RESUMEN

Desirable characteristics of Staphylococcus sp., Streptococcus sp., Bacillus sp., Klebsiella sp., Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes isolated from the trachea of healthy turkeys were evaluated as probiotic candidates in the search for new alternatives to solve antimicrobial resistance issues in poultry. In current study phenotypic and genotypic capacity to produce bacteriocin-like substances, efficacy to inhibit the growth of avian pathogens, susceptibility to antimicrobials of bacteria isolated from the respiratory microbiota of healthy turkeys, and the presence of virulence-associated genes (VAGs) predictors of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) were evaluated. Nine E. coli and one Klebsiella sp. strains produced bacteriocin-like substances, and all harbored the cvaA gene. Some strains also showed antagonistic activity against APEC. Multidrug-resistant profile was found in 54% of the strains. Six strains of bacteriocin-like substances producing E. coli also harbored 3-5 VAGs. The study showed that two bacterial genuses (Klebsiella sp. and E. coli) present desirable probiotic characteristics. Our results identified strains with potential for poultry's respiratory probiotic.

Asunto(s)

Bacteriocinas , Infecciones por Escherichia coli , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral , Animales , Escherichia coli/genética , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/microbiología , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/veterinaria , Pavos , Pollos , Bacteriocinas/genética , Bacteriocinas/farmacología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/microbiología , Antibacterianos/farmacología

RESUMEN

Escherichia coli is a part of both animal and human commensal microbiota. Avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) is responsible for colibacillosis in poultry, an economically important disease. However, the close similarities among APEC isolates make it difficult to differentiate between pathogenic and commensal bacteria. The aim of this study was to determine phenotypic and molecular characteristics of APEC isolates and to compare them with their in vivo pathogenicity indices. A total of 198 APEC isolates were evaluated for their biofilm-producing ability and extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL) production phenotypes. In addition, 36 virulence-associated genes were detected, and the isolates were classified into seven phylogenetic groups using polymerase chain reaction. The sources of the isolates were not associated with biofilms, ESBL, genes, or phylogroups. Biofilm and ESBL production were not associated with pathogenicity. Group B2 had the highest pathogenicity index. Groups B2 and E were positively associated with high-pathogenicity isolates and negatively associated with low-pathogenicity isolates. In contrast, groups A and C were positively associated with apathogenic isolates, and group B1 was positively associated with low-pathogenicity isolates. Some virulence-associated genes showed positive or negative associations with specific phylogenetic groups. None of the individual techniques produced results that correlated with the in vivo pathogenicity index. However, the combination of two techniques, namely, detection of virulence-associated genes and the phylogenetic groups, could help the classification of the isolates as pathogenic or commensal.

Asunto(s)

Infecciones por Escherichia coli , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral , Animales , Humanos , Escherichia coli , Virulencia/genética , Filogenia , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/microbiología , Aves/microbiología , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/veterinaria , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/microbiología , Factores de Virulencia/genética , Hidrolasas/genética , Biopelículas , Pollos/microbiología

RESUMEN

Milk and its derivatives are highly consumed foods worldwide, with recognized nutritional importance. The search for the production of products with superior quality is constant. For the present work, 26 milk-producing properties were selected, with a total of 506 milk samples collected during the period from October 2019 to May 2020 being evaluated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of milk produced in dairy properties in the region west Paraná, classified as good or bad based on the results of the Somatic Cell Count (SCC) and through sampling (n = 10) to evaluate the resistance profile of enterobacteria and Staphylococcus spp. isolated from milk samples, in addition to the presence of the mecA gene in strains of Staphylococcus spp. resistant to oxacillin. There were significant differences between the good and bad properties for the levels of lactose, SCC (cell/mL), and Standard Plate Count (SPC) (CFU/mL). The strains of Staphylococcus spp. showed differences in the percentage of resistance in relation to the good and bad properties for antibiotics: tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, oxacillin, amikacin, clindamycin, gentamycin, and erythromycin. The mecA gene was not detected in any of the coagulase-negative Staphylococcus isolates that showed resistance to oxacillin. For enterobacteria, the isolated species differed in relation to the classification of properties, with predominance for Escherichia coli (40%) for properties classified as bad and Hafnia alvei (40%) for those classified as good. The percentage of antibiotic resistance compared to enterobacteria isolates was higher in properties classified as good. Monitoring through microbial culture and antibiogram is extremely important, favoring the correct choice for the treatment of animals with a reduced selection of resistant strains.(AU)

---

O leite e seus derivados são alimentos altamente consumidos em todo mundo, com importância nutricional reconhecida. A busca pela produção de produtos com qualidade superior é constante. Para o presente trabalho foram selecionadas 26 propriedades produtoras de leite, sendo avaliado um total de 506 amostras de leite colhidas durante o período de outubro de 2019 a maio de 2020. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade do leite produzido em propriedades leiteiras da região oeste do Paraná, classificadas como boas ou ruins com base nos resultados da Contagem de Células Somáticas (CCS) e por meio de amostragem (n=10) avaliar o perfil de resistência das enterobactérias e Staphylococcus spp. isolados das amostras de leite, além da presença do gene mecA em cepas de Staphylococcus spp. resistentes à oxacilina. Houve diferenças significativas entre as propriedades boas e ruins para os teores de lactose, CCS (cél./mL) e Contagem Padrão em Placas (CPP) (UFC/mL). As cepas de Staphylococcus spp. apresentaram diferenças no percentual de resistência em relação às propriedades boas e ruins para os antibióticos: tetraciclina, ciprofloxacina, oxacilina, amicacina, clindamicina, gentamicina e eritromicina. Não foi detectada a presença do gene mecA em nenhum dos isolados de Staphylococcus coagulase negativa que apresentaram perfil de resistência à oxacilina. Para as enterobactérias as espécies isoladas diferiram em relação à classificação das propriedades, com predomínio para Escherichia coli (40%) para as propriedades classificadas como ruins e Hafnia alvei (40%) para as classificadas como boas. O percentual de resistência aos antibióticos frente aos isolados de enterobactérias foi maior nas propriedades classificadas como boas. É extremamente importante o monitoramento por meio de cultura microbiana e antibiograma, favorecendo a correta escolha para o tratamento dos animais com redução da seleção de cepas resistentes.(AU)

Asunto(s)

Staphylococcus , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Recuento de Células , Leche/microbiología , Enterobacteriaceae , Antiinfecciosos , Antibacterianos , Oxacilina

RESUMEN

Escherichia coli is a bacterium frequently found in chicken carcasses, causing carcass condemnation with losses to the industry and when present in food, it carries a risk to public health as there is evidence that some strains pathogenic to birds (APEC - Avian Pathogenic E. coli) have zoonotic potential. Carcass contamination can occur at the slaughterhouse, but the influence of the different stages of processing in the selection of potential extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli strains is unknown. This study aimed to analyze the influence of the processing steps in the slaughterhouse on the detection of E. coli isolates carrying APEC predictor's virulence-associated genes (VAGs), and to relate their presence with post-mortem condemnation. A sample consisted of four pooled carcasses collected at seven different stages of slaughter (before scalding, after scalding, after plucking, before evisceration/after shower wash, after evisceration, after pre-coolers, and after packing) from 15 batches of broilers. The total samples obtained was 105 pools with four carcasses each, totaling 420 carcasses analyzed. Enterobacteriaceae were counted from each pool and E. coli were subsequently selected, which were submitted to pentaplex PCR to identify the five VAG APEC predictor's: iroN, ompT, hlyF, iss, and iutA. The Enterobacteriaceae count demonstrated a reduction of 4.25 log CFU per gram of carcass from the first to the last stage analyzed, with scalding and pre-cooling by immersion being the procedures that contributed most to this reduction. The presence of VAGs and potential APEC (presence of two or more of these gene predictors) was observed at all points evaluated in the slaughterhouse, which suggested that bacteria carrying these genes could reach the consumer.

Asunto(s)

Pollos/microbiología , Infecciones por Escherichia coli , Escherichia coli , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral , Virulencia , Mataderos , Animales , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/patogenicidad , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/veterinaria , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/microbiología , Virulencia/genética

RESUMEN

The canary (Serinus canaria) is appreciated for its beautiful song, colors, and docile temperament and drives a lucrative business. However, diseases caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) compromise the health of canaries, and the inadequate antimicrobial treatment can lead to the emergence of resistant strains. This study aimed to characterize 21 isolates of E. coli obtained from canaries infected with colibacillosis during an outbreak in northern Paraná State, Brazil. APEC and diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) virulence genes were screened for by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All isolates were positive for the hlyF, iss, and ompT genes, which are characteristic of APEC. The iroN gene was found in 95.2% of isolates, and none had the iutA gene. The ipaH gene, characteristic of enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), was found in 71.4% of isolates, all belonging to the phylogenetic group B1. High genetic similarity (>95%) was found using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR (ERIC-PCR). The isolates belonged to serotypes O117:H4 (71.4%) and O1:H20 (23.8%). This is the first report of a clonal colibacillosis outbreak in canaries caused by APEC. All isolates were resistant to ampicillin, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, norfloxacin, and tetracycline. The high rate of multidrug resistance in our study shows the importance of avoiding the inadequate antibiotic treatment. We suggest that further studies should be conducted to contribute to the understanding of colibacillosis in canaries since the health of animals is linked to human and environmental health, as defined by the concept of One Health.

Asunto(s)

Canarios/microbiología , Brotes de Enfermedades , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/veterinaria , Escherichia coli/patogenicidad , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/microbiología , Animales , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Brasil/epidemiología , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple/efectos de los fármacos , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple/genética , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Escherichia coli/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/epidemiología , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/microbiología , Genes Bacterianos/genética , Genotipo , Células HeLa , Humanos , Filogenia , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/epidemiología , Serogrupo , Factores de Virulencia/genética

RESUMEN

Overpopulation of domestic pigeons is considered to be one of the major problems of urban centers, as these birds are responsible for the dissemination of relevant pathogens to animal and human health. The aim of this study was to detect potentially pathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in domestic pigeons captured in areas near silos used for grain and feed storage, analyzing the antimicrobial sensitivity and the presence of virulence-associated genes. We evaluated 41 pigeons. From each bird, cecal contents and a pool of viscera (heart, spleen, and liver) were collected. Fifty strains of E. coli and three strains of S. Typhimurium were isolated. The antimicrobial susceptibility assay showed that 2% of the isolates of E. coli were resistant to chloramphenicol and the combination of sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim and 4% to tetracycline, doxycycline, and sulfonamide. The three S. Typhimurium strains were sensitive to all antimicrobials tested. The pathogenicity profile demonstrated that no E. coli isolates showed a STEC compatible profile. Regarding the APEC pathotype, all genes were observed in 8% of E. coli, 6% had only the iss gene and 4% presented ompT, hlyF, and iutA genes. invA, hilA, avrA, and lpfA genes were detected in 100% of Salmonella isolates. The sitC and pefA genes were only present in one strain and the remaining genes were detected in two. In conclusion, it was found that pigeons living in the vicinity of silos are carriers of important pathogens, and control measures should be taken to minimize animal and human health risks.

Asunto(s)

Antibacterianos/farmacología , Infecciones Bacterianas/veterinaria , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Escherichia coli/patogenicidad , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/microbiología , Salmonella/efectos de los fármacos , Salmonella/patogenicidad , Animales , Animales Domésticos/microbiología , Infecciones Bacterianas/epidemiología , Infecciones Bacterianas/microbiología , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Brasil/epidemiología , Columbidae/microbiología , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana/efectos de los fármacos , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana/genética , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/aislamiento & purificación , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Filogenia , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/epidemiología , Salmonella/genética , Salmonella/aislamiento & purificación , Virulencia/genética

RESUMEN

This study discussed the use of antimicrobials in the commercial chicken production system and the possible factors influencing the presence of Extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL)/AmpC producers strains in the broiler production chain. The aim of this study was to perform longitudinal monitoring of ESBL-producing and fosfomycin-resistant Escherichia coli from poultry farms in southern Brazil (Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul states) and determine the possible critical points that may be reservoirs for these strains. Samples of poultry litter, cloacal swabs, poultry feed, water, and beetles (Alphitobius sp.) were collected during three distinct samplings. Phenotypic and genotypic tests were performed for characterization of antimicrobial resistant strains. A total of 117 strains were isolated and 78 (66%) were positive for ESBL production. The poultry litter presented ESBL positive strains in all three sampled periods, whereas the cloacal swab presented positive strains only from the second period. The poultry litter represents a significant risk factor mainly at the beginning poultry production (odds ratio 6.43, 95% confidence interval 1-41.21, p < 0.05). All beetles presented ESBL positive strains. The predominant gene was bla CTX-M group 2, which occurred in approximately 55% of the ESBL-producing E. coli. The cit gene was found in approximately 13% of the ESBL-producing E. coli as AmpC type determinants. A total of 19 out of 26 fosfomycin-resistant strains showed the fosA3 gene, all of which produced ESBL. The correlation between fosA3 and bla CTX-M group 1 (bla CTX-M55 ) genes was significant among ESBL-producing E. coli isolated from Paraná (OR 3.66, 95% CI 1.9-9.68) and these genetic determinants can be transmitted by conjugation to broiler chicken microbiota strains. Our data revealed that poultry litter and beetles were critical points during poultry production and the presence of fosfomycin-resistant strains indicate the possibility of risks associated with the use of this antimicrobial during production. Furthermore, the genetic determinants encoding CTX-M and fosA3 enzymes can be transferred to E. coli strains from broiler chicken microbiota, thereby creating a risk to public health.

RESUMEN

The use of antimicrobials in fish farming is a reflection of the fast aquaculture development worldwide. The intensification of aquaculture to achieve market demands could lead to an increase in infectious diseases by pathogenic bacteria. Consequently, antimicrobials act as controls for emerging infectious diseases, but their use must follow the rules and regulations of the country where the activity is performed. Although the regulations impose limits to the use of antimicrobials in fish farming, many studies show that resistant bacteria are isolated from this system. The selection of resistant bacteria is not limited only to the use of antimicrobials, but also to co-selection of resistance genes or even with cross-resistance processes. Resistant bacteria from fish farming are a serious concern because they can be acquired by humans with handling or food chain, which may represent a public health problem. In the present review, we present an overview of antimicrobials use in aquaculture, the antimicrobial resistance and the impact of antimicrobial and bacterial resistance from a public health perspective.(AU)

---

O uso de antimicrobianos na piscicultura é um reflexo do rápido desenvolvimento da aquicultura em todo o mundo. A intensificação da aquicultura para suprir as demandas do mercado pode levar ao aumento de doenças infecciosas por bactérias patogênicas. Consequentemente, os antimicrobianos atuam no controle de doenças infecciosas emergentes, mas seu uso deve seguir as regras e regulamentos do país onde a atividade é realizada. Embora os regulamentos imponham limites ao uso de antimicrobianos na piscicultura, muitos estudos mostram que bactérias resistentes são isoladas desse sistema. A seleção de bactérias resistentes não se limita apenas ao uso de antimicrobianos, mas também à cosseleção de genes de resistência ou mesmo por meio do processo de resistência cruzada. As bactérias resistentes da piscicultura são uma preocupação séria, uma vez que tais bactérias podem ser adquiridas pelos seres humanos no manuseio ou na cadeia alimentar, o que pode representar um problema de saúde pública. Nesta revisão, apresentamos uma visão geral do uso de antimicrobianos na aquicultura, a resistência antimicrobiana e o impacto da resistência antimicrobiana e bacteriana do ponto de vista da saúde pública.(AU)

Asunto(s)

Humanos , Animales , Riesgo a la Salud , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Explotaciones Pesqueras , Peces/microbiología , Antibacterianos/efectos adversos , Bacterias/efectos de los fármacos , Infecciones Bacterianas/terapia , Infecciones Bacterianas/transmisión , Cadena Alimentaria , Ambiente , Inocuidad de los Alimentos , Enfermedades de los Animales/terapia , Enfermedades Profesionales/microbiología

RESUMEN

The use of antimicrobials in fish farming is a reflection of the fast aquaculture development worldwide. The intensification of aquaculture to achieve market demands could lead to an increase in infectious diseases by pathogenic bacteria. Consequently, antimicrobials act as controls for emerging infectious diseases, but their use must follow the rules and regulations of the country where the activity is performed. Although the regulations impose limits to the use of antimicrobials in fish farming, many studies show that resistant bacteria are isolated from this system. The selection of resistant bacteria is not limited only to the use of antimicrobials, but also to co-selection of resistance genes or even with cross-resistance processes. Resistant bacteria from fish farming are a serious concern because they can be acquired by humans with handling or food chain, which may represent a public health problem. In the present review, we present an overview of antimicrobials use in aquaculture, the antimicrobial resistance and the impact of antimicrobial and bacterial resistance from a public health perspective.(AU)

---

O uso de antimicrobianos na piscicultura é um reflexo do rápido desenvolvimento da aquicultura em todo o mundo. A intensificação da aquicultura para suprir as demandas do mercado pode levar ao aumento de doenças infecciosas por bactérias patogênicas. Consequentemente, os antimicrobianos atuam no controle de doenças infecciosas emergentes, mas seu uso deve seguir as regras e regulamentos do país onde a atividade é realizada. Embora os regulamentos imponham limites ao uso de antimicrobianos na piscicultura, muitos estudos mostram que bactérias resistentes são isoladas desse sistema. A seleção de bactérias resistentes não se limita apenas ao uso de antimicrobianos, mas também à cosseleção de genes de resistência ou mesmo por meio do processo de resistência cruzada. As bactérias resistentes da piscicultura são uma preocupação séria, uma vez que tais bactérias podem ser adquiridas pelos seres humanos no manuseio ou na cadeia alimentar, o que pode representar um problema de saúde pública. Nesta revisão, apresentamos uma visão geral do uso de antimicrobianos na aquicultura, a resistência antimicrobiana e o impacto da resistência antimicrobiana e bacteriana do ponto de vista da saúde pública.(AU)

Asunto(s)

Humanos , Animales , Riesgo a la Salud , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Explotaciones Pesqueras , Peces/microbiología , Antibacterianos/efectos adversos , Bacterias/efectos de los fármacos , Infecciones Bacterianas/terapia , Infecciones Bacterianas/transmisión , Cadena Alimentaria , Ambiente , Inocuidad de los Alimentos , Enfermedades de los Animales/terapia , Enfermedades Profesionales/microbiología

RESUMEN

Pathogenic Escherichia coli found in humans and poultry carcasses harbor similar virulence and resistance genes. The present study aimed to analyze the distribution of extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) virulence factors (VF), bla CTX-M groups, fosA3, and mcr-1 genes in E. coli isolated from commercialized chicken carcasses in southern Brazil and to evaluate their pathogenic risk. A total of 409 E. coli strains were isolated and characterized for genes encoding virulence factors described in ExPEC. Results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing confirmed that the strains were resistant to ß-lactams, fosfomycin, colistin, and others resistance groups. The highest prevalence of VFs was observed in isolates belonging to the CTX-M groups, especially the CTX-M-2 group, when compared to those in other susceptible strains or strains with different mechanisms of resistance. Furthermore, ESBL strains were found to be 1.40 times more likely to contain three to five ExPEC virulence genes than non-ESBL strains. Our findings revealed the successful conjugation between ESBL-producing E. coli isolated from chicken carcass and the E. coli recipient strain J53, which suggested that genetic determinants encoding CTX-M enzymes may have originated from animals and could be transmitted to humans via food chain. In summary, chicken meat is a potential reservoir of MDR E. coli strains harboring resistance and virulence genes that could pose serious risks to human public health.

RESUMEN

Aquaculture has many occupational hazards, including those that are physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic, and mechanical. The risks in aquaculture are inherent, as this activity requires particular practices. The objective of the present study was to show the risks associated with the aquaculture sector and present a critical overview on the Brazilian public policies concerning aquaculture occupational health. Methods include online research involved web searches and electronic databases including Pubmed, Google Scholar, Scielo and government databases. We conducted a careful revision of Brazilian labor laws related to occupational health and safety, rural workers, and aquaculture. The results and conclusion support the idea that aquaculture requires specific and well-established industry programs and policies, especially in developing countries. Aquaculture still lacks scientific research, strategies, laws, and public policies to boost the sector with regard to occupational health and safety. The establishment of a safe workplace in aquaculture in developing countries remains a challenge for all involved in employer-employee relationships.

Asunto(s)

Acuicultura/legislación & jurisprudencia , Salud Laboral/legislación & jurisprudencia , Política Pública , Brasil , Humanos , Recursos Humanos

RESUMEN

Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is the cause of a parasitic disease that affects freshwater fish, being one of the major complications the rise of secondary lesions caused by bacteria. In this context, the aim of this study was to identify the micro-organisms present in the skin lesions of jundiás (Rhamdia quelen) infected by ictio and verify the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates. Infected skin portions were collected, followed by direct plating on 8% sheep blood agar and MacConkey with further identification in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Escherichia coli (1/10), Burkholderia pseudomallei (2/10), Morganella morganii (2/10), and Aeromonas hydrophila (5/10) were isolated. Among the antimicrobials tested, resistance was only observed to ampicillin. In conclusion, the agents isolated in this study can compromise the performance parameters of fish production. In addition, the presence of such micro-organisms suggests a risk to public health with respect to the consumption of meat containing toxic substances or microorganisms resistant to important antimicrobial classes in human medicine care.

---

Ichthyophthirius multifiliis é a causa de uma doença parasitária que acomete peixes de água doce, sendo um dos grandes problemas o aparecimento de lesões cutâneas secundárias causadas por bactérias. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar as bactérias presentes nas lesões cutâneas de jundiás infectados por ictio e verificar a suscetibilidade antimicrobiana destes isolados. Foram coletadas porções de pele de animais infectados, seguindo-se com o plaqueamento direto em ágar sangue de carneiro 8% e MacConkey com identificação complementar para Gram positivos e Gram negativos. Foram isoladas Escherichia coli (1/10), Burkholderia pseudomallei (2/10), Morganella morganii (2/10) e Aeromonas hydrophila (5/10). Dentre os antibióticos testados, verificou-se resistência apenas para a ampicilina. Em conclusão, os agentes isolados podem comprometer os índices zootécnicos dos animais de produção. Ainda, sugerem um risco para a saúde pública no que diz respeito ao consumo de carne com substâncias tóxicas ou com micro-organismos resistentes a antibióticos importantes na medicina humana.

Asunto(s)

Animales , Infecciones/complicaciones , Peces/microbiología , Farmacorresistencia Microbiana , Antibacterianos/análisis

RESUMEN

Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is the cause of a parasitic disease that affects freshwater fish, being one of the major complications the rise of secondary lesions caused by bacteria. In this context, the aim of this study was to identify the micro-organisms present in the skin lesions of jundiás (Rhamdia quelen) infected by ictio and verify the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates. Infected skin portions were collected, followed by direct plating on 8% sheep blood agar and MacConkey with further identification in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Escherichia coli (1/10), Burkholderia pseudomallei (2/10), Morganella morganii (2/10), and Aeromonas hydrophila (5/10) were isolated. Among the antimicrobials tested, resistance was only observed to ampicillin. In conclusion, the agents isolated in this study can compromise the performance parameters of fish production. In addition, the presence of such micro-organisms suggests a risk to public health with respect to the consumption of meat containing toxic substances or microorganisms resistant to important antimicrobial classes in human medicine care.(AU)

---

Ichthyophthirius multifiliis é a causa de uma doença parasitária que acomete peixes de água doce, sendo um dos grandes problemas o aparecimento de lesões cutâneas secundárias causadas por bactérias. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar as bactérias presentes nas lesões cutâneas de jundiás infectados por ictio e verificar a suscetibilidade antimicrobiana destes isolados. Foram coletadas porções de pele de animais infectados, seguindo-se com o plaqueamento direto em ágar sangue de carneiro 8% e MacConkey com identificação complementar para Gram positivos e Gram negativos. Foram isoladas Escherichia coli (1/10), Burkholderia pseudomallei (2/10), Morganella morganii (2/10) e Aeromonas hydrophila (5/10). Dentre os antibióticos testados, verificou-se resistência apenas para a ampicilina. Em conclusão, os agentes isolados podem comprometer os índices zootécnicos dos animais de produção. Ainda, sugerem um risco para a saúde pública no que diz respeito ao consumo de carne com substâncias tóxicas ou com micro-organismos resistentes a antibióticos importantes na medicina humana.(AU)

Asunto(s)

Animales , Infecciones/complicaciones , Peces/microbiología , Farmacorresistencia Microbiana , Antibacterianos/análisis

RESUMEN

Os principais hospedeiros do Metapneumovírus aviário (aMPV) são os frangos de corte e perus. O vírus acomete o trato respiratório superior dos perus desencadeando a Rinotraqueíte Viral dos Perus (RVP). O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi padronizar uma técnica de RT-PCR para a detecção do aMPV, por meio do uso do kit AccessQuick™ RT-PCR system (Promega®). Foram utilizados amostras de suabes de traqueia e pulmão de 38 perus comerciais com sintomatologia respiratória e dois suabes oculares de faisão. O RNA viral foi extraído utilizando-se o kit RTP® DNA/RNA Virus Mini Kit (STRATEC Molecular). Em seguida as amostras foram submetidas à RT-PCR One Step, utilizando o kit AccessQuick™ RT-PCR system (Promega®). Todas as 40 amostras testadas por RT-PCR foram negativas, exceto a amostra vacinal que foi utilizada como controle positivo. O aMPV não causa latência em frangos de corte ou perus, logo a excreção viral é limitada. Dessa forma, a ausência da detecção de genoma viral neste estudo pode ser justificada devido à idade que as amostras foram coletadas em perus, com 140 dias no abatedouro, impossibilitando dessa maneira a amplificação do genoma do aMPV. Porém, esse estudo também mostra que a RT-PCR se mostrou eficaz para detectar o genoma viral do aMPV, podendo dessa forma ser utilizado como uma ferramenta de diagnóstico rápido para investigação e estudo de casos de aMPV em rebanho de perus.

---

The main hosts of Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) are broilers and turkeys. This virus affects the upper respiratory tract of turkeys, triggering Turkey Rhinotracheitis (TRT). The aim of this study was to optimize a RT-PCR technique in order to detect aMPV using the AccessQuick™ RT-PCR system (Promega®) kit. Tracheal and lung swab samples from 38 commercial turkeys with respiratory symptoms and two ocular swabs from pheasants were analyzed. Viral RNA was extracted using RTP® DNA/RNA Virus Mini Kit (Molecular STRATEC) kit. All 40 samples tested were negative in the RT-PCR. The only positive sample was a vaccine strain, used as the positive control. The aMPV does not cause latency in broilers, chickens or turkeys, thus, the viral excretion is limited. However, the absence of viral genome detection in this study may be justified due to the age the samples were collected, since they were collected in turkeys with about 140 days in the slaughterhouse, thus preventing the amplification of the aMPV genome. This study shows that the RT-PCR is effective to detect aMPV viral genome and may be used as a rapid diagnostic tool for research and for the studying of aMPV cases in turkey flocks in Brazil.

---

Los principales anfitriones de Metapneumovirus aviario (aMPV) son los pollos de engorde y pavos. El virus afecta el tracto respiratorio superior de los pavos desencadenando la Rinotraqueitis Viral de los pavos (RVP). El principal objetivo de ese estudio fue estandarizar una técnica de RT-PCR para la detección del aMPV, a través del uso del kit AccessQuick™-PCRsystem (Promega®). Se utilizaron muestras de hisopos traqueales y pulmonares de 38 pavos comerciales con síntomas respiratorios y dos hisopos oculares de faisán. El RNA viral se extrajo utilizando el kit DNA RTP® DNA/RNA Virus Mini Kit (STRATEC Molecular). A continuación, las muestras se sometieron a la RT-PCR OneStep utilizando el kit AccessQuick™ RT-PCR (Promega®). Todas las 40 muestras analizadas por RT-PCR fueron negativas, excepto la muestra de vacuna que se utilizó como control positivo. El aMPV no causa latencia en pollos de engorde o pavos, por lo que la excreción viral es limitada. Así, la ausencia de la detección de genoma viral en este estudio puede ser justificada debido a la edad que se recogieron las muestras en los pavos, con 140 días en el matadero, imposibilitando de este modo la amplificación del genoma del aMPV. Sin embargo, ese estudio también muestra que la RT-PCR se ha demostrado eficaz para detectar el genoma viral del aMPV, pudiendo así ser utilizado como una herramienta de diagnóstico rápido para investigación y estudio de casos de aMPV en bandada de pavos.

Asunto(s)

Animales , Metapneumovirus/clasificación , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa/veterinaria

RESUMEN

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) causes extraintestinal infections in birds, leading to an increase in the cost of poultry production. The ColV plasmid-linked genes iroN, ompT, hlyF, iss, and iutA have previously been suggested to be predictors of the virulence of APEC. In this research, we analyzed the frequencies of these genes in a Brazilian collection of E. coli isolated from birds with colibacillosis (APEC) and from apparently healthy birds (avian fecal [A(fecal)]), as well as from the litter of poultry houses of apparently healthy flocks (avian litter [A(litter)]). All the isolates that harbored ompT also harbored hlyF, so they were considered as one trait for statistical analysis. The relationship between in vivo virulence in 1-day-old chicks, expressed as a pathogenicity score, and the number of genes in each isolate showed that isolates with less than two of the four genes were rarely pathogenic, while most pathogenic isolates contained two or more genes. Nevertheless, about half of the nonpathogenic isolates also harbored two or more genes, in agreement with previous observations that commensal E. coli isolates from the birds' microbiota can serve as a reservoir of virulence genes. Thus, the pentaplex polymerase chain reaction can be used to indicate that a strain carrying none or only one gene would be nonpathogenic, but it cannot be used to indicate that a strain with two to four genes would be an APEC. Isolates allocated to phylogenetic group B2, which is frequently associated with extraintestinal infections, had the highest pathogenicity scores, while isolates allocated to group B1 had the lowest.

Asunto(s)

Pollos/microbiología , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/veterinaria , Escherichia coli/genética , Plásmidos/genética , Animales , Proteínas de la Membrana Bacteriana Externa/genética , Brasil , ADN Bacteriano/genética , Escherichia coli/aislamiento & purificación , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/genética , Heces/microbiología , Técnicas de Genotipaje , Péptido Hidrolasas/genética , Filogenia , Receptores de Superficie Celular/genética

RESUMEN

The study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility of 109 samples of Escherichia coli (E. coli) of environmental origin and to characterize these isolates according to the degree of pathogenicity in vivo, verifying a possible relationship between this variable and susceptibility to the active principles tested. The isolates were subjected to disc diffusion test to 14 antibiotics. From 16.5% to 90% of the samples were sensitive; 1 - 28.5% showed intermediate degree of susceptibility and between 9 to 78% of E. coli analyzed were resistant. The highest resistance percentages were seen in the class of quinolones and tetracyclines (>75%), and for sensitivity in the class of amphenicols (68.8%). By inoculating 1- day - old chicks, the isolates were classified as highly pathogenic (2.7%), intermediate (10.1%), low (42.2%) and apathogenic (45%). It was observed a wide variation in the susceptibility profile of isolates in relation to antimicrobials. It was also found that most of the samples had pathogenic potential (55%), thus being considered as APEC (avian pathogenic E. coli). No relationship between pathogenicity and antimicrobial susceptibility (P0.05) was observed.(AU)

---

O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a suscetibilidade antimicrobiana de 109 amostras de Escherichia coli (E. coli) de origem ambiental frente a antibióticos e caracterizar esses isolados quanto ao grau de patogenicidade in vivo, verificando-se uma possível relação entre esta variável e a suscetibilidade aos princípios ativos testados. Os isolados foram submetidos ao teste de disco-difusão para 14 antibióticos. Entre 16.5% a 90% das amostras foram sensíveis, 1-28.5% apresentaram grau de suscetibilidade intermediário e entre 9-78% das E. coli analisadas foram resistentes. Os maiores percentuais de resistência foram encontrados para a classe das quinolonas e das tetraciclinas (>75%), e de sensibilidade para a classe dos anfenicóis (68.8%). Por meio da inoculação em pintinhos de um dia de idade, os isolados foram classificados como sendo de patogenicidade alta (2.7%), intermediária (10.1%), baixa (42.2%) e apatogênicos (45%). Foi observada uma ampla variação no perfil de suscetibilidade das amostras frente aos antimicrobianos. Verificou-se também que a maioria apresentou potencial patogênico (55%), sendo, portanto, consideradas APEC (E. coli patogênica para aves). Não foi observada relação entre a patogenicidade e a suscetibilidade aos antimicrobianos (P0.05).(AU)

Asunto(s)

Escherichia coli/aislamiento & purificación , Escherichia coli/patogenicidad , Farmacorresistencia Microbiana , Antiinfecciosos

RESUMEN

The study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility of 109 samples of Escherichia coli (E. coli) of environmental origin and to characterize these isolates according to the degree of pathogenicity in vivo, verifying a possible relationship between this variable and susceptibility to the active principles tested. The isolates were subjected to disc diffusion test to 14 antibiotics. From 16.5% to 90% of the samples were sensitive; 1 - 28.5% showed intermediate degree of susceptibility and between 9 to 78% of E. coli analyzed were resistant. The highest resistance percentages were seen in the class of quinolones and tetracyclines (>75%), and for sensitivity in the class of amphenicols (68.8%). By inoculating 1- day - old chicks, the isolates were classified as highly pathogenic (2.7%), intermediate (10.1%), low (42.2%) and apathogenic (45%). It was observed a wide variation in the susceptibility profile of isolates in relation to antimicrobials. It was also found that most of the samples had pathogenic potential (55%), thus being considered as APEC (avian pathogenic E. coli). No relationship between pathogenicity and antimicrobial susceptibility (P≤0.05) was observed.

---

O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a suscetibilidade antimicrobiana de 109 amostras de Escherichia coli (E. coli) de origem ambiental frente a antibióticos e caracterizar esses isolados quanto ao grau de patogenicidade in vivo, verificando-se uma possível relação entre esta variável e a suscetibilidade aos princípios ativos testados. Os isolados foram submetidos ao teste de disco-difusão para 14 antibióticos. Entre 16.5% a 90% das amostras foram sensíveis, 1-28.5% apresentaram grau de suscetibilidade intermediário e entre 9-78% das E. coli analisadas foram resistentes. Os maiores percentuais de resistência foram encontrados para a classe das quinolonas e das tetraciclinas (>75%), e de sensibilidade para a classe dos anfenicóis (68.8%). Por meio da inoculação em pintinhos de um dia de idade, os isolados foram classificados como sendo de patogenicidade alta (2.7%), intermediária (10.1%), baixa (42.2%) e apatogênicos (45%). Foi observada uma ampla variação no perfil de suscetibilidade das amostras frente aos antimicrobianos. Verificou-se também que a maioria apresentou potencial patogênico (55%), sendo, portanto, consideradas APEC (E. coli patogênica para aves). Não foi observada relação entre a patogenicidade e a suscetibilidade aos antimicrobianos (P≤0.05).

RESUMEN

This study characterized 52 Escherichia coli isolates from distinct diseased organs of 29 broiler chickens with clinical symptoms of colibacillosis in the Southern Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. Thirty-eight isolates were highly virulent and 14 were virtually avirulent in 1-day-old chicks, yet all isolates harbored virulence factors characteristic of avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC), including those related to adhesion, iron acquisition, and serum resistance. E. coli reference collection phylogenetic typing showed that isolates belonged mostly to group D (39%), followed by group A (29%), group B1 (17%), and group B2 (15%). Phylogenetic analyses using the Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis and pulse-field gel electrophoresis methods were used to discriminate among isolates displaying the same serotype, revealing that five birds were infected with two distinct APEC strains. Among the 52 avian isolates, 2 were members of the pandemic E. coli O25:H4-B2-ST131 clone.

Asunto(s)

Pollos/microbiología , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/veterinaria , Escherichia coli/clasificación , Escherichia coli/aislamiento & purificación , Sepsis/veterinaria , Factores de Virulencia/genética , Animales , Técnicas de Tipificación Bacteriana , Brasil , ADN Bacteriano/genética , ADN Ribosómico/genética , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Genotipo , Sepsis/microbiología , Serotipificación

RESUMEN

A maioria dos casos de doenças transmitidas por alimentos é causada por bactérias como Salmonella spp, Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter spp e Escherichia coli, entre outros. A contaminação decorre do consumo de alimentos contaminados preparados sob condições impróprias de higiene, manipulação e conservação. Para a detecção dessas bactérias em alimentos, o método convencional de isolamento é o mais utilizado, porém a técnica é demorada e laboriosa. A Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) é um método rápido e sensível na detecção de agentes patogênicos e tem sido bastante estudada e gradativamente empregada nas indústrias de alimentos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o limite de detecção da técnica de PCR, para Salmonella spp e L. monocytogenes. O limite para detecção das bactérias foram 2 e 5 UFC para Salmonella spp e L. monocytogenes, respectivamente, demonstrando uma boa sensibilidade da técnica de PCR(AU)

---

Most cases of foodborne illnesses are caused by bacteria such as Salmonella spp, Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter spp, Escherichia coli, among others. Contamination stems from the consumption of contaminated food prepared under improper hygiene, handling and storage conditions. For the detection of bacteria in food, the conventional isolation method is the most commonly used, but the technique is labor-intensive and time consuming. The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a rapid and sensitive method for the detection of pathogen agents, and has been extensively studied and gradually used in food industries. The objective of this study is to evaluate the sensitivity of the PCR method for the detection of Salmonella spp and L. monocytogenes. The threshold for the detection of bacteria was 2 and 5 CFU for Salmonella spp and L. monocytogenes, respectively, presenting a high sensitivity to PCR(AU)

---

La mayoría de los casos de enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos es causada por bacterias como la Salmonella spp, Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter spp y Escherichia coli, entre otros. La contaminación se produce por el consumo de alimentos contaminados y preparados bajo condiciones inadecuadas de higiene, manipulación y conservación. Para la detección de esas bacterias en alimentos, el método convencional de aislamiento es el más utilizado, pero la técnica es laboriosa y consume mucho tiempo. La Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa (PCR) es un método rápido y sensible para la detección de patógenos y ha sido ampliamente estudiado y gradualmente empleada en las industrias de alimentos. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el límite de detección de la técnica de PCR, para L. monocytogenes y Salmonella spp. El límite para detección de las bacterias fueron 2 y 5 UFC para Salmonella spp y L. monocytogenes, respectivamente, demostrando buena sensibilidad a la técnica de PCR(AU)

Asunto(s)

Animales , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/veterinaria , Salmonella , Listeria monocytogenes