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The topic of dog-walking injuries has recently gained notoriety through major media outlets in North America, including the Washington Post, NPR, and US News and World Report. In this review, we have compiled data from the main studies published in the past 2 decades that assess the incidence, demographics, and injury patterns related to dog leash walking. The available papers indicate that dog leash-related injuries have increased, particularly among women over 65. The most common causes of injury are dog-pulling behavior, which can result in tripping or tangling, with or without a fall, as well as upper extremity injuries. However, there is a lack of information regarding dog size, breed, training status, the type of leash used at the time of injury, and the role each factor may have in the incidence of injuries. The available data did not allow for evaluation of the impact of weather conditions on injury incidence. Information about the involved dogs, type of lead device, and weather conditions could be useful in identifying risk factors associated with dog ownership and guide prospective pet owners and their families to mitigate the risk of injuries.

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HISTORY-A 47-year-old male was on a cliff when he jumped into the water below. He jumped about 50 feet. Upon landing in the water, he felt his legs separate and abduct violently. He was taken to the Emergency unit of the nearest trauma center and was found to have no injuries except to his pelvis. He could not weight bear because of pelvic pain but had normal distal sensory and motor exam and rectal exam. His-pelvis was painful to examination anteriorly with minor left-sided posterior SI pain, and he had no blood at his meatus. X-rays and CT were done, (Figures 1-5).

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HISTORY: - A 31yo female is involved in a fall while climbing on some wet rocks. She was brought into the emergency department and was found to have suffered a closed fracture of the right fibula with a deltoid ligament injury. Distal neurovascular exam was normal. She is otherwise unhurt. She had ORIF of her ankle injury and it has gone onto heal with good results. She comes back at 6 months and complains of vague pain over her lateral ankle and hardware with a normal physical exam. She wonders about hardware removal, (Figs. 1 and 2). PAST MEDICAL HISTORY: - previous history of breast reduction surgery and she has delivered one child vaginally. No chronic diseases and she takes no pills except the birth control pill. SOCIAL HISTORY: - married with one child and works as an administrative assistant for a manufacturing company; she is a social drinker and nonsmoker. Has a history of using some recreational drugs but none for 10 years. She is moderately active.

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HISTORY: A 49yo male is involved in a fall while skiing. He was brought off the ski hill and was found to have suffered a closed fracture of the left midshaft humerus. Distal neurovascular exam was normal. He is otherwise unhurt (Figs. 1 and 2). PAST MEDICAL HISTORY: previous history of back surgery for a disc problem when he was 35yo. Has been told that he has high blood pressure but does nothing for this. He is Right hand dominant. SOCIAL HISTORY: married with one child and works as an equipment operator for a crane company; he is a social drinker and smokes 1pack per day for 30 years. Has a history of using some recreational drugs but none for 10 years.

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HISTORY - A 92-year-old female patient presents to the Emergency Room with a displaced intertrochanteric hip fracture after a fall from bed. She lives in a full care nursing home with severe dementia and wears an adult diaper. She does not walk anymore (for 3 months) and the family decision makers (they have power of attorney) have decided that she is not a surgical candidate except under extreme circumstance. Medically, she has moderate aortic regurgitation and a long history of chronic pulmonary fibrosis that has required occasional oxygen supplementation. She has Type 2 diabetes and takes oral meds for this. She has swallowing difficulties and eats mostly pureed food. She only communicates when she has pain and does not recognize her family when they visit. Her hemoglobin and electrolytes are within normal limits. Her vitals are stable, and she is mildly hypertensive.

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OBJECTIVES: To determine the percentage of potentially preventable residential aged care facility (RACF) to ED transfers for potential intracranial injury post-fall. To describe rates of CT brain (CTB) performance, intracranial trauma-related findings, neurosurgical intervention, and patient outcome. METHODS: Patient lists were obtained from the hospital electronic medical record, screened for eligibility and data abstracted. Potentially preventable was defined as: (1) RACF return from ED within 24 h, regardless of CTB performance or finding; (2) ED management could reasonably have been provided at the RACF. Comparisons between those with CTB performed or not, including external signs of craniofacial trauma, anticoagulant medication use, baseline cognitive impairment and presence of an advanced care directive (ACD) were made. RESULTS: Of 784 patients, 415 (53%) were classified as potentially avoidable. Of these, 314 (76%) had a CTB. Of all 784 patients, 538 (69%) had a CTB performed. CTB was more likely with presence of external signs of craniofacial trauma (26% [95% CI 23-30] vs 20% [95% CI 15-25], P < 0.001) and anticoagulant use (59% [95% CI 55-63] vs 42% [95% CI 37-49], P < 0.001) but not for presence of cognitive impairment or ACD. From the 538 CTBs, 31 (6%) patients had acute intracranial trauma-related findings with all having conservative management. None of the 11 (1%) deaths were in the potentially preventable subgroup. CONCLUSION: Just over half of the RACF to ED transfers were classified as 'potentially avoidable'.

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