT complexes. The SWNTs are found to be wrapped by the PVP chains and not by the AmH chains which rather form AmH/surfactant/SWNTs complexes. In PVP/SWNTs dispersion, the fluorescence line position and intensity are affected by dielectric screening. In the case of AmH/surfactant/SWNTs complex, dielectric screening plays also a role but quenching occurs above about 3 wt% of AmH. We attribute the quenching to the formation of a "composite like" microstructure by opposition to stabilized dispersion.
Asunto(s)
Amilosa/química , Nanotubos de Carbono/química , Povidona/química , Fotoquímica , Tensoactivos/químicaRESUMEN
Proteasome-mediated proteolysis is a mechanism for mediating important regulatory proteins within the cell. Proteins that have been targeted for degradation by the proteasome are convalently tagged with a poly-ubiquitin protein chain prior to be recognized by the 19S subunit of proteasome. This degradation system controls the expression of a wide variety of cellular targets including tumor suppressors such as p53, inhibitor of nuclear factor NFkappaB, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors such as p21 and p27. Because of these functions, the proteasome has become a new target for cancer treatment. The potent and selective proteasome inhibitor, PS-341 or Velcade was approved in the United States and launched in may 2003 for the treatment of multiple myeloma patients who have received at least two prior therapies. On April 2004, the European commission granted marketing authorization for Velcade with the same indication. The same year 2004, the Nobel Prize in chemistry was awarded to three researchers "for the discovery of ubitiquin-mediated protein degradation", a regulated process by which proteins are cleaved into peptides inside cells.
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Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Ácidos Borónicos/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Pirazinas/uso terapéutico , Animales , Bortezomib , Humanos , Mieloma Múltiple/tratamiento farmacológico , Complejo de la Endopetidasa Proteasomal , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/genética , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/fisiología , Ubiquitina/genética , Ubiquitina/metabolismo , Ubiquitina/fisiologíaRESUMEN
The study of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) function has shown to provide useful indicators for risk stratification and early detection on a variety of cardiovascular pathologies. However, data gathered during different tests of the ANS are difficult to analyse, mainly due to the complex mechanisms involved in the autonomic regulation of the cardiovascular system (CVS). Although model-based analysis of ANS data has been already proposed as a way to cope with this complexity, only a few models coupling the main elements involved have been presented in the literature. In this paper, a new model of the CVS, representing the ventricles, the circulatory system and the regulation of the CVS activity by the ANS, is presented. The models of the vascular system and the ventricular activity have been developed using the Bond Graph formalism, as it proposes a unified representation for all energetic domains, facilitating the integration of mechanic and hydraulic phenomena. In order to take into account the electro-mechanical behaviour of both ventricles, an electrophysiologic model of the cardiac action potential, represented by a set of ordinary differential equations, has been integrated. The short-term ANS regulation of heart rate, cardiac contractility and peripheral vasoconstriction is represented by means of continuous transfer functions. These models, represented in different continuous formalisms, are coupled by using a multi-formalism simulation library. Results are presented for two different autonomic tests, namely the Tilt Test and the Valsalva Manoeuvre, by comparing real and simulated signals.
Asunto(s)
Sistema Cardiovascular/anatomía & histología , Modelos Anatómicos , HumanosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: We describe the development and the validation of a French self-administered questionnaire which measures women satisfaction concerning care given during pregnancy. The analysis includes pregnancy monitoring, hospitalization for delivery and homecoming. METHODS: We considered the content validity, internal-consistency and the reproducibility by test-retest estimates. This survey also compared the characteristics of respondents and non-respondents. RESULTS: Response rate was 61% and the rate of reply per question was greater than 90%. Eleven dimensions are identified by principal-components analysis. Ten of them had good Cronbach's alpha coefficients (0.58 to 0.83). The convergence between open comments and questions and between the different methods to measure satisfaction was good. The test-retest estimates for each dimension were correct. CONCLUSION: This questionnaire is reliable. It is a valid tool for evaluation of satisfaction after pregnancy. Designed to be sent to the woman's residence 2 months after childbirth, it can be easily used in common practice.
Asunto(s)
Servicios de Salud Materna/normas , Satisfacción del Paciente , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Factores de Edad , Femenino , Francia , Humanos , Paridad , Embarazo , Psicometría , Reproducibilidad de los ResultadosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: We evaluated in a prospective study microcomputer nutritional teaching games and their contribution to the children's acquisition of nutritional knowledge and improvement of eating habits. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One thousand eight hundred seventy-six children aged 7-12 years took part in this study at school. All 16 schools of the same school district were randomized into two groups: games group and control group, both receiving conventional nutritional teaching by their teachers. The children in the games group played computer games during the conventional nutritional teaching period (2 hours a week for 5 weeks). At completion of the study, dietetic knowledge and dietary records were evaluated in both groups. RESULTS: Dietary knowledge tests results were better in the games group (p<0.001). The children in the games group had a significantly better balanced diet for an energy intake of about 1900 kilocalories: more carbohydrate (46.4 +/- 0.2% vs 45.7 +/- 0.2%, p<0.05), less fat (37.1 +/- 0.1% vs 37.6 +/- 0.2%, p<0.05), less protein (16.5 +/- 0.1% vs 16.7 +/- 0.1%, p<0.05), less saccharose (11.5 +/- 0.1% vs 12.2 +/- 0.2%, p<0.001), more calcium (p<0.001) and more fiber (p<0.05). The games group had a better snack at 10 a.m., a less copious lunch and less nibbling (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The children in the games group had slightly but significantly better nutritional knowledge and dietary intake compared to children in the control group. Using our micro computer nutritional teaching games at school provides an additional and modern support to conventional teaching.
Asunto(s)
Instrucción por Computador , Conducta Alimentaria , Juegos Experimentales , Educación en Salud/métodos , Ciencias de la Nutrición/educación , CD-ROM , Niño , Registros de Dieta , Femenino , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Humanos , Masculino , Microcomputadores , Estudios Prospectivos , Instituciones AcadémicasRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To study the efficacy of the nutritional education software, Nutri-Expert, in the management of obese adult patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two groups of obese patients were followed up over one year in a randomized study: the first group received close traditional management (seven nutritional visits over the year, with physicians and dietitians conjointly) and the second one also used at home by Minitel the Nutri-Expert system. 557 patients were enrolled in the study by 16 French centers of diabetology and nutrition. Body mass index (BMI), tests of dietetic knowledge, dietary records and centralized biological measurements were assessed at inclusion, 6 and 12 months. 341 patients were evaluable at the end of the year. RESULTS: The group using Nutri-Expert scored significantly better in the tests of dietetic knowledge than the control group. For all patients, nutritional education led to a significant improvement in BMI, dietary records and biological measurements, without significant difference between the two groups. Five years after the end of the study, the weight of 148 patients was recorded; mean BMI was significantly lower than the initial value but there was no significant difference between the two groups. CONCLUSION: In the management of obese patients, Nutri-Expert system has a role to play in reinforcing nutritional knowledge; if regular follow-up is not possible, or if a large series of obese patients is to be treated, Nutri-Expert could partly replace traditional management, for example between visits.
Asunto(s)
Instrucción por Computador , Diabetes Mellitus/prevención & control , Ciencias de la Nutrición/educación , Obesidad/rehabilitación , Educación del Paciente como Asunto , Adulto , Análisis de Varianza , Índice de Masa Corporal , Registros de Dieta , Carbohidratos de la Dieta , Proteínas en la Dieta , Sacarosa en la Dieta , Ingestión de Energía , Conducta Alimentaria , Femenino , Francia , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Humanos , Insulina/sangre , Masculino , Obesidad/sangre , Obesidad/fisiopatología , Factores Socioeconómicos , Programas Informáticos , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
A simple and rapid procedure for sulphide measurement in crude oil refinery wastewater has been developed. This method is based on the knowledge of the UV response of sulphur compounds and the mathematical deconvolution of the sample spectrum using reference spectra (specific compounds or aggregate spectra). The detection limit of the method is 0.5 mg l(-1) for a quartz cell pathlength of 10 mm. The range is up to 15 mg l(-1). The method has been validated for crude oil refinery wastewater. Compared to conventional methods, the UV determination is quicker and easier to run.
RESUMEN
In order to determine the specificities of PCR-based assays used for detecting Cryptosporidium parvum DNA, eight pairs of previously described PCR primers targeting six distinct regions of the Cryptosporidium genome were evaluated for the detection of C. parvum, the agent of human cryptosporidiosis, and C. muris, C. baileyi, and C. meleagridis, three Cryptosporidium species that infect birds or mammals but are not considered to be human pathogens. The four Cryptosporidium species were divided into two groups: C. parvum and C. meleagridis, which gave the same-sized fragments with all the reactions, and C. muris and C. baileyi, which gave positive results with primer pairs targeting the 18S rRNA gene only. In addition to being genetically similar at each of the eight loci analyzed by DNA amplification, C. parvum and C. meleagridis couldn't be differentiated even after restriction enzyme digestion of the PCR products obtained from three of the target genes. This study indicates that caution should be exercised in the interpretation of data from water sample analysis performed by these methods, since a positive result does not necessarily reflect a contamination by the human pathogen C. parvum.
Asunto(s)
Cryptosporidium parvum/genética , Cryptosporidium parvum/aislamiento & purificación , Cryptosporidium/genética , Cryptosporidium/aislamiento & purificación , ADN Protozoario/genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/métodos , Animales , Técnicas de Tipificación Bacteriana , Secuencia de Bases , Cryptosporidium/clasificación , Cryptosporidium parvum/patogenicidad , Cartilla de ADN/genética , Genes Protozoarios , Humanos , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/estadística & datos numéricos , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Especificidad de la Especie , Microbiología del AguaRESUMEN
We developed a PCR-based method that can be used to identify Cryptosporidium parvum in human feces. Fecal oocysts were concentrated by centrifugation on a sodium chloride gradient and filtration on a nitrocellulose filter prior to DNA extraction and PCR amplification of a 452-bp C. parvum-specific DNA sequence with a protocol including dUTP and uracil-N-glycosylase. All samples obtained from naturally infected humans (n = 10), calves (n = 4), and goats (n = 2) were positive. A 100% detection rate was achieved with both formed and solid stools (n = 10) seeded with 1,000 C. parvum oocysts per g. Procedures based on stool concentration by a modified Ritchie method and subsequent oocyst identification by immunofluorescent labeling or acid-fast staining require concentrations of 50,000 to 500,000 oocysts per g to achieve a 100% detection rate with formed stools. The described PCR-based assay thus has a 50- to 500-fold increase in sensitivity compared to those of the methods commonly used to analyze formed feces.
Asunto(s)
Cryptosporidium parvum/aislamiento & purificación , ADN Glicosilasas , Heces/parasitología , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/métodos , Animales , Humanos , N-Glicosil Hidrolasas , Uracil-ADN GlicosidasaRESUMEN
We know better the violences made by the youngs than those they suffer from. The purpose of this study is to assess, as for a city surrounding Paris, the prevalence of the violences they felt and its relation with the psychic uneasiness. Some 344 youngs (from 15 to 25 years old) selected in the city, have filled in an autoquestionnaire. It has shown that 61.6% of them have already suffered from violences, among them 44.5% from adults and what is more from institutional adults. 13.7% of the selected youngs were victims of regular violences in school sphere and 12.8% in urban environment. The expression of a psychic uneasiness is linked to the previous violences they have felt. The feeling of call for help by a psychologist or a psychiatrist is in relation with the past psychic discomfort and not with the past suffered violences.
Asunto(s)
Actitud Frente a la Salud , Violencia/psicología , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Ansiedad/etiología , Ansiedad/prevención & control , Maltrato a los Niños/clasificación , Maltrato a los Niños/prevención & control , Maltrato a los Niños/psicología , Femenino , Francia , Humanos , Relaciones Interpersonales , Masculino , Trastornos Mentales/etiología , Trastornos Mentales/prevención & control , Salud Mental , Paris , Aceptación de la Atención de Salud , Relaciones Médico-Paciente , Prevalencia , Instituciones Académicas , Autoevaluación (Psicología) , Factores Sexuales , Clase Social , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Salud Urbana , Violencia/clasificación , Violencia/prevención & controlRESUMEN
Using a clinical pneumococcal strain for which MICs were 2, 0.5, 0.5, and 16 mg/liter for penicillin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, and fosfomycin, respectively, we studied the efficacies of these antibiotics alone and in combination in one or two doses or in continuous infusion over 6 h in the treatment of the prolonged (48-h) experimental fibrin clot infections in rabbits. Doses were chosen to obtain low antibiotic concentrations. We observed the highest bacterial reductions (change in log10 CFU per gram) with the following five regimens: combination of cefotaxime plus fosfomycin given in two divided doses 6 h apart (each at 50 mg/kg of body weight given intravenously (4.2 +/- 0.7 CFU/g), ceftriaxone (8 mg/kg given once intravenously) along with one or two doses of fosfomycin (3.79 +/- 0.6 and 3.95 +/- 0.5 CFU/g), cefotaxime alone administered in two divided doses (3.6 +/- 0.4 CFU/g), and a 6-h continuous infusion of cefotaxime (100 mg/kg) with fosfomycin (100 mg/kg) (3.5 +/- 0.4 CFU/g). The bacterial reductions obtained with these five regimens were all higher than those obtained with the other regimens tested (P < 0.05). The time of bacterial regrowth was significantly delayed with the two doses of the cefotaxime-fosfomycin regimens (23.2 +/- 11 h) compared with those with the other combinations (P < 0.05). The rate of bacterial regrowth with this regimen was even lower than that observed with cefotaxime alone given in two doses (P < 0.05). By a multivariate analysis, the most important independent parameters for efficacy were the maximal concentrations of beta-lactam antibiotics and the residual concentration of fosfomycin and, for the combinations, the log of the area under the concentration-time curve/MIC ratio for beta-lactam antibiotics. From these findings, the combinations cefotaxime or ceftriaxone plus fosfomycin could be proposed for the treatment of infections caused by highly penicillin-resistant pneumococci.
Asunto(s)
Resistencia a las Cefalosporinas , Quimioterapia Combinada/uso terapéutico , Streptococcus pneumoniae/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Cefotaxima/farmacocinética , Cefotaxima/uso terapéutico , Ceftriaxona/farmacocinética , Ceftriaxona/uso terapéutico , Cefalosporinas/farmacocinética , Cefalosporinas/uso terapéutico , Quimioterapia Combinada/farmacocinética , Fibrina , Fosfomicina/farmacocinética , Fosfomicina/uso terapéutico , Masculino , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Análisis Multivariante , ConejosRESUMEN
Screening programs for lead poisoning in France rely usually on the preliminary identification of risk factors among children seen in Maternal and Child Health (MCH) clinics. To assess the potential relevance of screening strategies based on the quantification of exposure to lead in housing, we estimated first the prevalence of exposure to lead in a representative sample of older buildings, then the prevalence of lead poisoning among children living in those buildings where high levels of lead had been found. Exposure to lead was measured in dust and paint samples collected in hallways and other collective areas of the buildings. Venous blood samples were collected from the children aged 10 months to 6 years residing in buildings where lead exceeded 1.5 g/kg in paint samples or 1000 micrograms/m2 in dust samples. Paint and dust samples were collected in 137 buildings: 74% presented high dust and/or paint lead contents. Blood samples were collected from 145 out of a total of 189 children residing in these buildings: blood lead levels (PbB) were higher than or equal to 10 micrograms/dl for 65% of these children; 29% were higher than or equal to 15 micrograms/dl, 16% higher than or equal to 20 micrograms/dl. Out of 42 children with PbB > or = 15 micrograms/dl, 21 had not been previously identified through the screening program conducted in local MCH clinics. Clinic-based and environment-based screening appeared to be complementary. It seems thus justified to develop screening strategies based on the assessment of exposure to lead in the environment.
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Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Vivienda , Intoxicación por Plomo/etiología , Tamizaje Masivo/métodos , Niño , Preescolar , Monitoreo Epidemiológico , Humanos , Lactante , Intoxicación por Plomo/sangre , Intoxicación por Plomo/epidemiología , Intoxicación por Plomo/prevención & control , Paris/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Índice de Severidad de la EnfermedadRESUMEN
The photobiological effect of a new pyrene derivative, 1,6-dioxapyrene (1,6-DP), was studied in Salmonella typhimurium (strain TA100) and in the diploid strain D7 of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In Salmonella, 1,6-DP shows little mutagenicity in the dark in comparison to benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). This mutagenic activity decreases in the presence of liver S9 homogenates from Aroclor induced XVIInc/Z mice. However, in combination with 365 nm (UVA) radiation and in the absence of S9 mix, 1,6-DP behaves as an effective photodynamic compound inducing lethal and mutagenic effects in both organisms. In yeast, its activity, like that of B[a]P, is highly dependent on the presence of oxygen. For the same incident dose of UVA, 1,6-DP is, however, at least 6 times more effective than B[a]P in inducing cytotoxic and mutagenic effects. At equitoxic doses, 1,6-DP is as photomutagenic as B[a]P, suggesting that in both cases mutagenicity is due to similar mechanisms. Spectrophotometric measurements indicate physical interaction of 1,6-DP with DNA in the dark. Laser flash photolysis experiments show that 1,6-DP generates singlet oxygen with a quantum yield of 0.17. In vitro 1,6-DP produces oxidative damage to guanine bases specific for singlet oxygen mediated reactions. Alkaline step elution analysis of 1,6-DP plus UVA treated yeast cells indicates a decrease in average molecular weights in DNA and an induction of single strand breaks (ssb) originating from alkali labile sites. This effect is enhanced by D2O and is thus likely to be due to the production of singlet oxygen. The strand breaks appear to differ from those induced by gamma-rays because little, if any, repair of these ssb occurs during 30 min of post-treatment incubation in complete growth medium. These results suggest that the photobiological effects of 1,6-DP are due to oxidative damage in DNA mostly induced by singlet oxygen.
Asunto(s)
Mutágenos/toxicidad , Pirenos/toxicidad , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Salmonella typhimurium/genética , Rayos Ultravioleta , Benzo(a)pireno/toxicidad , Daño del ADN , ADN Bacteriano/efectos de los fármacos , ADN Bacteriano/metabolismo , ADN de Hongos/efectos de los fármacos , ADN de Hongos/metabolismo , Mutación , Oxidación-Reducción , Oxígeno/metabolismo , Pirenos/metabolismo , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/efectos de los fármacos , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/fisiología , Salmonella typhimurium/efectos de los fármacos , Salmonella typhimurium/fisiología , Oxígeno SingleteRESUMEN
Generation of radical anions during NADPH reduction of four mutagenic and genotoxic alpha-nitroarenofurans was examined. ESR showed that free radicals were generated during reduction solely in the presence of light. Computer simulations of ESR spectra were in good agreement with the experimental ones.
Asunto(s)
Furanos/metabolismo , Mutágenos/metabolismo , NADP/metabolismo , Benzofuranos/química , Benzofuranos/metabolismo , Simulación por Computador , Espectroscopía de Resonancia por Spin del Electrón , Radicales Libres , Furanos/química , Nitrofuranos/química , Nitrofuranos/metabolismo , Oxidación-Reducción , FotoquímicaRESUMEN
The clinical investigations carried out in a 58 years woman complaining of malaise led to the discovery of an hypoglycaemia resulting from a secreting pancreatic insulinoma. In addition, a chronic pancreatitis, an endocrine hyperplasia (possible nesidioblastosis) and a villous adenomatosis of the pancreatic duct were diagnosed on two biopsies. The immunohistological tests performed on the insulinoma showed insulin, calcitonin and gastrin labelled cells. Electron microscopy displayed numerous neurosecretory granules. The peritumoral endocrine hyperplasia contained intermingled B, A and D cells respectively labelled by insulin, glucagon and somatostatin. Following the operation, the patient recovered without recurrence of the hypoglycaemia (three year follow-up). Factors which may explain such a rare pathological association are discussed.
Asunto(s)
Adenoma Velloso/patología , Insulinoma/patología , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patología , Pancreatitis/patología , Adenoma Velloso/complicaciones , Enfermedad Crónica , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Insulinoma/complicaciones , Insulinoma/cirugía , Persona de Mediana Edad , Conductos Pancreáticos/patología , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/complicaciones , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/cirugía , Pancreatitis/complicacionesRESUMEN
Thirty-six nitrated furan and arenofuran derivatives were measured and quantitatively characterized by the T7 inactivation test. A wide range of substances previously studied allowed us to compare the collected quantitative data with those obtained by other workers using different short-term tests. Based on comparative statistical evaluation of these data a borderline was determined for the genotoxic effect: compounds having in our short-term test mutagenicity index (MI) values smaller than 8.0 are positive while the higher values represent negative genotoxicity. Classification of 36 nitrofuran/nitroarenofuran derivatives is given both on the basis of the quantitative genotoxicity scale and in terms of +/- on the qualitative scale. All but one compound were found to be genotoxic and the genotoxic activities of these compounds were compared with the results of other carcinogenicity or mutagenicity tests.