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Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a severe psychiatric condition that affects up to 2.7% of the population and is highly linked to functional impairment and suicide. Despite its severity, there is a lack of knowledge about its pathophysiology. Studies show genetic influence and childhood violence as factors that may contribute to the development of BPD; however, the involvement of neuroinflammation in BPD remains poorly investigated. This article aimed to explore the pathophysiology of BPD according to the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress substances that exacerbate neuronal damage. Few articles have been published on this theme. They show that patients with BPD have a lower level of BDNF and a higher level of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 in peripheral blood, associated with increased plasma levels of oxidative stress markers, such as malondialdehyde and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine. Therefore, more research on the topic is needed, mainly with a pre-clinical and clinical focus.
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Trastorno de Personalidad Limítrofe , Humanos , Niño , Trastorno de Personalidad Limítrofe/epidemiología , Trastorno de Personalidad Limítrofe/genética , Trastorno de Personalidad Limítrofe/psicología , Factor Neurotrófico Derivado del Encéfalo/genética , Interleucina-6 , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfaRESUMEN
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a severe psychiatric condition that affects up to 2.7% of the population and is highly linked to functional impairment and suicide. Despite its severity, there is a lack of knowledge about its pathophysiology. Studies show genetic influence and childhood violence as factors that may contribute to the development of BPD; however, the involvement of neuroinflammation in BPD remains poorly investigated. This article aimed to explore the pathophysiology of BPD according to the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress substances that exacerbate neuronal damage. Few articles have been published on this theme. They show that patients with BPD have a lower level of BDNF and a higher level of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 in peripheral blood, associated with increased plasma levels of oxidative stress markers, such as malondialdehyde and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine. Therefore, more research on the topic is needed, mainly with a pre-clinical and clinical focus.
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Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is one of the parasites that has an impact on livestock farming in Brazil. Bioassays using the larval packet test (LPT) impregnated with cypermethrin and diazinon at different concentrations were performed to characterize phenotypic resistance (resistance level, RL), molecular resistance (mutation in domain III - S6 T2134A) and enzymatic metabolism of diazinon and cypermethrin in some populations of R. microplus that were collected in different regions of the state of São Paulo. Among the 40 farms analyzed, 18 of them presented resistance factors for cypermethrin, with RL I (53%) and RL II (47%). Mutation of domain III T2134A was found for the first time in Brazil, on seven farms. Heterozygous larvae were found on six of them and resistant homozygous larvae on four. No differences (p>0.05) in enzymatic activity of α-esterase and ß-esterase were found in tests with live and dead larvae at a cypermethrin concentration of 409.6µg/cm2. Ninety percent of the farms showed resistance to the active agent diazinon: RL I in 6%, RL II in 30% and RL III in 64%. There were significant differences (p<0.05) in enzymatic activity at the highest concentration (3.2µg/cm2).
Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini) é um dos parasitas que mais impactam a pecuária de países tropicais e subtropicais, incluindo o Brasil, com perdas em torno de US$ 3,24 bilhões por ano. Ocorrências de populações resistentes a diferentes classes de acaricidas e suas associações têm sido amplamente diagnosticadas em todo o Brasil. Para isso, bioensaios utilizando o teste de pacote larval (LPT) impregnado com cipermetrina e diazinon em diferentes concentrações foram realizados para caracterizar a resistência fenotípica (nível de resistência, RL), a resistência molecular (mutação no domínio III - S6 T2134A) e o metabolismo enzimático do diazinon e da cipermetrina em algumas populações de R. (Boophilus) microplus coletadas em diferentes regiões do estado de São Paulo. Dentre as 40 propriedades analisadas, 18 delas apresentaram fatores de resistência à cipermetrina, sendo RL I (53%) e RL II (47%). A mutação do domínio III T2134A foi encontrada pela primeira vez no Brasil, em sete fazendas. Larvas heterozigotas foram constatadas em seis delas, e larvas homozigotas resistentes em quatro. Nenhuma diferença (P>0,05) na atividade enzimática de α-esterase e ß-esterase foi observada em testes com larvas vivas e mortas em uma concentração de cipermetrina de 409,6µg/cm2. Noventa por cento das propriedades apresentaram resistência ao agente ativo diazinon: RL I em 6%, RL II em 30% e RL III em 64%. Houve diferenças significativas (P<0,05) na atividade enzimática na concentração mais elevada (3,2µg/cm2) entre os grupos de larvas vivas e mortas.
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Animales , Rhipicephalus , Diazinón , AcaricidasRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the diagnostic test accuracy of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and compare the performance of the two modalities in the diagnosis of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS). METHODS: This was a systematic review conducted following the Cochrane Diagnostic Test Accuracy Reviews guideline. A literature search was performed in five databases: PubMed, EMBASE, PMC, The Cochrane Library and BVS-Bireme between 27 July and 4 August 2020. The search was updated on 18 August 2021. We included observational studies evaluating diagnostic accuracy in women with risk factors for PAS who had undergone both ultrasound and MRI examinations, published in English between 2011 and 2021. Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 was used to evaluate the quality of the studies. Forest plots for sensitivity and specificity with 95% CIs and receiver-operating-characteristics curves for ultrasound and MRI were constructed. RESULTS: The literature search identified 266 studies. After reviewing the titles and abstracts of the articles, 51 were selected for full-text review and 17 studies including 1301 women with MRI and ultrasound data available were selected for the meta-analysis. The study population included 457 cases with PAS diagnosed using the gold standard method (intraoperative or histopathological analysis). The overall quality of the evaluated studies was considered satisfactory according to QUADAS-2. The meta-analysis revealed a sensitivity of 0.833 (95% CI, 0.776-0.878) and specificity of 0.834 (95% CI, 0.746-0.897) for ultrasound. For MRI, sensitivity was 0.838 (95% CI, 0.786-0.879) and specificity was 0.831 (95% CI, 0.770-0.878). There was no statistically significant difference between the two modalities. The Cochran's Q values indicated a high level of heterogeneity of sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound and MRI across studies. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound and MRI have similar accuracy in the diagnosis of PAS. These results suggest that, in a setting with a high prevalence of risk factors, the choice of imaging modality for initial screening for PAS should depend on the availability of equipment and the examiner's expertise. © 2022 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
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Placenta Accreta , Femenino , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Placenta Accreta/diagnóstico por imagen , Placenta Accreta/patología , Embarazo , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , UltrasonografíaRESUMEN
Identifying genes or genomic regions influencing carcass-quality traits such as fatness (FTN) is essential to optimize the genetic selection processes in beef cattle. The aim of this study was to identify genomic regions associated with FTN in Nellore cattle as well as to elucidate the metabolic pathways related to the phenotypic expression. Ultrasound-based measurements of FTN were collected in 11 750 animals, with 39 903 animals in the pedigree file. Additionally, 1440 animals were genotyped using the GGP-indicus 35K SNP panel, which contained 33 623 SNPs after quality control. Twenty genes related to FTN were found on 11 chromosomes, explaining 12.96% of the total additive genetic variance. Gene ontology revealed seven genes: NR1L2, PKD2, GSK3ß, EXT1, RAD51B, SORCS1 and DPH6, associated with important processes related to FTN. In addition, novel candidate genes (MAATS1, LYPD1, CDK5RAP2, RAD51B, c13H2Oorf96 and TRAPPC11) were detected and could provide further knowledge to uncover genetic regions associated to carcass fatness in beef cattle.
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Adiposidad/genética , Bovinos/genética , Carne Roja/análisis , Animales , Brasil , Ontología de Genes , Estudios de Asociación Genética/veterinaria , Genotipo , Redes y Vías Metabólicas/genética , Fenotipo , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , UltrasonografíaRESUMEN
Improving feed efficiency is a key breeding goal in the beef cattle industry. In this study, we estimated the genetic parameters for feed efficiency and carcass traits in Senepol cattle raised in tropical regions. Various indicators of feed efficiency [gain to feed ratio (G:F), feed conversion ratio (FCR), residual weight gain (RG), residual intake and body weight gain (RIG), and residual feed intake (RFI)] as well as growth [final BW, average daily gain (ADG), and DM intake (DMI)], and carcass [rib-eye area (REA), backfat thickness (BF), intramuscular fat score, and carcass conformation score] traits were included in the study. After data editing, records from 1â¯393 heifers obtained between 2009 and 2018 were used for the analyses. We fitted an animal model that included contemporary group (animals from the same farm that were evaluated in the same test season) as the fixed effect, and a linear effect of animal age at the beginning of the test as a covariate; in addition to random direct additive genetic and residual effects. The (co)variance components were estimated by Bayesian inference in uni- and bivariate analyses. Our results showed that feed efficiency indicators derived from residual variables such as RG, RIG, and RFI can be improved through genetic selection (h2 = 0.14 ± 0.06, 0.13 ± 0.06, and 0.20 ± 0.08, respectively). Variables calculated as ratios such as G:F and FCR were more influenced by environmental factors (h2 = 0.08 ± 0.05 and 0.09 ± 0.05), and were, therefore, less suitable for use in breeding programs. The traits with the greatest and impact on genetic progress in feed efficiency were ADG, REA, and BF. The traits with the greatest and least impact on growth and carcass traits were RG and RFI, respectively. Selection for feed efficiency will result in distinct overall effects on the growth and carcass traits of Senepol heifers. Direct selection for lower RFI may reduce DMI and increase carcass fatness at the finishing stage, but it might also result in reduced growth and muscle deposition. Residual BW gain is associated with the highest weight gain and zero impact on REA and BF, however, it is linked to higher feed consumption. Thus, the most suitable feed efficiency indicator was RIG, as it promoted the greatest decrease in feed intake concomitant with faster growth, with a similar impact on carcass traits when compared to the other feed efficiency indicators.
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Ingestión de Alimentos , Aumento de Peso , Alimentación Animal , Animales , Teorema de Bayes , Bovinos/genética , Femenino , FenotipoRESUMEN
Atheromatous plaques occurring in large arteries are common and life-threatening lesions. Multiple factors are involved in the pathogenesis of atheromatous plaques, such as hyperlipidaemia and hypercholesterolaemia, high blood pressure and chronic systemic inflammation. Recent findings have suggested that infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) may increase the risk of developing atheromatous plaques. However, HPV is considered a tissue-specific virus with a strong tropism towards squamous epithelial cells, and the mechanisms whereby it may promote the development of atheromas remain unclear. Here, we propose a connecting hypothesis to explain the possible causative role of HPV on atheroma development. We hypothesize that HPV infection may promote atheroma formation in infected patients by enhancing systemic inflammation or by directly targeting blood vessels via nucleic acids carried by extracellular vesicles such as exosomes. The pro-inflammatory effects of HPV and the release of extracellular vesicles by HPV-transformed cells are well documented in scientific literature. Possible experimental approaches to test this hypothesis are also discussed, especially experiments employing transgenic mice bearing HPV16 transgenes. If correct, this hypothesis would have major implications for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, especially due to the preventable nature of HPV infection through vaccination.
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Aterosclerosis , Infecciones por Papillomavirus , Animales , Papillomavirus Humano 16 , Humanos , Ratones , Ratones Transgénicos , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/complicaciones , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
Milk fat composition has important implications in the nutritional and processing properties of milk. Additionally, milk fat composition is associated with cow physiological and health status. The main objectives of this study were (1) to estimate genetic parameters for 5 milk fatty acid (FA) groups (i.e., short-chain, medium-chain, long-chain, saturated, and unsaturated) predicted from milk infrared spectra using a large data set; (2) to predict genomic breeding values using a longitudinal single-step genomic BLUP approach; and (3) to conduct a single-step GWAS aiming to identify genomic regions, candidate genes, and metabolic pathways associated with milk FA, and consequently, to understand the underlying biology of these traits. We used 629,769 test-day records of 201,465 first-parity Holstein cows from 6,105 herds. A total of 8,865 genotyped (Illumina BovineSNP50K BeadChip, Illumina, San Diego, CA) animals were considered for the genomic analyses. The average daily heritability ranged from 0.24 (unsaturated FA) to 0.47 (medium-chain and saturated FA). The reliability of the genomic breeding values ranged from 0.56 (long-chain fatty acid) to 0.74 (medium-chain fatty acid) when using the default τ and ω scaling parameters, whereas it ranged from 0.58 (long-chain fatty acid) to 0.73 (short-chain fatty acid) when using the optimal τ and ω values (i.e., τ = 1.5 and ω = 0.6), as defined in a previous study in the same population. Relevant chromosomal regions were identified in Bos taurus autosomes 5 and 14. The proportion of the variance explained by 20 adjacent single nucleotide polymorphisms ranged from 0.71% (saturated FA) to 15.12% (long-chain FA). Important candidate genes and pathways were also identified. In summary, our results contribute to a better understanding of the genetic architecture of predicted milk FA in dairy cattle and reinforce the relevance of using genomic information for genetic analyses of these traits.
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Bovinos/genética , Ácidos Grasos/metabolismo , Leche/química , Animales , Bovinos/fisiología , Ácidos Grasos Insaturados/metabolismo , Femenino , Genómica , Genotipo , Lactancia/genética , América del Norte , Paridad , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Embarazo , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Selección ArtificialRESUMEN
Caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) is a chronic disease caused by a retrovirus from the Lentivirus genus. No effective vaccines or treatments exist, and therefore genetic selection for CAE resistance might be a feasible alternative. To our best knowledge, no other studies have investigated the genetic architecture of CAE resistance in dairy goats. In this context, this study was designed to estimate genetic parameters for CAE infection in Alpine and Saanen goats using a Bayesian threshold model. A total of 542 adult goats (and >3-generation pedigree), which were group-housed in a population with high CAE prevalence, were tested based on a serological infection assessment test (negative = 1 or positive = 2) and used for this study. Genetic parameters were estimated using the BLUPF90 family programs. There was considerable genetic variability for CAE resistance, and pedigree-based heritability was significantly different from zero (0.026 < heritability < 0.128). Our findings indicate that the prevalence of CAE in goat herds can be reduced or eliminated through direct genetic selection for CAE resistance in addition to proper management strategies.
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Virus de la Artritis-Encefalitis Caprina , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Enfermedades de las Cabras/virología , Infecciones por Lentivirus/veterinaria , Animales , Teorema de Bayes , Enfermedades de las Cabras/epidemiología , Cabras , Infecciones por Lentivirus/genética , Infecciones por Lentivirus/virologíaRESUMEN
Milk fat content and fatty acid (FA) composition have great economic value to the dairy industry as they are directly associated with taste and chemical-physical characteristics of milk and dairy products. In addition, consumers' choices are not only based on the nutritional aspects of food, but also on products known to promote better health. Milk FA composition is also related to the metabolic status and physiological stages of cows and thus can also be used as indicator for other novel traits of interest (e.g., metabolic diseases and methane yield). Genetic selection is a promising alternative to manipulate milk FA composition. In this study, we aimed to (1) estimate time-dependent genetic parameters for 5 milk FA groups (i.e., short-chain, medium-chain, long-chain, saturated, and unsaturated) predicted based on milk mid-infrared spectroscopy, for Canadian Ayrshire and Jersey breeds, and (2) conduct a time-dependent, single-step genome-wide association study to identify genomic regions, candidate genes, and metabolic pathways associated with milk FA. We analyzed 31,709 test-day records of 9,648 Ayrshire cows from 268 herds, and 34,341 records of 11,479 Jersey cows from 883 herds. The genomic database contained a total of 2,330 Ayrshire and 1,019 Jersey animals. The average daily heritability ranged from 0.18 (long-chain FA) to 0.34 (medium-chain FA) in Ayrshire, and from 0.25 (long-chain and unsaturated FA) to 0.52 (medium-chain and saturated FA) in Jersey. Important genomic regions were identified in Bos taurus autosomes BTA3, BTA5, BTA12, BTA13, BTA14, BTA16, BTA18, BTA20, and BTA21. The proportion of the variance explained by 20 adjacent SNP ranged from 0.71% (saturated FA) to 1.11% (long-chain FA) in Ayrshire, and from 0.70% (unsaturated FA) to 3.09% (medium-chain FA) in Jersey cattle. Important candidate genes and pathways were also identified, such as the PTK2 and TRAPPC9 genes, associated with milk fat percentage, and HMGCS, FGF10, and C6 genes, associated with fertility traits and immune response. Our findings on the genetic parameters and candidate genes contribute to a better understanding of the genetic architecture of milk FA composition in Ayrshire and Jersey dairy cattle.
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Cruzamiento , Bovinos/genética , Ácidos Grasos/análisis , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo/veterinaria , Leche/química , Selección Genética , Animales , Industria Lechera , Femenino , Fenotipo , Espectrofotometría InfrarrojaRESUMEN
An important goal in animal breeding is to improve longitudinal traits; that is, traits recorded multiple times during an individual's lifetime or physiological cycle. Longitudinal traits were first genetically evaluated based on accumulated phenotypic expression, phenotypic expression at specific time points, or repeatability models. Until now, the genetic evaluation of longitudinal traits has mainly focused on using random regression models (RRM). Random regression models enable fitting random genetic and environmental effects over time, which results in higher accuracy of estimated breeding values compared with other statistical approaches. In addition, RRM provide insights about temporal variation of biological processes and the physiological implications underlying the studied traits. Despite the fact that genomic information has substantially contributed to increase the rates of genetic progress for a variety of economically important traits in several livestock species, less attention has been given to longitudinal traits in recent years. However, including genomic information to evaluate longitudinal traits using RRM is a feasible alternative to yield more accurate selection and culling decisions, because selection of young animals may be based on the complete pattern of the production curve with higher accuracy compared with the use of traditional parent average (i.e., without genomic information). Moreover, RRM can be used to estimate SNP effects over time in genome-wide association studies. Thus, by analyzing marker associations over time, regions with higher effects at specific points in time are more likely to be identified. Despite the advances in applications of RRM in genetic evaluations, more research is needed to successfully combine RRM and genomic information. Future research should provide a better understanding of the temporal variation of biological processes and their physiological implications underlying the longitudinal traits.
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Cruzamiento/métodos , Genómica , Carácter Cuantitativo Heredable , Animales , Lactancia/genética , Ganado/genética , Modelos Genéticos , Fenotipo , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple/genética , Análisis de RegresiónRESUMEN
AIM: To analyse longitudinally the immune-inflammatory response in teeth of mice that underwent a regenerative protocol with or without the use of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) to irrigate the root canal system. METHODOLOGY: First maxillary molars of mice were devitalized using size 10 and 15 files. Teeth were divided into the following groups: Empty - the canals were left empty; Blood Clot (BC) - the canals were filled with a blood clot; and EDTA + Blood - the canals were irrigated with 0.06 mL of 17% EDTA for 1 min and filled with a blood clot. Access cavities were restored with Coltosol® . Animals were sacrificed at 7, 14 or 21 days after the operative procedures, and teeth were collected. RNA was extracted, mRNA expression of the cytokines IGF, NGF, IL-1α, IL-10, TGF and VEGF was assessed using real-time PCR, and the anova Kruskal-Wallis test was used. RESULTS: IL-1 mRNA expression was significantly higher in the EDTA + BC group than in the Empty and BC groups at the 7th and 14th days of evaluation (P < 0.05). IL-10 mRNA expression was similar across the three groups at all time periods. TGF-ß mRNA expression in the EDTA + BC group was significantly higher on the 7th and 21st days than on the 14th (P < 0.05); at day 21, TGF-ß mRNA expression was similar between the BC and EDTA + BC groups but significantly higher than in the Empty group (P < 0.05). IGF mRNA expression was significantly higher in the EDTA + BC group than in the other groups at all time periods. VEGF mRNA expression remained unchanged throughout the experimental period in all groups (P > 0.05). NGF mRNA expression was similar amongst all groups at the 7th and 21st days (P > 0.05). At the 14th day, however, there was a significant increase in NGF mRNA expression in the EDTA + Blood group (P < 0.05) when compared with the expression in the other groups. CONCLUSION: EDTA promoted increased expression of factors that have the potential to improve the outcome of regenerative endodontic treatment.
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Endodoncia Regenerativa , Irrigantes del Conducto Radicular , Animales , Ácido Edético , Ratones , Diente Molar , Tratamiento del Conducto RadicularRESUMEN
Our aim was to give a morphometric description of the interproximal bone between the anterior maxillary teeth of subjects with class III facial deformity, who were candidates for segmented Le Fort I osteotomy. We measured the width of the interproximal bone from the upper right canine to the upper left canine in cone-beam computed tomographic images of 35 subjects, and identified five interproximal areas of measurement. The lower and upper measurements were established 5mm and 10mm from the cervical crest of the interproximal bone. A paired samples t test and Pearson's correlation coefficient were applied and probabilities of less than 0.05 were accepted as significant. In all the scans of interproximal bone, the apical zone was significantly wider than the inferior zone (p<0.001). The area between the central incisors was the widest, with a mean (SD) of 2.42 (0.68) mm in the lower, and 4.27 (0.99) mm in the upper, region followed by the space between the canines and lateral incisors. The minimum interproximal spaces in the lowest area were between 1.1 and 1.5mm, which suggested the potential for damage to the teeth during segmental osteotomy. The interproximal spaces were at potential risk of dental and periodontal injuries, and the area between the central incisors seemed to be most suited to interproximal osteotomies in "surgery first".
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Osteotomía Maxilar , Osteotomía Le Fort , Proceso Alveolar , Tomografía Computarizada de Haz Cónico , Humanos , MaxilarRESUMEN
AIM: To evaluate the mRNA expression levels of the cytokines interferon-γ, tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-10, IL-6, VEGF, and AGT and the chemokine CCL2/MCP-1 in periapical interstitial fluid associated with root canal infections before and after the reduction of the bacterial load using a cleaning procedure. METHODOLOGY: The case group included 11 patients with chronic liver disease, and the control group included 11 healthy patients. Clinical samples were taken from teeth with pulp necrosis. After cleaning and drying the canal, three paper points were introduced into the root canal and passed through the root apex (2 mm) into the periapical tissues for 1 min. The samples were collected immediately after root canal cleaning and 7 days later to characterize those gene expression levels using real-time PCR. The data were subjected to the Shapiro-Wilk and the Wilcoxon tests. RESULTS: In the control group, significantly increased expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α was observed in teeth with restrained bacterial loads (day 7) (P < 0.05). Similarly, increased TNF-α expression was found on day 7 in the liver group (P < 0.05). No differences were observed in the expression levels of the IL-1ß, IL-10 and, IL-6, MCP-1/CCL-2 and VEGF between the first collection (day 0) and second collection (day 7), over time in either group. CONCLUSION: Chronic liver disease patients exhibited sufficient immunologic ability showing relatively similar expression levels of cytokines, chemokines and angiogenic factors in periapical samples compared with the responses from no-chronic liver disease patients. The outcomes of this study suggest that liver impairment did not compromise the periapical immune response.
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Quimiocinas/metabolismo , Citocinas/metabolismo , Hepatopatías/complicaciones , Hepatopatías/inmunología , Enfermedades Periapicales/inmunología , Tratamiento del Conducto Radicular , Diente/inmunología , Adulto , Anciano , Carga Bacteriana , Quimiocina CCL2/metabolismo , Cavidad Pulpar/microbiología , Necrosis de la Pulpa Dental/inmunología , Femenino , Humanos , Interferón gamma/metabolismo , Interleucina-10/metabolismo , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Tejido Periapical/inmunología , Tejido Periapical/microbiología , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Ápice del Diente , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Factor A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/metabolismoRESUMEN
Pesticides are used worldwide to control arthropod parasites in cattle herds. The indiscriminate and/or inappropriate use of pesticides without veterinary guidance is a reality in several countries of South America. Improper pesticide use increases the chances of contamination of food and the environment with chemical pesticides and their metabolites. Reduction of these contamination events is an increasing challenge for those involved in livestock production. The horn fly, Haematobia irritans (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Muscidae), is one of the most economically important parasites affecting cattle herds around the world. As such, horn fly control efforts are often required to promote the best productive performance of herds. Pesticide susceptibility bioassays revealed that pyrethroid resistance was widespread and reached high levels in horn fly populations in the Brazilian state of Rondônia. The knockdown resistance (kdr) sodium channel gene mutation was detected in all horn fly populations studied (n = 48), and the super kdr sodium channel gene mutation was found in all homozygous resistant kdr individuals (n = 204). Organophosphate resistance was not identified in any of the fly populations evaluated.
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Resistencia a los Insecticidas/genética , Insecticidas/farmacología , Muscidae/efectos de los fármacos , Organofosfatos/farmacología , Piretrinas/farmacología , Animales , Brasil , Muscidae/genéticaRESUMEN
Two experiments were done in bulls to determine: total testicular blood flow, testis oxygenation and heat, and effects of ambient temperature on testicular temperatures and blood flow. In Experiment 1, arterial blood flow to testes and testicular oxygenation and heat were determined in Angus bulls (nâ¯=â¯8). Blood temperature and hemoglobin O2 saturation were both greater (Pâ¯<â¯0.0001) in the testicular artery than in the testicular vein (39.2⯱â¯0.2 vs 36.9⯱â¯0.4⯰C and 95.3⯱â¯0.7 vs 42.0⯱â¯5.8%, respectively; mean⯱â¯SEM). Based on testicular blood flow of 12.4⯱â¯1.1â¯mL/min and an arterial-venous temperature differential of 2.3⯰C, blood contributed 28.3⯱â¯5.1â¯cal/min of heat to the testis, whereas heat produced by testicular metabolism was estimated at 5.8⯱â¯0.8â¯cal/min (based on O2 consumption of 1.2⯱â¯0.2â¯mL/min). In Experiment 2, effects of three ambient temperatures (5, 15 and 35⯰C) on testicular blood flow and temperatures were determined in 20 Angus bulls. At 35 versus 5⯰C, there was greater testicular blood flow (8.2⯱â¯0.9 versus 4.9⯱â¯0.7â¯mL/min/100â¯g of testicular tissue, Pâ¯<â¯0.05), and higher scrotal subcutaneous and intratesticular temperatures (Pâ¯<â¯0.01). In conclusion, arterial blood flow was the main source of testicular heat, testes were close to hypoxia, and increased ambient temperature significantly increased scrotal subcutaneous and intratesticular temperatures, as well as testicular blood flow. These studies gave new insights into scrotal/testicular thermoregulation in bulls; they confirmed that testes are nearly hypoxic, but challenged the long-standing paradigm that testicular blood flow does not increase when testes become warmer.
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Temperatura Corporal , Temperatura , Testículo/irrigación sanguínea , Animales , Arterias , Bovinos , Hemodinámica , Masculino , Escroto/fisiología , Testículo/fisiologíaRESUMEN
A valuable approach to understand how individual and population genetic differences can predispose to disease is to assess the impact of genetic variants on cellular functions (e.g., gene expression) of cell and tissue types related to pathological states. To understand the genetic basis of nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) susceptibility, a complex and highly prevalent congenital malformation, we searched for genetic variants with a regulatory role in a disease-related tissue, the lip muscle (orbicularis oris muscle [OOM]), of affected individuals. From 46 OOM samples, which are frequently discarded during routine corrective surgeries on patients with orofacial clefts, we derived mesenchymal stem cells and correlated the individual genetic variants with gene expression from these cultured cells. Through this strategy, we detected significant cis-eQTLs (i.e., DNA variants affecting gene expression) and selected a few candidates to conduct an association study in a large Brazilian cohort (624 patients and 668 controls). This resulted in the discovery of a novel susceptibility locus for NSCL/P, rs1063588, the best eQTL for the MRPL53 gene, where evidence for association was mostly driven by the Native American ancestry component of our Brazilian sample. MRPL53 (2p13.1) encodes a 39S protein subunit of mitochondrial ribosomes and interacts with MYC, a transcription factor required for normal facial morphogenesis. Our study illustrates not only the importance of sampling admixed populations but also the relevance of measuring the functional effects of genetic variants over gene expression to dissect the complexity of disease phenotypes.
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Labio Leporino/genética , Fisura del Paladar/genética , Proteínas Ribosómicas/genética , Adolescente , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Genes/genética , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Ribosomas Mitocondriales/metabolismo , Análisis de Secuencia por Matrices de Oligonucleótidos , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple/genética , Sitios de Carácter Cuantitativo/genética , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Livestock is an important food resource for the inhabitants of cold regions, such as northern Asia and alpine regions, where agriculture is limited. In these regions, cold stress largely affects livestock production, thereby reducing the productivity and survival of animals. Despite the importance of breeding cold-tolerant animals, few studies have investigated the effects of cold stress on cattle. Furthermore, whether severe cold stress alters gene expression or affects molecular genetic mechanisms remains unknown. Thus, we investigated gene expression changes in the peripheral blood samples of the Chinese Sanhe cattle exposed to severe cold. A total of 193 genes were found to exhibit significant alteration in expression (P < 0.05; fold change > 1.3), with 107 genes showing upregulation and 86 showing downregulation after cold exposure. The differences in the expression of 10 selected genes were further validated by real-time qRT-PCR. Further analyses showed that these differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were predominantly associated with important biological pathways and gene networks, such as lipid metabolism and cell death and survival, which are potentially associated with severe cold-stress resistance. Identification and description of these cold stress-induced DEGs might lead to the discovery of novel blood biomarkers that could be used to assess cold-stress resistance in cattle. To our knowledge, this is the first genomic evidence of differences in the transcript expression pattern in cattle exposed to severe cold stress. Our findings provide insights on the potential molecular mechanisms underlying cold-stress response in cattle.
Asunto(s)
Respuesta al Choque por Frío/genética , Redes Reguladoras de Genes , Transcriptoma , Animales , Bovinos , Femenino , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Leucocitos , Análisis de Secuencia por Matrices de Oligonucleótidos , ARN MensajeroRESUMEN
The present study investigated the impact of a western diet during gestation and lactation on the anthropometry, serum biochemical, blood pressure and cardiovascular autonomic control on the offspring. Male Wistar rats were divided into two groups according to their mother's diet received: control group (C: 18% calories of lipids) and westernized group (W: 32% calories of lipids). After weaning both groups received standard diet. On the 60th day of life, blood samples were collected for the analysis of fasting glucose and lipidogram. Cardiovascular parameters were measured on the same period. Autonomic nervous system modulation was evaluated by spectrum analysis of heart rate (HR) and systolic arterial pressure (SAP). The W increased glycemia (123±2 v. 155±2 mg/dl), low-density lipoprotein (15±1 v. 31±2 mg/dl), triglycerides (49±1 v. 85±2 mg/dl), total cholesterol (75±2 v. 86±2 mg/dl), and decreased high-density lipoprotein (50±4 v. 38±3 mg/dl), as well as increased body mass (209±4 v. 229±6 g) than C. Furthermore, the W showed higher SAP (130±4 v. 157±2 mmHg), HR (357±10 v. 428±14 bpm), sympathetic modulation to vessels (2.3±0.56 v. 6±0.84 mmHg2) and LF/HF ratio (0.15±0.01 v. 0.7±0.2) than C. These findings suggest that a western diet during pregnancy and lactation leads to overweight associated with autonomic misbalance and hypertension in adulthood.
Asunto(s)
Dieta Occidental/efectos adversos , Fenómenos Fisiologicos Nutricionales Maternos , Disautonomías Primarias/inducido químicamente , Disautonomías Primarias/patología , Animales , Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Femenino , Masculino , Embarazo , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
Non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) is a prevalent, complex congenital malformation. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on NSCL/P have consistently identified association for the 1p22 region, in which ARHGAP29 has emerged as the main candidate gene. ARHGAP29 re-sequencing studies in NSCL/P patients have identified rare variants; however, their clinical impact is still unclear. In this study we identified 10 rare variants in ARHGAP29, including five missense, one in-frame deletion, and four loss-of-function (LoF) variants, in a cohort of 188 familial NSCL/P cases. A significant mutational burden was found for LoF (Sequence Kernel Association Test, p = 0.0005) but not for missense variants in ARHGAP29, suggesting that only LoF variants contribute to the etiology of NSCL/P. Penetrance was estimated as 59%, indicating that heterozygous LoF variants in ARHGAP29 confer a moderate risk to NSCL/P. The GWAS hits in IRF6 (rs642961) and 1p22 (rs560426 and rs4147811) do not seem to contribute to the penetrance of the phenotype, based on co-segregation analysis. Our data show that rare variants leading to haploinsufficiency of ARHGAP29 represent an important etiological clefting mechanism, and genetic testing for this gene might be taken into consideration in genetic counseling of familial cases.