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Vitamin D deficiency is considered a global public health problem with high prevalence in children and adolescents. The majority of the studies in the literature have identified a relationship between vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency and obesity, as well as other traditional cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents. Scarce studies address vitamin D status with oxidative stress and inflammation in the young population. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the evidence of the association of vitamin D status with oxidative stress and inflammation in children and adolescents. This is a systematic review based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes (PRISMA) guideline on reporting systematic reviews. Eight studies were selected for this review. All included studies evaluated inflammatory biomarkers and two out of eight evaluated biomarkers of oxidative stress. The majority of the studies (five out of eight) found association of vitamin D status with biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation such as C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), cathepsin S, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase, 3-nitrotyrosine, and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Vitamin D status is associated with oxidative stress and inflammation in the majority of the studies with children and adolescents. Thus, the assessment of vitamin D status is important because it is associated with nontraditional cardiometabolic markers in the pediatric population (review registration: PROSPERO CRD42018109307).

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Background Complex percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is associated with higher ischemic risk, which can be mitigated by long-term dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT). However, concomitant high bleeding risk (HBR) may be present, making it unclear whether short- or long-term DAPT should be prioritized. Objectives This study investigated the effects of ischemic (by PCI complexity) and bleeding (by PRECISE-DAPT [PRE dicting bleeding Complications in patients undergoing stent Implantation and Sub sequent Dual Anti Platelet Therapy] score) risks on clinical outcomes and on the impact of DAPT duration after coronary stenting. Methods Complex PCI was defined as ≥3 stents implanted and/or ≥3 lesions treated, bifurcation stenting and/or stent length >60 mm, and/or chronic total occlusion revascularization. Ischemic and bleeding outcomes in high (≥25) or non-high (<25) PRECISE-DAPT strata were evaluated based on randomly allocated duration of DAPT. Results Among 14,963 patients from 8 randomized trials, 3,118 underwent complex PCI and experienced a higher rate of ischemic, but not bleeding, events. Long-term DAPT in non-HBR patients reduced ischemic events in both complex (absolute risk difference: −3.86%; 95% confidence interval: −7.71 to +0.06) and noncomplex PCI strata (absolute risk difference: −1.14%; 95% confidence interval: −2.26 to −0.02), but not among HBR patients, regardless of complex PCI features. The bleeding risk according to the Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction scale was increased by long-term DAPT only in HBR patients, regardless of PCI complexity. Conclusions Patients who underwent complex PCI had a higher risk of ischemic events, but benefitted from long-term DAPT only if HBR features were not present. These data suggested that when concordant, bleeding, more than ischemic risk, should inform decision-making on the duration of DAPT. (AU)

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The main aim of this investigation was to study the regulatory roles of let-7b and miR-155-3p on the expression of inflammation-associated genes in monocytes, macrophages, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages (AcM). A second goal was to analyze the potential modulatory roles of different fatty acids, including oleic, palmitic, eicosapentaenoic (EPA), and docosahexaenoic (DHA), on the expression of these miRNAs in the three cell types. This hypothesis was tested in human acute monocytic leukemia cells (THP-1), which were differentiated into macrophages with 2-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and further activated with LPS for 24 h. Monocytes, macrophages, and AcM were transfected with a negative control, or mimics for miR-155-3p and miR-let-7b-5p. The expression of both miRNAs and some proinflammatory genes was analyzed by qRT-PCR. Interestingly, let-7b mimic reduced the expression of IL6 and TNF in monocytes, and SERPINE1 expression in LPS-activated macrophages. However, IL6, TNF, and SERPINE1 were upregulated in macrophages by let-7b mimic. IL6 expression was higher in the three types of cells after transfecting with miR-155-3p mimic. Similarly, expression of SERPINE1 was increased by miR-155-3p mimic in monocytes and macrophages. However, TLR4 was downregulated by miR-155-3p in monocytes and macrophages. Regarding the effects of the different fatty acids, oleic acid increased the expression of let-7b in macrophages and AcM and also increased the expression of miR-155 in monocytes when compared with DHA but not when compared with non-treated cells. Overall, these results suggest anti- and proinflammatory roles of let-7b and miR-155-3p in THP-1 cells, respectively, although these outcomes are strongly dependent on the cell type. Noteworthy, oleic acid might exert beneficial anti-inflammatory effects in immune cells (i.e., non-activated and LPS-activated macrophages) by upregulating the expression of let-7b.

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BACKGROUND: An increased plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentration may favour metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance. The meal composition influences plasma LPS concentrations. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of the acute consumption of a high-fat meal (49% of energy from fat) containing conventional or high-oleic peanuts on post-prandial LPS concentrations and its relationship with lipaemia and insulinaemia in overweight and obese men. METHODS: The test meal consisted of a shake containing conventional peanuts (CVP; n = 21), high-oleic peanuts (HOP; n = 23) or a control biscuit (CT; n = 21). Blood samples were collected in the fasting state and 1, 2 and 3 h post-prandially. LPS, insulin, lipids and glucose concentrations were assessed. RESULTS: LPS concentrations were lower in CVP [mean (SE) 0.7 (0.5) EU mL(-1) ] and HOP [1.0 (0.9) EU mL(-1) ] groups compared to CT [1.6 (1.2) EU mL(-1) ] at 3 h post-prandially. Triacylglycerol and insulin concentrations increased in all groups. Triacylglycerol started to increase only after 2 h in the CVP and HOP groups. LPS correlated positively with triacylglycerol. Insulin returned to basal concentrations at 3 h only in the CVP and HOP groups. CONCLUSIONS: The acute consumption of peanuts delayed the increase in serum triacylglycerol and favoured the quicker return of insulin to basal concentrations, especially in the CVP group. Our results suggest that the consumption of conventional or high-oleic peanuts may help to reduce the risk of endotoxaemia and metabolic disorders.

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BACKGROUND: In Brazil, a mixture of cereals known as "Human Ration" (HR) has been consumed as a substitute for meals due to effects in satiation and weight loss. METHODS: This paper evaluated the effect of HR consumption for 45 days as a breakfast replacement, on body composition, biochemical profile and eating behavior in women (n = 20) between 18-45 years old and with BMI between 27-35 kg/m². RESULTS: The intake of HR did not promote significant changes in the body composition as well as in the mean serum values of glucose, HDL, VLDL, TC/HDL, AST and ALT. However, a significant change was noticed in the levels of TC, LDL and triglycerides (p < 0.05). Average daily intake of calories and macronutrients of the volunteers during the period of HR consumption did not differ from their habitual ingestion (p > 0.05). Regarding the consumption of total fibers, there was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in intake at breakfast during the period of HR consumption when compared to the usual intake. The consumption of HR did not intervene in the sensations of satiation, hunger and prospective intake among the subjects, presenting only instantaneous significant alterations throughout the study. CONCLUSION: The results are clinically relevant, since they may contribute to the reduction of risk factors for chronic noncommunicable diseases.

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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Flaxseed has functional properties in the reduction of the risk of chronic non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer. Regardless of its high energy density, the consumption of flaxseed tends to promote body weight maintenance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate energy and macronutrient balance after flaxseed consumption. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Twenty four healthy volunteers were allocated into 3 experimental groups, when they consumed flaxseed (FS), defatted flaxseed flour (FF), or flaxseed oil (FO). During the control period they were provided a diet without flaxseed products for 7-9 days. Following that diets containing 70 g of one of the flaxseed products were consumed for another 7-9 day- period. Test foods were consumed exclusively in the laboratory and fecal excretion was collected during the study. There was a higher energy excretion (P < 0.05) in the FF and FS groups, compared to their control and FO group. RESULTS: The excretions of total lipid and the PUFA α-linolenic acid were higher in FS group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The intake of 70 g/day of FS and FF raised lipid and energy excretion, which may mitigated the effect of flaxseed consumption on body weight.

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INTRODUCTION: The determination of energy expenditure, considering the physical activity level and health status, is very important to adjust the individuals' nutritional supply. Energy expenditure can be determined by using indirect calorimetry, bioelectrical impedance, doubly labeled water, predictive equations, among others. All these methods have been used in clinical and research areas. However, considering the inconsistence in several research results, there is no consensus yet about the applicability of many of these methods. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this review is to describe the components of energy expenditure and the methods for its determination and estimation, summarizing their main advantages and limitations. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Indirect calorimetry and doubly labeled water are considered more accurate methods, but expensive. On the other hand, even though other methods present limitations, they are convenient and less expensive, and can be used with some caution.

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The obesity and the metabolic disorders associated characterize the metabolic syndrome, which has increased at an alarming rate around the world. It is known that environmental and genetic factors are involved in the genesis of obesity. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) stand out among these factors. They compose the nuclear receptor superfamily and there are in three isoforms (PPARα,PPARß/δ and PPARγ), which play an important role in the regulation of the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. The present review aims to understand the relationship between the diet, the PPARs and the control of the blood glucose and body weight, since the understanding about the mechanisms by which these receptors act may benefit the development of the strategies aiming at prevention and elaboration of therapeutics actions which are more effective for the treatment of obesity and diabetes.

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BACKGROUND: The objective of this paper is to evaluate body composition and energy expenditure in women with excess body weight. METHODS: There was a non-randomized, cross-sectional study with 40 women, [26 with excess weight (G1) and 14 eutrophic (G2)]. The following evaluations were made: dietetic, anthropometric and body composition (electrical bioimpedance), physical activity (three-dimensional accelerometer) and energy expenditure, basal and resting (indirect calorimetry). RESULTS: The energy intake and physical activity did not differ between groups. The parameters of body composition were higher in G1, except total body water. There was a relationship between energy expenditure and body composition. The lean mass was the biggest determinant of energy expenditure. There was no difference in metabolic parameters between groups, but lower nutrient oxidation and increased metabolic efficiency in G1 was suggested. CONCLUSION: Excess weight was associated with body composition and energy expenditure changes that justify the accumulation of body fat.

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The prevalence of obesity has reached epidemic proportions worldwide, which requires nutritional interventions for its effective control. Adiponectin has antiinflammatory capacity, improves glucose tolerance and presents decreased plasma expression and concentration in obese individuals. Studies with animals reveal improvement in insulin resistance after the infusion of adiponectin; in humans, caloric restriction increases its levels. The present study aimed to analyze the effects of dietary components on gene expression and plasma concentration of adiponectin. Sixteen articles were found following a literature review--seven with interventions in animal models and nine in human. The results in animal models demonstrate that the consumption of hyperlipidemic diets, rich in saturated fat, reduces the levels of adiponectin, while the diets rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and supplementation with omega-3 and eicosapentaenoic acid increase its gene expression and plasma levels. In humans, the consumption of a healthy and Mediterranean diet are positively associated with adiponectin levels, although the mechanisms are not fully understood. Due to the importance of adiponectin in preventing metabolic diseases and reducing cardiovascular risk, more research are needed on food strategies to promote the increase of adiponectin levels. Therefore, studies must be carried out to evaluate the response to different sources and levels of various dietary components and the safety of the supplementation of specific nutrients.

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The study investigates the effect of weight-maintaining high-sucrose (HSD) and high-fat (HFD) diets on plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in lean and obese women, and verifies the correlation between insulin profile and body composition. Lean (G1 group, n=6, BMI= 21.4 (20.2-22.8) kg/m2) and overweight/obese (G2 group, n=6, BMI 28.6 (25.1-32.1) kg/m2) women participated in the study. HSD (59% total carbohydrate with 23% sucrose; 28% lipid) or HFD (42% total carbohydrate with 1.3% sucrose; 45% lipid) diets were consumed under free-living conditions for 14 days. Anthropometry and body composition were assessed before and after HSD and HFD diets following-up. Fasting and postprandial (at 30, 60, 180 and 240 min) glucose and insulin were determined. HOMA-IR and QUICK index were also calculated. Fasting and postprandial glucose and insulin concentration did not differ significantly between groups or diets. However, there was a positive and significant correlation between plasma fasting and postprandial insulin concentrations and BMI, percentage of total body fat (% TBF) and HOMA-IR index. In addition, carbohydrate and sucrose intake presented a positive and significant correlation with insulin concentration and HOMA-IR at 180 min postprandial, after adjusting for energy intake and % TBF (p<0.05). These results suggest that altering the profile of the macronutrients in the diet can modify glycemia and insulinemia homeostasis, regardless of energy intake and adiposity. On the other hand, the overweight/obese women can maintain a stable metabolic profile with the habitual diet.

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UNLABELLED: There are many available methods to measure the human energy consumption. Due to the high cost and small number of laboratories able to perform it, the direct calorimetry and doubly labeled water technique are rarely used to measure the energy expenditure. As consequence, there is an increase use of the indirect calorimetry and bioelectrical impedance analysis methods by researchers and predictive equations by physicians to calculate the total energy requirements in research and in clinic. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the basal energy expenditure (GEB) and total energy expenditure (GET) of healthy subjects comparing results of indirect calorimetry (CI), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and predictive equations such as estimated energy requirements (EER), Fleish, FAO/WHO/UNU 1985 and 2001. MATERIAL AND METHODS: It was evaluated the energy expenditure in 81 subjects of both gender by CI and BIA. Of these, the GEB by predictive equations FAO/WHO/UNU 1985 and 2001 and the GET by EER, Fleisch and FAO/WHO/UNU 1985 and 2001 were calculated. The data was analyzed with the software Sigma Stat for Windows version 2.03 and Dunn's test was used for comparison of mean obtained with methods and equations (p < 0.05). RESULTS: It was verified that 60.5% of the participants were men. The majority of subjects were eutrofic. BIA showed significant differences between men and women. The differences between the values of GEB, obtained by BIA and CI, were statistically significant only for women (p < 0.05) with an underestimation of the GEB results obtained by BIA in relation to those obtained by CI. Significant difference was found between the predictive equations and CI for both sexes, also demonstrating an underestimation of the equations in relation to CI. It was observed an overestimation of GET with the predictive equations of FAO/WHO/UNU/85 and 2001 in relation to EER and Fleisch for both sexes. CONCLUSION: The estimation of GEB can be carried out by both BIA and CI, although BIA must be used with criteria since it underestimates in a significant way for women. In relation to the predictive equations, overestimation can develop positive energy balance in populations with risks for overweight and obesity. Thus, it is necessary comparisons to identify the limitations of each method.

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Oxidative stress is related to an imbalance between the production of reactive species and the antioxidant defenses. In essence, oxidative stress has been defined as a disturbance in the pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance, leading to potential damage. It has been suggested that oxidative stress is involved in the etiology of several chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer and neurodegenerative processes. The antioxidant defenses include nonenzymatic (especially dietary antioxidants) and antioxidant enzymes. Vitamins, minerals and phytochemicals (polyphenols and carotenoids) are among the major dietary antioxidants. The assessment of oxidative stress status though specific biomarkers has acquired great importance. The major biomarkers include the products of the attack of free radicals and reactive species to various substrates: lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Measurement of antioxidant capacity may also involve the assessment of specific oxidative stress biomarkers. Most of the studies that have examined the association between diet and oxidative stress consider the effects of antioxidant supplements (vitamins and minerals), drinks and foods with bioactive compounds or dietary patterns on oxidative stress biomarkers. Some of these studies have demonstrated beneficial results on oxidative stress markers. However, the role of diet on oxidative stress biomarkers remains unclear and represents a potentially fruitful area for further research in the health area.

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The aim of this work was to evaluate zinc and iron bioavailability of UFV-116, a new variety without 2 lipoxygenases, with better taste and flavor than a commercial variety OCEPAR 19, containing all 3 isozymes. To evaluate zinc absorption using 65Zn whole body retention and femur 65Zn uptake, rats were given 3 g of a 65ZnCl2 labeled test meal (0.25 microCi). The 2 varieties were tested at the level of 9 and 30 ppm of zinc as defatted soy flour. Two other groups (control) received egg white as source of protein and ZnS04.H20 as the zinc source. To evaluate iron absorption, using 59Fe whole body retention, animals were given a 3 g 59FeCl3 labeled test meal (0.2 microCi). The 2 varieties were tested at 12 and 25 ppm iron as defatted soy flour. Whole fat soy flour of variety 1 (UFV-116) was higher (P < 0.05) in Ca, K, Mg, phytic acid, and oxalate than variety 2 (OCEPAR-19). No difference was observed among the soybean varieties (P > 0.05) for femur 65Zn retention, at different levels of zinc. However, whole body retention was lower (P < 0.05) for UFV-116 than for OCEPAR-19. Femur 65Zn uptake was correlated with the whole body retention; however, whole body retention was more sensitive. Whole body 59Fe retention from UFV-116 was lower (P < 0.05) than from OCEPAR-19. Zinc and iron bioavailability was lower for UFV-116, possibly due to its higher content of antinutrient factors, especially phytate.

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The diet composition can interfere directly in the energy homeostase. In the energy metabolism, the oxidation pathway and diet-induced thermogenesis are differentiated by diet macronutrients proportion. In this respect, the high-proteindiet is the most thermogenic, compared to high-carbohydrate and high-lipid diets, while high-carbohydrate diet appears to increase the thermogenic effect more than high-lipid diet, but the studies arecontroversies. Towards energy intake, it can stimulate or inhibit the energy intake, according to the foods palatability, satiation and satiety degree, related to diet carbohydrate, protein and lipid content. A hierarchy has been observed for the satiating efficacies of the macronutrients protein, carbohydrate and fat, with protein as most satiating and fat as least satiating. In general, there are discrepancies between studies about the regulatory role of macronutrients in the components of energy expenditure and intake, due the methodological differences in the subjects, exposition time for diet, energy density, and total energy content. The present work seeks to analyze the more consistent scientific evidences toward the modulator role of diet composition on the diet induced thermogenesis and energy intake, for better understanding of obesity prevention and control by dietetic intervention.

A composição da dieta pode interferir diretamente na homeostase energética. No metabolismo energético, a via de oxidação e a termogênese induzida pela dieta são diferenciadas pela proporção de macronutrientes da dieta. Neste sentido, a dieta hiperprotéica émais termogênica que as dietas hiperglicídicas e hiperlipídicas, enquanto que as dietas ricas em carboidrato parecem ser mais termogênicas que as ricas em lipídio, mas os resultados ainda são controversos. Em relação à ingestão calórica, a composição da dieta pode estimular ou inibir a mesma, de acordo com a palatabilidade dos alimentos e o grau de saciação e saciedade, relacionadas às quantidades de carboidrato, proteína e lipídio da mesma. Uma hierarquia tem sido relatada para a capacidade dos macronutrientes em induzir saciedade em que a proteína é o mais sacietógeno ao contrário dos lipidios, que são os menos sacietógenos. De modo geral, ainda há discrepâncias entre os estudos, em relação ao papel regulador dos macronutrientes em componentes do gasto energético e na ingestão calórica, devido às diferenças metodológicas como amostra, tempo de exposição à dieta, densidade calórica e conteúdo calórico total da mesma. Desta forma, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar as evidências científicas mais consistentes a respeito do papel modulador da composição da dieta na termogênese induzida pela dieta e na ingestão calórica, para melhor entendimento da prevenção e controle da obesidade pela intervenção dietética.

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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of high sucrose diet (HD) and high fat diet (RFD) ingested under free-living conditions, on insulin homeostasis, verifies the association between insulin resistance and body composition as well. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: 20 healthy women, 13 normal-weight (22.5 +/- 2.1 years of age; BMI 22.2 +/- 1.9 kg/m2) and 7 over-weight (21.8 +/- 2.8 years of age; BMI 28.4 +/- 3.2 kg/m2), included in 2 groups G1 and G2 respectively, they were randomized to intake HD diets (59% carbohydrate including 23.0% of sucrose; 28.0% lipid; 13.0% protein; 20.2 g fiber) or HDF (42.0% carbohydrates including 1.3% of sucrose; 45.0% lipid; 13.0% protein; 22.2 g fiber) after initial assessment (BD). It was taken anthropometric measures, body composition and blood samples were obtained for fasting and post-prandial glucose and insulin determinations. RESULTS: Glycemia, insulinemia and HOMA-IR did not differ between groups (p > 0.05). Although on BD, HOMA-IR correlates positively with weight (r = 0.750), BMI (r = 0.929), waist circumference (WC) (r = 0.750) and percentage body fat (r = 0.857) for G2 group. The values of fasting HOMA-IR on BD were significantly greater than HFD for G1 group (p < 0.05). On HD the total carbohydrates amount and sucrose are greater than BD and HFD. CONCLUSION: The results confirm direct correlation between HOMA-IR, abdominal obesity and body fat. Therefore diet can modulate the insulinemic action.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of diet and PPARgamma2 and beta2-adrenergic receptor genes on energy metabolism and body composition in obese women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 60 obese women, aged 34.59 +/- 7.56 years were studied at the Department of Physiology and Nutrition at Navarra University. Anthropometric, biochemical, metabolic and molecular evaluations were carried out, and the women were submitted to short-term and long-term hypocaloric diets, varying the macronutrients. The groups were formed according to gene polymorphism, as follows: Pro12Pro(PPARgamma2)/Gln27Gln (beta2-adrenergic receptor genes) - A, Pro12Pro (PPARgamma2)/Gln27Glu (beta2-adrenergic receptor genes) - B, Pro12Pro (PPARgamma2)/ Glu27Glu (beta2-adrenergic receptor genes)-C and Pro1Ala (PPARgamma2)/Gln27Glu beta2-adrenergic receptor genes) - D. RESULTS: In group A, fat oxidation was correlated positively with body mass index (BMI), but an increase in fat and saturated fatty acids (SFA) in the diet did not reflect in increased oxidation. In group B, total fat and SFA intake did not lead to fat oxidation increase. In group C, fat and complex carbohydrates (CHO) resulted in lower fat oxidation, and long-term increase of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) intake resulted in increase of CHO oxidation and smaller weight loss. In group D, greater energy expenditure was obtained after diet high in SFA in a short-term, and fat basal and postprandial oxidation correlated positively with its intake. Hypocaloric diet high in polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) resulted in increase of fat oxidation. CONCLUSIONS: Polymorphism in PPARgamma2 gene resulted in increased fat oxidation, regardless of genotype of beta2-adrenergic receptor gene. It is recommended control of the total intake of fats and SFA in Pro12Pro/Gln27Gln and Pro12Pro/Gln27Glu, and complex CHO and MUFA in Pro12Pro/Glu27Glu. In Pro12Ala/Gln27Glu, AGPI intake can result in greater body weight loss.

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Obesity is associated to chronic metabolic entities affecting the quality of life and life expectancy. An early treatment, if efficient, can overcome most of the problems. The normalisation of body composition, of energy reserves and their distribution, as well as the minimisation of weight dependent metabolic upsets and the establishment of therapeutic priorities, according to the repercussions of obesity, are important factors for the treatment of this disease. Prevention is important and its basis is teaching and the setting in healthy life style with modification of the food habits and the incorporation of physical work into everyday activities. Diet therapy, physical activity, pharmacotherapy, surgery education and psychology are the forms proposed for the treatment and prevention of obesity.

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Feito um levantamento de 61 casos de tumores renais em adultos, ocorrido no periodo de 1964 a 1981, ressaltando a importancia de estudo clinico e radiologico na feitura do diagnostico e mostrando as dificuldades encontradas para a feitura precoce desse diagnostico, o que leva a obtencao de resultados aquem dos desejados apos a instituicao do tratamento

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