RESUMEN
Projectile injury represents an estimated 14% of reported animal cruelty cases in the United States. Cases involving projectiles are complicated by gross similarities to other common types of injury, including bite wounds and motor vehicle injuries, by weapons and ammunition not commonly recognized or understood by veterinary medical professionals, and by required expertise beyond that employed in routine postmortem examination. This review describes the common types of projectile injuries encountered within the United States, as well as firearms and ammunition associated with this form of injury. The 3 stages of ballistics-internal, external, and terminal-and wounding capacity are discussed. A general understanding of firearms, ammunition, and ballistics is necessary before pursuing forensic projectile cases. The forensic necropsy is described, including gunshot wound examination, projectile trajectories, different imaging procedures, collection and storage of projectile evidence, and potential advanced techniques for gunpowder analysis. This review presents aspects of projectile injury investigation that must be considered in tandem with standard postmortem practices and procedures to ensure reliable conclusions are reached for medicolegal as well as diagnostic purposes.
Asunto(s)
Patologia Forense/métodos , Patología Veterinaria/métodos , Heridas por Arma de Fuego/veterinaria , Animales , Autopsia/veterinaria , Armas de Fuego , Balística Forense , Estados Unidos , Heridas por Arma de Fuego/diagnóstico , Heridas por Arma de Fuego/patologíaRESUMEN
Human serological assays designed to detect brucellosis will miss infections caused by Brucella canis, and low levels of periodic bacteremia limit diagnosis by blood culture. Recent B. canis outbreaks in dogs and concomitant illnesses in caretakers suggest that unapparent human infections may be occurring. With more than a quarter of a million persons in occupations involving dogs, and nearly 80 million dog owners in the United States, this pathogen is an under-recognized human health threat. To investigate occupational exposure to B. canis, we adapted a commercial canine serological assay and present the first controlled seroepidemiological study of human B. canis infections in recent years. 306 adults with occupational exposure to dogs and 101 non-matched, non-canine-exposed subjects were enrolled. Antibodies were detected using the canine D-Tec(®) CB rapid slide agglutination test (RSAT) kit with a secondary 2-mercaptoethanol (ME)-RSAT. Results were validated on a blinded subset of sera with an additional RSAT and indirect enzyme-linked immunoassay at the National Administration of Laboratories and Health Institutes (ANLIS) in Argentina. Seroprevalence ranged from 10.8% (RSAT) to 3.6% (ME-RSAT) among canine-exposed subjects. Kennel employees were more likely to test RSAT seropositive compared with other canine exposures (OR = 2.7; 95% CI, 1.3-5.8); however, low seroprevalence limited meaningful occupational risk factor analyses. Two seropositive participants reported experiencing symptoms consistent with brucellosis and having exposure to B. canis-infected dogs; however, temporality of symptom onset with reported exposure could not be determined. D-Tec(®) CB results had substantial agreement with ANLIS assays (Cohen's kappa = 0.60-0.68). These data add to a growing body of literature suggesting that people occupationally exposed to dogs may be at risk of unapparent B. canis infection. It seems prudent to consider B. canis as an occupational public health concern and encourage the development of serological assays to detect human B. canis infections.
Asunto(s)
Brucella canis/aislamiento & purificación , Brucelosis/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/microbiología , Exposición Profesional/efectos adversos , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Animales , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/sangre , Brucelosis/sangre , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Estudios Transversales , Enfermedades de los Perros/epidemiología , Perros , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Femenino , Florida/epidemiología , Humanos , Iowa/epidemiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Factores de Riesgo , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adulto Joven , Zoonosis/sangre , Zoonosis/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
The gonads from a five-year-old freemartin Holstein animal were subjected to morphological analysis and to immunohistochemistry using antibodies against developmental and functional markers. We demonstrate, for the first time, the retention of anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) producing intratubular cells (Sertoli cells) in the context of abundant steroidogenic interstitial cells, and structures consistent with clusters of luteal cells. This novel report describes the clinical, gross and histological findings accompanying this newly described gonadal immunophenotype, and its implication in the understanding of freemartin development.
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Envejecimiento , Freemartinismo , Ovario/patología , Testículo/patología , Animales , Bovinos , Femenino , Freemartinismo/patología , Freemartinismo/fisiopatología , Masculino , Ovario/crecimiento & desarrollo , Testículo/crecimiento & desarrolloRESUMEN
A novel leukoencephalomyelopathy was identified in 73 mature male and female large captive felids between 1994 and 2005. While the majority of identified cases occurred in cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus), the disease was also found in members of 2 other subfamilies of Felidae: 1 generic tiger (Panthera tigris) and 2 Florida panthers (Puma concolor coryi). The median age at time of death was 12 years, and all but 1 cheetah were housed in the United States. Characteristic clinical history included progressive loss of vision leading to blindness, disorientation, and/or difficulty eating. Neurologic deficits progressed at a variable rate over days to years. Mild to severe bilateral degenerative lesions were present in the cerebral white matter and variably and to a lesser degree in the white matter of the brain stem and spinal cord. Astrocytosis and swelling of myelin sheaths progressed to total white matter degeneration and cavitation. Large, bizarre reactive astrocytes are a consistent histopathologic feature of this condition. The cause of the severe white matter degeneration in these captive felids remains unknown; the lesions were not typical of any known neurotoxicoses, direct effects of or reactions to infectious diseases, or nutritional deficiencies. Leukoencephalomyelopathy was identified in 70 cheetahs, 1 tiger, and 2 panthers over an 11-year period, and to our knowledge, cases have ceased without planned intervention. Given what is known about the epidemiology of the disease and morphology of the lesions, an environmental or husbandry-associated source of neurotoxicity is suspected.
Asunto(s)
Acinonyx , Felidae , Leucoencefalopatías/veterinaria , Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas/veterinaria , Animales , Animales de Zoológico , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Encéfalo/patología , Femenino , Leucoencefalopatías/diagnóstico por imagen , Leucoencefalopatías/epidemiología , Leucoencefalopatías/patología , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas/epidemiología , Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas/patología , Radiografía , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
This study compared the fatty-acid profiles of Brucella canis blood culture isolates obtained from infected dogs in the UK, Germany, Japan, South Africa, Peru, Mexico, Colombia, and Argentina, and from a human clinical case in Argentina, to a bank of isolates obtained from canine outbreaks in the USA. Analysis of a total of 42 B. canis isolates and one reference strain found a marked variation within the species. Fatty-acid analysis showed that only the isolates from Argentina, Colombia, and Mexico, which included the human B. canis isolate, contained a specific fatty acid, 19:0 cyclopropane (lactobacillic acid), w8c (cis-11,12-methylene octadecanoic acid), and that this fatty acid, when present, made up a large percentage of overall fatty-acid content. Prior to this study, the cellular fatty-acid 19:0 cyclopropane had been identified in all of the species of Brucella considered to be pathogenic to humans (B. abortus, B. melitensis, B. suis) except for B. canis. Discovering that this fatty acid not only occurs in B. canis, but also that it is only present in some strains of the species provides a new focus for investigations aimed at identifying the cause of reported geographical variability in human B. canis infection, and at finding predictors of biological behaviour and human pathogenicity within this Brucella species.
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Brucella canis/química , Brucella/clasificación , Brucelosis/microbiología , Ácidos Grasos , Animales , Brucella/química , Brucelosis/veterinaria , Cromatografía de Gases , Perros , Mapeo Geográfico , Alemania , Humanos , Japón , México , Sudáfrica , América del Sur , Especificidad de la Especie , Reino Unido , Estados UnidosAsunto(s)
Neoplasias Cardíacas/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Caballos/diagnóstico , Linfoma/veterinaria , Animales , Ecocardiografía/veterinaria , Resultado Fatal , Neoplasias Cardíacas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Cardíacas/patología , Enfermedades de los Caballos/patología , Caballos , Linfoma/diagnóstico , Linfoma/patología , MasculinoRESUMEN
Global biodiversity peaks in the tropical forests of the Andes, a striking geological feature that has likely been instrumental in generating biodiversity by providing opportunities for both vicariant and ecological speciation. However, the role of these mountains in the diversification of insects, which dominate biodiversity, has been poorly explored using phylogenetic methods. Here we study the role of the Andes in the evolution of a diverse Neotropical insect group, the clearwing butterflies. We used dated species-level phylogenies to investigate the time course of speciation and to infer ancestral elevation ranges for two diverse genera. We show that both genera likely originated at middle elevations in the Andes in the Middle Miocene, contrasting with most published results in vertebrates that point to a lowland origin. Although we detected a signature of vicariance caused by the uplift of the Andes at the Miocene-Pliocene boundary, most sister species were parapatric without any obvious vicariant barrier. Combined with an overall decelerating speciation rate, these results suggest an important role for ecological speciation and adaptive radiation, rather than simple vicariance.
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Biodiversidad , Mariposas Diurnas/genética , Especiación Genética , Filogenia , Altitud , Animales , Mariposas Diurnas/clasificación , Núcleo Celular/genética , ADN Mitocondrial/genética , Genes de Insecto , Modelos Genéticos , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , América del Sur , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
Remyelination of the CNS in multiple sclerosis is thought to be important to restore conduction and protect axons against degeneration. Yet the role that remyelination plays in clinical recovery of function remains unproven. Here, we show that cats fed an irradiated diet during gestation developed a severe neurologic disease resulting from extensive myelin vacuolation and subsequent demyelination. Despite the severe myelin degeneration, axons remained essentially intact. There was a prompt endogenous response by cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage to the demyelination, with remyelination occurring simultaneously. Cats that were returned to a normal diet recovered slowly so that by 3-4 months they were neurologically normal. Histological examination of the CNS at this point showed extensive remyelination that was especially notable in the optic nerve where almost the entire nerve was remyelinated. Biochemical analysis of the diet and tissues from affected cats showed no dietary deficiencies or toxic accumulations. Thus, although the etiology of this remarkable disease remains unknown, it shows unequivocally that where axons are preserved remyelination is the default pathway in the CNS in nonimmune-mediated demyelinating disease. Most importantly, it confirms the clinical relevance of remyelination and its ability to restore function.
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Sistema Nervioso Central/fisiopatología , Vaina de Mielina/patología , Animales , Gatos , Sistema Nervioso Central/patología , Femenino , Nervio Óptico/patología , Embarazo , Recuperación de la FunciónRESUMEN
Primer pairs were designed and protocols developed to selectively amplify segments of vertebrate mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) and cytochrome b (Cyt b) mtDNA from the bloodmeals of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). The protocols use two pairs of nested COI primers and one pair of Cyt b primers to amplify short segments of DNA. Resultant sequences are then compared with sequences in GenBank, using the BLAST function, for putative host identification. Vertebrate DNA was amplified from 88% of our sample of 162 wild-caught, blood-fed mosquitoes from Oregon, U.S.A. and GenBank BLAST searches putatively identified 98% of the amplified sequences, including one amphibian, seven mammalian and 14 avian species. Criteria and caveats for putative identification of bloodmeals are discussed.
Asunto(s)
Culicidae/fisiología , Citocromos b/genética , Complejo IV de Transporte de Electrones/genética , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Aves/genética , ADN/genética , Conducta Alimentaria/fisiología , Mamíferos/genética , Subunidades de Proteína , Ranidae/genética , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
Presentamos el caso de un paciente varón de 24 años que fue traído a urgencias por presentar empeoramiento de cuadro de malestar general y cefalea de varios días de evolución y aparición en las últimas horas de somnolencia, vómitos y debilidad de hemicuerpo derecho. Fue diagnosticado inicialmente de meningoencefalitis y posteriormente de empiema subdural, que fue tratado con cirugía y antibioterapia de amplio espectro, a pesar de lo cual el paciente falleció. El empiema subdural es una colección purulenta focal intracraneal entre la duramadre y la aracnoides, que causa sintomatología clínica por compresión extrínseca del cerebro e inflamación del cerebro y las meninges. Es importante su diagnóstico precoz de cara a instaurar un tratamiento eficaz lo antes posible. A pesar de los avances en antibioterapia y neurocirugía su morbimortalidad continúa siendo elevada (AU)
Case of a 24-year-old male who comes to the Emergency suffering from headache, menigism, vomits, and right hemiparesis. He was first diagnosed of meningoencephalitis and a few hours later operated from a left subdural empyema, but he did not responde to any therapeutic measure and died a few days later. Subdural empyema is an intracranial focal collection of purulent material located between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater, which causes clinical problems through extrinsic compression of the brain and inflammation of the brain and meninges. Rapid recognition and treatment are important; nevertheless prognosis continues being poor (AU)
Asunto(s)
Masculino , Adulto , Humanos , Empiema Subdural/diagnóstico , Infecciones Estreptocócicas/complicaciones , Empiema Subdural/terapia , Streptococcus/patogenicidad , Diagnóstico PrecozRESUMEN
No disponible
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Femenino , Adulto , Humanos , Hemangioma Cavernoso/complicaciones , Ciática/etiología , Neoplasias de la Médula Espinal/complicaciones , Hemangioma Cavernoso/epidemiología , Hemangioma Cavernoso/fisiopatología , Ciática/clasificación , Ciática/patología , Ciática/cirugía , Espectroscopía de Resonancia MagnéticaAsunto(s)
Hemangioma Cavernoso , Vértebras Lumbares , Dolor , Radiculopatía/etiología , Neoplasias de la Médula Espinal , Adulto , Femenino , Hemangioma Cavernoso/complicaciones , Hemangioma Cavernoso/patología , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Dolor/etiología , Dolor/fisiopatología , Neoplasias de la Médula Espinal/complicaciones , Neoplasias de la Médula Espinal/patologíaRESUMEN
Cardiac mesothelioma with granular cell features was diagnosed in a 10-year-old Golden Retriever presenting with pericardial and abdominal effusions. The diagnosis was based on gross, morphologic, and immunohistochemical features. The immunohistochemical profile of the neoplasm was pancytokeratin positive, vimentin positive, and S-100 negative; most gross and morphologic features were consistent with both mesothelioma and granular cell tumor. To the authors' knowledge, the prognosis for either primary cardiac mesothelioma or granular cell tumor in the dog is unknown. At 4 months after thoracotomy, pericardectomy, and mass excision, this dog was alive and without clinical evidence of pericardial or abdominal effusions. We describe a granular morphologic variant of cardiac mesothelioma in a dog.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros/patología , Neoplasias Cardíacas/veterinaria , Mesotelioma/veterinaria , Animales , Perros , Femenino , Neoplasias Cardíacas/patología , Mesotelioma/patologíaRESUMEN
A 3- to 4-month-old female Golden Retriever dog presented with right hind limb enlargement. Physical examination of the limb and radiographic findings initially included soft tissue swelling with elongation, bowing, and cortical irregularity of the femur and tibia. During a period of approximately 7 months, pathology in the limb progressed to include tarsal laxity, muscle atrophy, avulsion of the gastrocnemius muscle, and luxation of the patella. During surgical intervention to shorten the limb and repair the patellar luxation, a large soft tissue cyst was identified along the caudal aspect of the femur and stifle. The limb was later amputated, and a final diagnosis of malignant peripheral nerve sheath (PNS) tumor of the sciatic nerve and surrounding soft tissues was made. The unilateral limb enlargement in this dog appears to have been because of the development and progression of a malignant PNS tumor. The presentation and associated pathologic changes in the limb are unusual for canine PNS tumor but have similarities with neurofibromatosis in the limbs of humans.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros/patología , Miembro Posterior/diagnóstico por imagen , Neoplasias de la Vaina del Nervio/veterinaria , Neoplasias del Sistema Nervioso Periférico/veterinaria , Nervio Ciático/patología , Amputación Quirúrgica/veterinaria , Animales , Perros , Femenino , Miembro Posterior/fisiopatología , Miembro Posterior/cirugía , Técnicas Histológicas/veterinaria , Neoplasias de la Vaina del Nervio/patología , Neoplasias del Sistema Nervioso Periférico/patología , RadiografíaRESUMEN
Linkage analysis has localized a gene influencing specific reading disability (dyslexia) to 6p21.3. The myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) gene, which maps to this region, was selected as a candidate. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein is a membrane protein, a member of the immunoglobin superfamily, that is found on the outermost lamellae of mature myelin. Although the exact function of this protein is unknown, its presence in the central nervous system and the hypothesized relationship between dyslexia and temporal processing rate as well as a suggested relationship with intelligence made this gene a candidate for dyslexia. Analysis of the coding exons and adjacent splice sites in a subset of 22 children with dyslexia from 10 sibships found a missense mutation in exon 4 in 2 of the sibships. This change from the published sequence also occurred in 86 of 96 random controls, making it considerably less frequent in this small sample of individuals with dyslexia. Subsequent typing of this single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in 74 nuclear families in which at least one child had reading disability showed no significant difference in frequency from the controls, however. Sib-pair linkage analysis with these families did not show significant linkage with the SNP nor with a separate polymorphic dinucleotide repeat marker in the MOG gene (MOG31/32), but association analysis identified two alleles of MOG31/32 that were associated with reading disability phenotypes with a low level of significance. Thus, although alleles in the MOG gene may be in linkage disequilibrium with a locus that contributes to reading disability, it is unlikely that the MOG gene itself is involved.
Asunto(s)
Cromosomas Humanos Par 6 , Enfermedades en Gemelos/genética , Dislexia/genética , Glicoproteína Asociada a Mielina/genética , Adolescente , Niño , Intercambio Genético/genética , Análisis Mutacional de ADN , Exones/genética , Femenino , Heterogeneidad Genética , Marcadores Genéticos/genética , Humanos , Inteligencia/genética , Desequilibrio de Ligamiento/genética , Masculino , Proteínas de la Mielina , Glicoproteína Mielina-Oligodendrócito , FenotipoRESUMEN
An epizootic of severe Cryptosporidium sp.-associated enteritis occurred in a group of 15 wild-caught juvenile rough green snakes (Opheodrys aestivus) at the Baltimore Zoo quarantine facility. All of the animals died with no premonitory signs. Histopathologic examination of the small and proximal large intestine of eight of the green snakes showed moderate to severe Cryptosporidium sp. infection and enteritis characterized by dense heterophilic and lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrates throughout the lamina propria with epithelial necrosis. Cryptosporidium sp. was also found in feces of an adult common garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) that was wild caught on zoo grounds and held in quarantine during the epizootic. After euthanasia, histologic examination of the garter snake showed a severe small intestinal Cryptosporidium sp. infection with only mild enteritis consisting of sparse heterophilic and lymphocytic infiltrates. There was no gross or histologic evidence of Cryptosporidium sp. gastritis in the nine snakes evaluated, and this is the first report of Cryptosporidium sp.-associated enteritis in snakes without gastric lesions.
Asunto(s)
Colubridae/parasitología , Criptosporidiosis/veterinaria , Cryptosporidium/aislamiento & purificación , Enteritis/veterinaria , Parasitosis Intestinales/veterinaria , Animales , Animales Salvajes , Baltimore/epidemiología , Criptosporidiosis/epidemiología , Criptosporidiosis/patología , Brotes de Enfermedades/veterinaria , Enteritis/epidemiología , Enteritis/parasitología , Enteritis/patología , Heces/parasitología , Femenino , Gastritis/parasitología , Gastritis/veterinaria , Parasitosis Intestinales/epidemiología , Parasitosis Intestinales/patología , Intestinos/parasitología , MasculinoRESUMEN
A cladistic analysis was performed on a 378 bp region of the wingless gene from 103 nymphalid species and three pierid outgroups in order to infer higher level patterns of relationship among nymphalid subfamilies and tribes. Although the data are highly homoplastic, in many instances the most parsimonious cladograms corroborate traditionally recognized groups. The results suggest that this short gene region provides a useful source of data for phylogenetic inference, provided that adequate effort is made to sample a diversity of taxa.
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Mariposas Diurnas/genética , Proteínas de Drosophila , Genes de Insecto , Animales , Mariposas Diurnas/clasificación , Filogenia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas/genética , Análisis de Secuencia , Proteína Wnt1RESUMEN
The sequence evolution of the nuclear gene wingless was investigated among 34 representatives of three lepidopteran families (Riodinidae, Lycaenidae, and Nymphalidae) and four outgroups, and its utility for inferring phylogenetic relationships among these taxa was assessed. Parsimony analysis yielded a well-resolved topology supporting the monophyly of the Riodinidae and Lycaenidae, respectively, and indicating that these two groups are sister lineages, with strong nodal support based on bootstrap and decay indices. Although wingless provides robust support for relationships within and between the riodinids and the lycaenids, it is less informative about nymphalid relationships. Wingless does not consistently recover nymphalid monophyly or traditional subfamilial relationships within the nymphalids, and nodal support for all but the most recent branches in this family is low. Much of the phylogenetic information in this data set is derived from first- and second-position substitutions. However, third positions, despite showing uncorrected pairwise divergences up to 78%, also contain consistent signal at deep nodes within the family Riodinidae and at the node defining the sister relationship between the riodinids and lycaenids. Several hypotheses about how third-position signal has been retained in deep nodes are discussed. These include among-site rate variation, identified as a significant factor by maximum likelihood analyses, and nucleotide bias, a prominent feature of third positions in this data set. Understanding the mechanisms which underlie third-position signal is a first step in applying appropriate models to accommodate the specific evolutionary processes involved in each lineage.
Asunto(s)
Evolución Molecular , Genes de Insecto , Lepidópteros/clasificación , Lepidópteros/genética , Filogenia , Animales , HeterocigotoRESUMEN
The W.T. Grant Foundation Asthma Risk Study was designed to prospectively examine children who were considered at a genetically increased risk for the development of asthma. The respective contributions of 11 potential risk factors, both environmental and biological, were assessed in order to determine their relative roles in affecting the early onset of asthma. This is a report of an inception cohort of children born to asthmatic mothers and followed for a 3-year period. All 150 families were recruited from the general community and living within 2 h of the National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine (Denver, CO). Mothers in the index risk sample had been previously diagnosed with asthma and were recruited during their pregnancy through physician referrals and media solicitation. The index sample of 150 families was 92% Caucasian and predominantly middle class. The mean age of mothers was 29.3 years, and of fathers, 31.1 years. The main outcome was the determination of the early onset of asthma and its association with quantified risk factors. By age 3 years, 14 of the 150 children had developed asthma. Frequent illness, IgE levels at age 6 months, parenting difficulties, and early eczema were significantly associated with the onset of asthma (P = 0.003, P = 0.006, P = 0.01, and P = 0.03, respectively). Only frequent illness, elevated serum IgE levels, and parenting difficulties entered a predictive model where they were independently related to the development of asthma.
Asunto(s)
Asma/epidemiología , Edad de Inicio , Asma/genética , Estudios de Cohortes , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina E/análisis , Lactante , Modelos Logísticos , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
Reading disability (RD), or dyslexia, is a complex cognitive disorder manifested by difficulties in learning to read, in otherwise normal individuals. Individuals with RD manifest deficits in several reading and language skills. Previous research has suggested the existence of a quantitative-trait locus (QTL) for RD on the short arm of chromosome 6. In the present study, RD subjects' performance in several measures of word recognition and component skills of orthographic coding, phonological decoding, and phoneme awareness were individually subjected to QTL analysis, with a new sample of 126 sib pairs, by means of a multipoint mapping method and eight informative DNA markers on chromosome 6 (D6S461, D6S276, D6S105, D6S306, D6S258, D6S439, D6S291, and D6S1019). The results indicate significant linkage across a distance of at least 5 cM for deficits in orthographic (LOD = 3.10) and phonological (LOD = 2.42) skills, confirming previous findings.