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There is an increasing interest in essential oils extracted from Verbenaceae plant species as potential sources of biologically active compounds that could provide a starting point for designing novel phyto-pharmaceuticals in aquaculture. The present study was aimed to investigate the chemical composition, antioxidant activity, acute toxicity and antimicrobial effects against Vibrio parahaemolyticus of essential oils extracted from Lippia alba and L. origanoides. Approximately 23 components were identified and quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and flame ionization detection in each species' essential oil. The most predominant compounds were geranial (23.0%), limonene (17.0%) and neral (15.5%) in L. alba, and thymol (47.2%), p-cymene (16.0%) and E-caryophyllene (11.3%) in L. origanoides. The essential oils have antibacterial activity against Vibrio parahaemolyticus presenting Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) values between 156-625 µg mL-1. The essential oils also show antioxidant potential estimated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assays, presenting IC50 of 60.16 mg mL-1 and 0.22 mg mL-1 for L. alba and L. origanoides EO, respectively. Both oils were classified as toxic to Artemia salina nauplii. Therefore, these essential oils may be useful for controlling pathogenic bacteria important to the aquaculture industry.

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Thermally-processed coconut water often develop a commercially-undesirable pink color, thus, NMR, UPLC-HRMS, GC-MS analyses combined with chemometrics approach were applied to evaluate chemical variations in comparison to tender water (control) that could explain such color change. Chemometrics on negative ionization mode dataset showed trimeric and A-type dimeric procyanidins, and caffeoylshikimic acid as main identified secondary metabolites induced by processing, while, control water presented mainly cytokinin trans-zeatin riboside, procyanidin dimer, caffeoylshikimic acid and trihydroxy-octadecenoic acid. Processing increased long-chain saturated palmitic and stearic fatty acids contents, meanwhile NMR analysis showed a decline in primary metabolites content as sugars fructose and glucose, and short-chain organic acids. Among the results observed for thermally processed coconut water, the increase in oligomeric procyanidins as A-type dimer and trimer may be associated with pink color development as these are precursors of anthocyanin pigment and/or by enhancing color stability of anthocyanin solutions.

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This study was conducted to evaluate color and anthocyanin stability of clarified acerola juice (CAJ) as affected by montmorillonite (Mnt) at different concentrations (0-6 wt%, dry basis). While non-complexed CAJ suffered noticeable color degradation with time and pH variations, the presence of Mnt (especially at 4-6 wt%) not only changed the initial color of CAJ but also made it more stable with time and pH changes. CAJ/Mnt mixtures were ultracentrifuged in order to separate them into supernatants and anthocyanin-complexed Mnt precipitates. The supernatants presented decreasing anthocyanin contents with increasing Mnt concentrations, indicating pigment retention by the precipitates. X-ray diffraction of precipitates showed that Mnt interlayer spacing was increased by increasing anthocyanin/Mnt ratios, corroborating anthocyanin intercalation. FTIR revealed a band at 1530 cm-1 ascribed to formation of anthocyanin-Mnt complexes. Moreover, chromatograms indicated the selective adsorption of two compounds by Mnt, which were identified by LC-MS as cyanidin-3-O-rhamnoside and pelargonidin-3-O-rhamnoside.

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Wheat straw has been used as a source of hemicelluloses (WSH) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) for the elaboration of biodegradable films. Different films have been formed by using WSH as a matrix and different contents of CNC and citric acid. The predominant hemicelluloses were arabinoxylans. CNC reinforced the films, improving tensile strength and modulus, water resistance and water vapor barrier. Citric acid, on the other hand, presented concomitant plasticizing and crosslinking effects (the latter also evidenced by FTIR), probably due to a crosslinking extension by glycerol. The use of 5.9wt% CNC and 30wt% citric acid was defined as optimal conditions, resulting in minimum water sensitivity and permeability, while maintaining a good combination of tensile properties. Under those conditions, the films presented enhanced modulus, elongation, water resistance, and barrier to water vapor when compared to the control WSH film, and might be used for wrapping or coating a variety of foods.