RESUMEN
PURPOSE: Methods for assessing the structural mechanisms of health inequity are not well established. This study applies a phased approach to modeling racial, occupational, and rural disparities on the county level. METHODS: Rural counties with disparately high rates of COVID-19 incidence or mortality were randomly paired with in-state control counties with the same rural-urban continuum code. Analysis was restricted to the first six months of the pandemic to represent the baseline structural reserves for each county and reduce biases related to the disruption of these reserves over time. Conditional logistic regression was applied in two phases-first, to examine the demographic distribution of disparities and then, to examine the relationships between these disparities and county-level social and structural reserves. RESULTS: In over 200 rural county pairs (205 for incidence, 209 for mortality), disparities were associated with structural variables representing economic factors, healthcare infrastructure, and local industry. Modeling results were sensitive to assumptions about the relationships between race and other social and structural variables measured at the county level, particularly in models intended to reflect effect modification or mediation. CONCLUSIONS: Multivariable modeling of health disparities should reflect the social and structural mechanisms of inequity and anticipate interventions that can advance equity.
Asunto(s)
COVID-19 , Disparidades en el Estado de Salud , Población Rural , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/etnología , Población Rural/estadística & datos numéricos , Ocupaciones/estadística & datos numéricos , Pandemias , Masculino , Femenino , Factores Socioeconómicos , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Grupos Raciales/estadística & datos numéricos , Inequidades en Salud , Disparidades en Atención de Salud/etnología , Incidencia , AdultoRESUMEN
Recent estimates indicate that â¼70% of the world's seabird populations have declined since the 1950s due to human activities. However, for almost all bird populations, there is insufficient long-term monitoring to understand baseline (i.e., preindustrial) conditions, which are required to distinguish natural versus anthropogenically driven changes. Here, we address this lack of long-term monitoring data with multiproxy paleolimnological approaches to examine the long-term population dynamics of a major colony of Leach's Storm-petrel (Hydrobates leucorhous) on Grand Colombier Island in the St. Pierre and Miquelon archipelago-an overseas French territory in the northwest Atlantic Ocean. By reconstructing the last â¼5,800 y of storm-petrel dynamics, we demonstrate that this colony underwent substantial natural fluctuations until the start of the 19th century, when population cycles were disrupted, coinciding with the establishment and expansion of a European settlement. Our paleoenvironmental data, coupled with on-the-ground population surveys, indicate that the current colony is only â¼16% of the potential carrying capacity, reinforcing concerning trends of globally declining seabird populations. As seabirds are sentinel species of marine ecosystem health, such declines provide a call to action for global conservation. In response, we emphasize the need for enlarged protected areas and the rehabilitation of disturbed islands to protect ecologically critical seabird populations. Furthermore, long-term data, such as those provided by paleoecological approaches, are required to better understand shifting baselines in conservation to truly recognize current rates of ecological loss.
Asunto(s)
Aves , Sedimentos Geológicos/análisis , Animales , Océano Atlántico , Isótopos de Carbono/análisis , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Diatomeas , Ecosistema , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Eutrofización , Francia , Sistemas de Información Geográfica , Humanos , Helicasa Inducida por Interferón IFIH1/análisis , Islas , Isótopos de Nitrógeno/análisis , Estanques , Dinámica Poblacional , Zinc/análisisRESUMEN
This study examined (a) the relative efficacy of a culturally sensitive empowerment group intervention (Nia) aimed at increasing 3 protective factors-self-esteem, hopefulness, and effectiveness of obtaining resources-versus treatment as usual (TAU) for low-income, abused African American women who recently had attempted suicide and (b) the impact of participants' readiness to change with regard to their abusive relationship and suicidal behavior on their levels of each protective factor in the 2 conditions. The sample included 89 African American women who reported intimate partner violence (IPV) exposure and a recent suicide attempt. Multivariate general linear modeling revealed that those in Nia showed greater improvements in self-esteem, but not in hopefulness or effectiveness of obtaining resources. However, significant interactions emerged in which participants who were "less ready to change" (i.e., earlier in the stages of change process) their IPV situation and suicidal behavior endorsed greater levels of hopefulness and perceived effectiveness of obtaining resources, respectively, following Nia. Findings suggest that abused, suicidal African American women who are more reluctant initially to changing their abusive situation and suicidal behavior may benefit from even a brief, culturally informed intervention.
Asunto(s)
Negro o Afroamericano/psicología , Asistencia Sanitaria Culturalmente Competente/métodos , Psicoterapia/métodos , Maltrato Conyugal/etnología , Maltrato Conyugal/rehabilitación , Prevención del Suicidio , Suicidio/etnología , Adulto , Femenino , Esperanza , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pobreza/psicología , Poder Psicológico , Autoimagen , Maltrato Conyugal/psicología , Suicidio/psicología , Intento de Suicidio/etnología , Intento de Suicidio/psicología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Comparing survey data of college students from Spain and the United States provides insight into how perceptions about fast food are culture and gender-specific. More American college males (61%) considered value (amount of food for the money) to be a priority than did other respondents (35%) and relatively few American college males (29%) cited nutritional status as important (versus 60% of other college respondents). Convenience of fast food is more important to Americans (69%) than Spaniards (48%) while more Spanish college students (49%) than Americans (18%) objected to the proliferation of fast food establishments in their own countries.
Asunto(s)
Alimentos/economía , Estado Nutricional , Restaurantes , Estudiantes/psicología , Adulto , Costos y Análisis de Costo , Comparación Transcultural , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Percepción , Proyectos Piloto , Distribución por Sexo , España , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
The present study determined if environmental enrichment modifies the effects of prenatal cocaine on open field activity, social interaction and dopamine transporter (DAT) function in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in rats. Cocaine (40 mg/kg) or saline was administered (s.c.) to pregnant dams from gestation days 8 to 20 (PCOC and PSAL, respectively). At postnatal day 25 (PND 25), female offspring from PCOC and PSAL groups were assigned to the enriched condition (EC; PCOC/EC and PSAL/EC) or impoverished condition (IC; PCOC/IC and PSAL/IC). On PND 60, 90 and 120, locomotor activity, rearing behavior and social interactions were assessed in the open field. On PND 345, rats were anesthetized, challenged with nicotine (0.4 mg/kg), and DAT function in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was assessed using in vivo voltammetry. EC groups displayed decreased locomotor activity across test days, while activity in IC groups did not habituate across days. Generally, PCOC groups displayed more rearing behavior than PSAL groups. During social interaction assessment, IC groups followed their social partner more frequently than EC groups. Moreover, the PCOC/IC group initiated more play solicitations and was engaged in mutual rearing less frequently than PCOC/EC, PSAL/IC and PSAL/EC groups, indicating that epigenetic environmental factors decreased the divergent social behaviors displayed by the PCOC/IC group. Results from in vivo voltammetry experiments demonstrated differences in baseline DAT function in response to environmental enrichment in the prenatal saline groups; however, no effect of prenatal cocaine was observed under baseline conditions. Nicotine challenge unmasked an effect of prenatal cocaine on DA clearance rate in mPFC in the IC groups, which was attenuated by environmental enrichment. Taken together, PCOC/IC rats displayed divergent social interaction and altered DAT function in mPFC, whereas the PCOC/EC group generally was not different from PSAL groups, suggesting that environmental enrichment attenuates the behavioral and neurochemical effects of prenatal cocaine.