RESUMEN
This study examined whether personality characteristics measured when a woman is in her mid-40s can predict success in sustained smoking cessation 22 years later, when the woman is in her mid-60s. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted on data from a sample of 195 women (M ages 43 and 65, respectively), who were regular smokers and participated in a longitudinal study from 1983 to 2009. The results suggest that women who exhibited low self-control, high resistance to rules, impulsivity, and sensation seeking in their mid-40s were significantly less likely to succeed in quitting smoking for a period of 5 years or more by the time they reached their mid-60s. Addressing some personal characteristics in smoking cessation programs might enhance their effectiveness and success.
Asunto(s)
Personalidad/fisiología , Cese del Hábito de Fumar/psicología , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Persona de Mediana Edad , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The current longitudinal study examined the developmental patterns of marijuana use and their relationship with subsequent psychological adjustment in a community-based sample of urban African American and Puerto Rican women. METHOD: Participants were interviewed five times over a period ranging from adolescence (mean age 14.0 years) to adulthood (mean age 32.5 years). Outcome measures included depressive symptoms, anger/hostility and the presence of a substance use disorder (abuse/dependence). RESULTS: Three distinct trajectories of marijuana use were identified: non-users, increasers and quitters. Increasers reported higher levels of depressive symptoms and anger/hostility than did non-users and were more likely to meet criteria for a substance use disorder at age 32.5 years. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that early-starting long-term use of marijuana is associated with psychological maladjustment among women. Prevention efforts should emphasize the long-term cost associated with marijuana use, and that the best psychological health is reported by those who abstain from the drug.
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Adaptación Psicológica , Negro o Afroamericano/psicología , Hispánicos o Latinos/psicología , Abuso de Marihuana/psicología , Adolescente , Adulto , Negro o Afroamericano/estadística & datos numéricos , Depresión/epidemiología , Depresión/psicología , Femenino , Hispánicos o Latinos/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Abuso de Marihuana/epidemiología , Ciudad de Nueva York/epidemiología , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/epidemiología , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/psicología , Población Urbana/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
In contrast to previous research on parental drug abuse, the present study examined comorbid drug addiction and HIV infection in the father as related to his adolescent child's psychological distress. Individual structured interviews were administered to 505 HIV-positive and HIV-negative drug-abusing fathers and one of their children, aged 12-20. Structural equation modelling tested an hypothesized model linking paternal latent variables, ecological factors and adolescent substance use to adolescent distress. Results demonstrated a direct pathway between paternal distress and adolescent distress, as well as an indirect pathway; namely, paternal distress was linked with impaired paternal teaching of coping skills to the child, which in turn was related to adolescent substance use and, ultimately, to the adolescent's distress. There was also an association between paternal drug addiction/HIV and adolescent distress, which was mediated by both ecological factors and adolescent substance use. Findings suggest an increased risk of distress in the adolescent children of fathers with comorbid drug addiction and HIV/AIDS, which may be further complicated by paternal distress. Results suggest several opportunities for prevention and treatment programmes for the children of drug-abusing fathers.
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Hijo de Padres Discapacitados/psicología , Padre/psicología , Seronegatividad para VIH , Seropositividad para VIH/psicología , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/psicología , Adolescente , Conducta del Adolescente/psicología , Adulto , Niño , Relaciones Padre-Hijo , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Responsabilidad Parental/psicología , Factores de Riesgo , Estrés Psicológico/etiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The impact of comorbid personality disorder (PD) on subsequent treatment and psychotropic drug use was examined in a representative sample of over 700 individuals. METHOD: Axis I disorders and PD were assessed by self- and mother-report at mean ages 13 and 22 years, and by self-report at mean age 33. Mothers reported treatment use by participants before mean age 33; participants reported treatment and psychotropic drug use at mean age 33. RESULTS: Individuals with multiple axis I disorders without PD, axis I disorder-PD comorbidity, and single disorders were compared simultaneously to individuals not diagnosed. Overall, odds of subsequent and past year treatment or psychotropic drug use or both were highest when PD co-occurred with a mood, an anxiety, a disruptive, or a substance use disorder. CONCLUSION: Co-occurring personality pathology may contribute to elevated mental health service use, including use of psychotropic drugs, among young adults in the community.
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Servicios Comunitarios de Salud Mental/estadística & datos numéricos , Trastornos Mentales/epidemiología , Trastornos de la Personalidad/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Trastornos de Ansiedad/diagnóstico , Trastornos de Ansiedad/tratamiento farmacológico , Trastornos de Ansiedad/epidemiología , Déficit de la Atención y Trastornos de Conducta Disruptiva/diagnóstico , Déficit de la Atención y Trastornos de Conducta Disruptiva/tratamiento farmacológico , Déficit de la Atención y Trastornos de Conducta Disruptiva/epidemiología , Estudios de Cohortes , Comorbilidad , Utilización de Medicamentos/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Masculino , Trastornos Mentales/diagnóstico , Trastornos Mentales/tratamiento farmacológico , Trastornos del Humor/diagnóstico , Trastornos del Humor/tratamiento farmacológico , Trastornos del Humor/epidemiología , New York , Oportunidad Relativa , Trastornos de la Personalidad/diagnóstico , Trastornos de la Personalidad/tratamiento farmacológico , Psicotrópicos/uso terapéutico , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/diagnóstico , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/tratamiento farmacológico , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/epidemiología , Revisión de Utilización de Recursos/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: This study examined the personal, parental, peer, and cultural predictors of stage of smoking among South African urban adolescents. DESIGN: A cross-sectional design was employed. A stratified random approach based on census data was used to obtain the sample. Analyses were conducted using logistic regression. SETTING: The study took place in communities in and around Johannesburg, South Africa. SUBJECTS: Participants consisted of 731 adolescents in the age range of 12-17 years old. The sample was 47% male and 53% female, and contained four ethnic classifications: white, black, Indian, and "coloured" (a South African term for mixed ancestry). METHODS: A structured, in-person interview was administered to each participant in private by a trained interviewer, after obtaining consent. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The dependent variables consisted of three stages of smoking: non-smoking, experimental smoking, and regular smoking. The independent measures were drawn from four domains: personal attributes, parental, peer, and cultural influences. RESULTS: Factors in all four domains significantly predicted three different stages of smoking. Personal attributes (internalising and externalising) distinguished among the three stages. Parental factors (for example, affection) reduced the odds of being a regular smoker compared with an experimental smoker or non-smoker, but did not differentiate experimental smokers from non-smokers. Findings from the peer domain (for example, peer substance use) predicted an increase in the risk of being a regular smoker compared with an experimental smoker or non-smoker. In the cultural domain, ethnic identification predicted a decrease in the risk of being a regular smoker compared with an experimental smoker, whereas discrimination and victimisation predicted an increase in the risk of being an experimental smoker compared with a non-smoker. CONCLUSIONS: All the domains were important for all four ethnic groups. Four psychosocial domains are important in distinguishing among the three stages of smoking studied. Some predictors differentiated all stages of smoking, others between some of the stages of smoking. Therefore, intervention and prevention programmes which are culturally and linguistically sensitive and appropriate should consider the individual's stage of smoking.
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Países en Desarrollo , Psicología del Adolescente , Fumar/psicología , Adolescente , Adulto , Publicidad , Estudios Transversales , Etnicidad , Femenino , Encuestas Epidemiológicas , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Responsabilidad Parental , Grupo Paritario , Fumar/etnología , Medio Social , Identificación Social , SudáfricaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: This study assessed the relationship of early adolescent marijuana use to performance of developmental tasks integral to the transition to young adulthood. The tasks concerned intimacy, education, and work and social conformity. METHODS: African American (N = 617) and Puerto Rican (N = 531) youths completed questionnaires in their classrooms. Five years later they were individually interviewed. Logistic regression analysis estimated the increased likelihood that early marijuana users would make an inadequate transition to young adult social roles. RESULTS: Analyses examining the association between early marijuana use and 20 outcome variables found significant relationships for 10 of them: (a) having lower educational and occupational expectations; (b) being suspended or expelled from school, fired from jobs, 'high' at school or work, collecting welfare; and (c) rebelliousness, not participating in productive activities, not attending church, and being an unmarried parent. Marijuana use was not related to any of the intimate relationship measures. These finding emerged with controls on gender, ethnicity, age and mother's education. CONCLUSIONS: Among African Americans and Puerto Ricans, early marijuana use predicts less adequate performance on some developmental tasks integral to becoming an independent young adult. Marijuana is not a benign drug and is associated with future risks for the individual and society at large.
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Abuso de Marihuana/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Negro o Afroamericano , Edad de Inicio , Niño , Escolaridad , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Hispánicos o Latinos , Humanos , Masculino , Abuso de Marihuana/etnología , Ciudad de Nueva York/epidemiología , Puerto Rico/etnología , Factores de Riesgo , Conformidad SocialRESUMEN
An integrated analysis of the data from 3 different studies was conducted to examine the early psychosocial predictors of later marijuana use among adolescents. Longitudinal analysis of interview data was performed. The data used in the analysis were derived from (a) a sample of 739 predominantly White adolescents representative of the northeastern United States, (b) a sample of 1,190 minority adolescents from the East Harlem section of New York City, and (c) a sample of 1,374 Colombian adolescents from two cities in Colombia, South America. In 2 of the samples, participants were interviewed in their homes, and in the 3rd study, participants were assessed in school. The predictors included a number of variables from (a) the personality domain, reflecting the adolescents' conventionality and intrapsychic functioning; (b) the family domain, representing the parent-child mutual attachment relationship and parental substance use; (c) the peer domain, reflecting the peer group's delinquency and substance use; and (d) the adolescents' own use of legal drugs. The dependent variable was adolescent marijuana use. The results of the analysis demonstrated remarkable consistency in the risk and protective factors for later marijuana use across the 3 samples, attesting to the robust nature of these predictors and their generalizability across gender, time, location, and ethnic/cultural background. These findings have important implications for designing intervention programs. Programs aimed at preventing adolescent marijuana use can be designed to incorporate universal features and still incorporate specific components that address the unique needs of adolescents from different groups.
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Conducta del Adolescente/psicología , Cultura , Abuso de Marihuana/epidemiología , Adolescente , Humanos , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Factores de Tiempo , Estados Unidos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
This longitudinal study examined dramatic-erratic personality disorder symptoms (histrionic, borderline, and narcissistic symptoms) in a community sample of 407 adolescents to assess whether this diagnostic construct is meaningful in young people. Based on latent variable models and dimensional symptom scales, these so-called Cluster B symptoms were highly stable across an eight-year interval from early adolescence to early adulthood. Furthermore, when compared with internalizing and externalizing symptoms, dramatic-erratic symptoms were more stable over time than these well-established Axis I symptom clusters. Based on high correlations with co-occurring internalizing and externalizing symptoms, Cluster B symptoms clearly reflect emotional distress during adolescence. These analyses reinforce recent efforts to establish personality disorders as a clinically significant and valid diagnostic construct in young people.
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Trastornos de la Personalidad/psicología , Adolescente , Niño , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Modelos Estadísticos , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Factores SexualesRESUMEN
This study examined the relationship over time between Cluster B personality disorder symptoms (borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic symptoms) and comorbid internalizing and externalizing symptoms in a community sample of 407 adolescents. Cross-lagged longitudinal models tested (a) the hypothesis that Cluster B symptoms reflect primary disturbances that give rise to co-occurring internalizing and externalizing symptoms; and (b) the alternative hypothesis that these Axis I symptom clusters reflect primary problems that interfere with normal personality development. Internalizing and externalizing symptoms each predicted subsequent Cluster B symptoms in girls, although these effects occurred only at specific developmental stages. Cluster B symptoms in boys and girls at ages 10 to 14 years predicted externalizing symptoms two years later. Instead of clearly supporting one hypothesis over the other, longitudinal models suggested gender-specific developmental effects that were partially consistent with both hypotheses.
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Trastornos de la Personalidad/complicaciones , Trastornos de la Personalidad/psicología , Adolescente , Adulto , Causalidad , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Modelos Psicológicos , Factores SexualesRESUMEN
This study examined the relation among parenting factors, marital relations, and toddler aggression. A structured questionnaire was administered to both parents of 254 2-year-olds. The authors used correlation and hierarchical multiple regression analyses to assess the extent to which certain personality traits, drug use, parenting style, and marital conflicts were related to the toddlers' aggressive behavior. Results showed that the maternal child-rearing and parental aggression domains had a direct effect on toddler aggression. The domain of maternal child rearing also served as a mediator for the domains of marital relations, paternal child rearing, parental aggression, and parental drug use. The findings indicated that maternal child-rearing practices, personality attributes, and drug use were more important than paternal attributes in relation to toddler aggression. Implications for prevention among families at risk are discussed.
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Agresión , Conducta Infantil/psicología , Matrimonio/psicología , Responsabilidad Parental , Niño , Familia/psicología , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Relaciones Padres-Hijo , Desarrollo de la Personalidad , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Understanding the interrelatedness of tics, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been complicated by studying only cross-sectional samples of clinically referred subjects. The authors report the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of these disorders in an epidemiological sample of children followed prospectively into early adulthood. METHOD: Structured diagnostic interview information was acquired on 976 children, aged 1 to 10 years, who were randomly selected from families living in upstate New York in 1975. Reassessments were acquired in 776 of these subjects 8, 10, and 15 years later. Diagnostic prevalences were estimated at each time point. The associations among tics, OCD, and ADHD were assessed within and across time points, as were their associations with comorbid illnesses and demographic risk factors. RESULTS: In temporal cross-section, tics and ADHD symptoms were associated with OCD symptoms in late adolescence and early adulthood after demographic features and comorbid psychiatric symptoms were controlled. In prospective analyses, tics in childhood and early adolescence predicted an increase in OCD symptoms in late adolescence and early adulthood. ADHD symptoms in adolescence predicted more OCD symptoms in early adulthood, and OCD in adolescence predicted more ADHD symptoms in adulthood. The associations of tics with ADHD were unimpressive in temporal cross-section and were not significant in prospective analyses. Tics, OCD, and ADHD shared numerous complex associations with demographic and psychopathological risk factors. ADHD was associated with lower IQ and lower social status, whereas OCD was associated with higher IQ. CONCLUSIONS: Tics and OCD were significantly associated in this sample, as were OCD and ADHD. These findings are in general consistent with those from family studies, and they help to define the natural history, comorbid illnesses, and interrelatedness of these conditions.
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Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad/epidemiología , Trastorno Obsesivo Compulsivo/epidemiología , Trastornos de Tic/epidemiología , Distribución por Edad , Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad/diagnóstico , Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad/psicología , Áreas de Influencia de Salud , Niño , Preescolar , Comorbilidad , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , New York/epidemiología , Trastorno Obsesivo Compulsivo/diagnóstico , Trastorno Obsesivo Compulsivo/psicología , Prevalencia , Estudios Prospectivos , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica , Factores de Riesgo , Trastornos de Tic/diagnósticoRESUMEN
This study examined the relationship between the domains of environmental factors, family illegal drug use, parental child-rearing practices, maternal and adolescent personality attributes, and adolescent illegal drug use. A nonclinical sample of 2,837 Colombian youths and their mothers were interviewed about intrapersonal, interpersonal, and environmental factors in their lives. Results indicated that certain environmental factors (e.g., violence, drug availability, and machismo), family drug use, a distant parent-child relationship, and unconventional behavior are risk factors for adolescent illegal drug use. As hypothesized, results showed that the adverse effects of family illegal drug use on adolescent drug use can be buffered by protective parental child-rearing practices and environmental factors, leading to less adolescent illegal drug use. Prevention and treatment efforts should incorporate protective environmental, familial, and intrapersonal components in order to reduce adolescent illegal drug use.
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Conducta del Adolescente/psicología , Relaciones Familiares , Personalidad , Medio Social , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/psicología , Adolescente , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Factores de Riesgo , América del Sur , ViolenciaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: A longitudinal study was conducted to investigate the role of maladaptive parental behavior in the association between parent and offspring psychiatric disorder. METHODS: Psychosocial and psychiatric interviews were administered to a representative community sample of 593 biological parents and their offspring from 2 counties in the state of New York in 1975, 1983, 1985 to 1986, and 1991 to 1993. In 1975, the offspring were a mean age of 6 years. Maladaptive parental behavior was assessed in 1975, 1983, and 1985 to 1986. Parent and offspring psychiatric symptoms were assessed in 1983, 1985 to 1986, and 1991 to 1993. RESULTS: Maladaptive parental behavior substantially mediated a significant association between parental and offspring psychiatric symptoms. Parents with psychiatric disorders had higher levels of maladaptive behavior in the household than did parents without psychiatric disorders. Maladaptive parental behavior, in turn, was associated with increased offspring risk for psychiatric disorders during adolescence and early adulthood. Most of the youths that experienced high levels of maladaptive parental behavior during childhood had psychiatric disorders during adolescence or early adulthood, whether or not their parents had psychiatric disorders. In contrast, the offspring of parents with psychiatric disorders were not at increased risk for psychiatric disorders unless there was a history of maladaptive parental behavior. CONCLUSIONS: Maladaptive parental behavior is associated with increased risk for the development of psychiatric disorders among the offspring of parents with and without psychiatric disorders. Maladaptive parental behavior appears to be an important mediator of the association between parental and offspring psychiatric symptoms.
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Hijo de Padres Discapacitados/estadística & datos numéricos , Trastornos Mentales/epidemiología , Padres/psicología , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Niño , Hijo de Padres Discapacitados/psicología , Padre/psicología , Padre/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Trastornos Mentales/diagnóstico , Trastornos Mentales/genética , Madres/psicología , Madres/estadística & datos numéricos , Oportunidad Relativa , Responsabilidad Parental/psicología , Prevalencia , Proyectos de Investigación/normas , TemperamentoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: This study extends previous findings of the risks posed by childhood major depressive disorder and other psychopathological features for later personality disorder (PD) in a random sample of 551 youths. METHODS: Self-reports and mother reports were used to evaluate DSM-III-R (Axes I and II) psychiatric disorders at mean ages of 12.7, 15.2, and 21.1 years. Logistic regression was used to examine the independent effects of major depressive disorder in childhood or adolescence on 10 PDs in young adulthood. RESULTS: Odds of dependent, antisocial, passive-aggressive, and histrionic PDs increased by more than 13, 10, 7, and 3 times, respectively, given prior major depressive disorder. Those effects were independent of age, sex, disadvantaged socioeconomic status, a history of child maltreatment, nonintact family status, parental conflict, preexisting PD in adolescence, and other childhood or adolescent Axis I psychopathological features, including disruptive and anxiety disorders. In addition, odds of schizoid and narcissistic PD increased by almost 6 times and odds of antisocial PD increased by almost 5 times given a prior disruptive disorder, and odds of paranoid PD increased by 4 times given a prior anxiety disorder. CONCLUSION: Personality disorders may represent alternative pathways of continuity for major depressive disorder and other Axis I disorders across the child-adult transition.
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Trastorno Depresivo/epidemiología , Trastornos de la Personalidad/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/diagnóstico , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/epidemiología , Trastornos de Ansiedad/diagnóstico , Trastornos de Ansiedad/epidemiología , Déficit de la Atención y Trastornos de Conducta Disruptiva/diagnóstico , Déficit de la Atención y Trastornos de Conducta Disruptiva/epidemiología , Niño , Comorbilidad , Trastorno Depresivo/diagnóstico , Humanos , Oportunidad Relativa , Trastornos de la Personalidad/diagnóstico , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Muestreo , Clase SocialRESUMEN
This study examined (a) adolescent psychosocial risk factors for frequency (intensity) of marijuana use and for other illicit drug use among those who started using these drugs in early adulthood (adult initiators) and (b) the protective role of parent-adolescent relations in reducing or preventing drug use when adolescents enter early adulthood. The study's participants were male and female youth from a longitudinal prospective study. The participants' mean ages were 17 and 22 years at late adolescence and early adulthood, respectively. Independent measures assessed personality, parental, peer, and self-drug-use factors during late adolescence; dependent measures assessed frequency of marijuana use and other illicit drug use during early adulthood for initiators of the respective drug categories. The authors found that intensity of marijuana use was directly associated with the personality, parental, and self-drug-use domains and indirectly associated with the peer domain. Intensity of other illicit drug use was directly associated with personality and self-drug use. Analyses also revealed that some parent-adolescent relations factors buffered the effects of risk factors for both marijuana and other illicit drug-use intensity, whereas others enhanced the effects of protective factors against other illicit drug-use intensity. The results indicate that there are both commonalities and differences in precursors of marijuana and other illicit drug-use intensity among initiators of these drugs during early adulthood.
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Drogas Ilícitas , Abuso de Marihuana/epidemiología , Abuso de Marihuana/psicología , Adolescente , Adulto , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Incidencia , Masculino , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/epidemiología , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/psicologíaRESUMEN
Various aspects of personality or dispositional style predict risk for psychiatric disorders among adults. In particular, signs of neuroticism, emotional reactivity, or sensitivity to stress are strong predictors of later mood or anxiety disorders. The current report extends this literature to adolescents. An epidemiologic sample of 776 young people living in upstate New York received psychiatric assessments based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition-Revised, (DSM-III-R) and a self-report assessment of personality style in 1983 and 1985. Psychopathology was again assessed in 1992. The current study first examined demographic correlates of emotional reactivity. The study then considered the predictive relationship between emotionally reactive personality style at one study wave and psychopathology at later waves. In middle but not early adolescence, girls showed higher levels of emotional reactivity than boys. In turn, high levels of emotional reactivity predicted a range of psychiatric disorders at follow-up. The most consistent associations emerged for major depression and fearful spells, a term the authors use to describe a subclinical form of panic attacks. As in adults, midadolescent girls rate themselves as more emotionally reactive than midadolescent boys. Moreover, adolescents who rate themselves as emotionally reactive face a high risk for mood and anxiety disorders. High levels of emotional reactivity may represent a manifestation of underlying neurobiologic risk for mood and anxiety disorders.
RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To investigate change in personality disorder (PD) traits between early adolescence and early adulthood among individuals in the community. METHOD: PD traits were assessed in 1983 (mean age = 14), 1985-86 (mean age = 16) and 1992 (mean age = 22) in a representative community sample of 816 youths. RESULTS: Overall, PD traits declined 28% during both adolescence and early adulthood. PD traits were moderately stable during the first 2-year interval, and were as stable as they have been reported to be among adults over similar intervals. PD trait stability declined slightly as the inter-assessment interval increased. Adolescents with PDs tended to have elevated PD traits during early adulthood. CONCLUSION: PD traits tend to decline steadily in prevalence during adolescence and early adulthood. However, adolescents with PDs often have elevated PD traits as young adults, and the stability of PD traits appears to be similar during adolescence and early adulthood.
Asunto(s)
Trastornos de la Personalidad/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Servicios Comunitarios de Salud Mental , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica , Índice de Severidad de la EnfermedadRESUMEN
CONTEXT: Cigarette smoking is associated with some anxiety disorders, but the direction of the association between smoking and specific anxiety disorders has not been determined. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the longitudinal association between cigarette smoking and anxiety disorders among adolescents and young adults. DESIGN: The Children in the Community Study, a prospective longitudinal investigation. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Community-based sample of 688 youths (51% female) from upstate New York interviewed in the years 1985-1986, at a mean age of 16 years, and in the years 1991-1993, at a mean age of 22 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Participant cigarette smoking and psychiatric disorders in adolescence and early adulthood, measured by age-appropriate versions of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children. RESULTS: Heavy cigarette smoking (>/=20 cigarettes/d) during adolescence was associated with higher risk of agoraphobia (10.3% vs 1.8%; odds ratio [OR], 6.79; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.53-30.17), generalized anxiety disorder (20.5% vs 3.71%; OR, 5.53; 95% CI, 1.84-16.66), and panic disorder (7.7% vs 0.6%; OR, 15.58; 95% CI, 2.31-105.14) during early adulthood after controlling for age, sex, difficult childhood temperament; alcohol and drug use, anxiety, and depressive disorders during adolescence; and parental smoking, educational level, and psychopathology. Anxiety disorders during adolescence were not significantly associated with chronic cigarette smoking during early adulthood. Fourteen percent and 15% of participants with and without anxiety during adolescence, respectively, smoked at least 20 cigarettes per day during early adulthood (OR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.36-2.14). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that cigarette smoking may increase risk of certain anxiety disorders during late adolescence and early adulthood. JAMA. 2000;284:2348-2351.
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Trastornos de Ansiedad/etiología , Fumar/efectos adversos , Adolescente , Adulto , Trastornos de Ansiedad/diagnóstico , Trastornos de Ansiedad/epidemiología , Intervalos de Confianza , Femenino , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Oportunidad Relativa , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
This article summarizes the existing literature on the relationship between adolescent drug use and abuse and the development of psychiatric disorders in adulthood. In recent years, there has been increased awareness of the co-occurrence of drug abuse and psychiatric disorders in adolescence and young adulthood. Few longitudinal studies, however, have examined specifically the impact of earlier drug use and abuse on later psychiatric disorders. The literature suggests three possible models to explain the relation between drug use and abuse and psychiatric disorders. According to the first model, adolescent psychiatric disorders precede drug use and abuse. A second model postulates that psychiatric disorders and drug use are correlated because they share one or more common aetiological factor(s). The third model posits that drug use and abuse predict or precede certain psychiatric disorders. We present data from a recent longitudinal study to support this latter model. As drug use and abuse have been shown to increase the likelihood of psychiatric disorders, it is clear that medical attention needs to be given to adolescents who use drugs of abuse. It is expected that a decrease in adolescent drug abuse should lead to an accompanying reduction in later psychiatric disorders.
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Conducta del Adolescente , Trastornos Mentales/complicaciones , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/complicaciones , Adolescente , Actitud Frente a la Salud , Humanos , Asunción de RiesgosRESUMEN
The present study was designed to examine the relationship between unconventionality and marijuana use over time. The sample for this paper consisted of 532 male and female participants interviewed during early adolescence, late adolescence, their early twenties, and their late twenties. Latent growth modeling was used. The findings indicated that (1) the influence of initial unconventionality (T2) on initial marijuana use (T2) was stronger for males, (2) unconventionality at T2 was not significantly related to overall rate of growth in marijuana use, and (3) change in unconventionality was related to overall growth rate of marijuana use. The implications of the findings for prevention and treatment are discussed.