RESUMEN
Cases from the ongoing outbreak of atypical pneumonia caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) exported from mainland China can lead to self-sustained outbreaks in other populations. Internationally imported cases are currently being reported in several different locations. Early detection of imported cases is critical for containment of the virus. Based on air travel volume estimates from Wuhan to international destinations and using a generalized linear regression model we identify locations which may potentially have undetected internationally imported cases.
RESUMEN
Since the sequencing of the first two chromosomes of the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, there has been a concerted effort to sequence and assemble the entire genome of this organism. Here we report the sequence of chromosomes 1, 3-9 and 13 of P. falciparum clone 3D7--these chromosomes account for approximately 55% of the total genome. We describe the methods used to map, sequence and annotate these chromosomes. By comparing our assemblies with the optical map, we indicate the completeness of the resulting sequence. During annotation, we assign Gene Ontology terms to the predicted gene products, and observe clustering of some malaria-specific terms to specific chromosomes. We identify a highly conserved sequence element found in the intergenic region of internal var genes that is not associated with their telomeric counterparts.
Asunto(s)
ADN Protozoario , Plasmodium falciparum/genética , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Cromosomas , Genes Protozoarios , Genoma de Protozoos , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Familia de Multigenes , Proteoma , Proteínas Protozoarias/genética , Análisis de Secuencia de ADNRESUMEN
Immunisation of rats with native type II or type XI collagen produced an inflammatory arthritis in certain strains of rats. Antibodies to the native and denatured whole molecules, to the individual alpha chains and to the cyanogen bromide derived peptides of these chains were studied. Inter- and intra-strain variation in the specificity of the antibodies produced was seen and there were also changes with time, especially with the rats immunised with type XI collagen. Both collagen type-specific and cross-reacting antibodies were produced following immunisation with either type II or type XI collagen. Although no specific pattern of antibodies was unique to the presence or absence of arthritis in all rats, antibodies that bound to the CB-11 peptide or antibodies that bound to the CB-9,7 peptide of type II collagen occurred at the time of onset of arthritis in type II or type XI immunised, arthritic rats. Antibodies to these peptides occur in many patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who also have antibodies to type II collagen. Therefore these findings suggest that epitopes on these peptides may be important in the continued production of antibodies to these collagens in patients with RA and that these antibodies may indeed be pathogenic.
Asunto(s)
Colágeno/inmunología , Animales , Formación de Anticuerpos , Artritis/etiología , Artritis/inmunología , Bovinos , Epítopos , Femenino , Inmunización , Fragmentos de Péptidos/inmunología , Fragmentos de Péptidos/aislamiento & purificación , Desnaturalización Proteica , Ratas , Ratas EndogámicasRESUMEN
Antibodies to denatured type II collagen were detected in the sera of a group of patients with rheumatoid arthritis by ELISA and by immunoblotting. The antibodies were further examined by immunoblotting against cyanogen-bromide derived peptides of type II collagen. The majority of sera reacted against only one or two peptides and antibodies to the CB-10 and CB-11 peptides were those most commonly found. However, some sera reacted with up to eight peptides, indicating that patients had antibodies to differing combinations of epitopes on type II collagen. Examination of sequential serum samples from an individual patient showed that there were changes in the class of antibody produced to type II collagen and that antibodies to different peptides were preferentially produced at different times in the course of the disease. Thus there was a selective response to different peptides of type II collagen not only between patients but also at different times in the course of disease in the same patient.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos/inmunología , Artritis Reumatoide/inmunología , Colágeno/inmunología , Anticuerpos/metabolismo , Diversidad de Anticuerpos , Colágeno/análisis , Colágeno/metabolismo , Bromuro de Cianógeno , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Humanos , Immunoblotting , Péptidos/metabolismo , Unión ProteicaRESUMEN
Antigen specific and cross reacting antibodies to native and denatured types II and XI collagen were detected in the sera of rats immunised with either of these antigens. The antibodies from rats immunised with type XI collagen initially showed the strongest binding to the alpha 2(XI) chain of type XI collagen but later binding to the alpha 3(XI) chain was seen. Sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis had antibodies that bound to both type II and XI collagens. Immunoblotting studies showed that most patients had antibodies which bound to the alpha 1(II) chain of type II collagen and to the alpha 3(XI) chain of type XI collagen. Some patients also had antibodies which bound to the alpha 1(XI) and to the alpha 2(XI) chains of type XI collagen. Thus antibodies to unique as well as to common epitopes on each of the two types of collagen molecule occur in some patients with rheumatoid arthritis.