RESUMEN
Iron- and cobalt-catalyzed cross-couplings between iodo-azetidines, -pyrrolidines, -piperidines, and Grignard reagents are disclosed. The reaction is efficient, cheap, chemoselective and tolerates a large variety of (hetero)aryl Grignard reagents.
Asunto(s)
Azetidinas/química , Cobalto/química , Hierro/química , Piperidinas/química , Pirrolidinas/química , Catálisis , Técnicas Químicas Combinatorias , Indicadores y Reactivos , Estructura MolecularRESUMEN
A screening strategy based on hyphenated capillary electrophoresis and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (CE-ICP-MS) was developed to classify phosphorylated ligands according to their europium(III) binding affinity in a hydro-organic medium (sodium formate, pH 3.7, H(2)O/MeOH 90:10, v/v). Taking advantage of the high sensibility of ICP-MS for detecting phosphorus, this method enabled to assess the affinity of a variety of phosphorylated compounds, including phosphine oxides, thiophosphines, phosphonates, and phosphinates, in less than 1h and using less than 5 ng of substance. By varying the total europium concentration, complexation constants could be determined according to a sequential multiple run strategy, which proved to be in excellent agreement with the values obtained by UV-Vis absorption spectrophotometric titrations.
Asunto(s)
Electroforesis Capilar/métodos , Europio/química , Elementos de la Serie de los Lantanoides/química , Espectrometría de Masas/métodos , Compuestos de Fósforo/química , Formiatos , Ligandos , Límite de Detección , Modelos Lineales , Metanol , Análisis de Componente Principal , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Espectrofotometría Ultravioleta , TermodinámicaRESUMEN
According to literature reports and our own findings, the binding of new Ni(2+)-preloaded bis(nitrilotriacetic acid) (NTA) ligands with polyhistidine-tagged proteins has been found to be accompanied by a one- to two-order-of-magnitude increase in affinity, compared to the binding of a single Ni(2+)-preloaded NTA moiety. In spite of the introduction of a second NTA chelating group, a cooperative effect that is less than the theoretical maximum has been observed. Herein, we present a rational explanation for the observed stability of the ternary complex involving the postulated bis-NTA-(Ni(2+))(2) species and multivalent polyhistidine tags. We have found that prior to the formation of the ternary complex, the Ni(2+)-preloading step of bis-NTA ligands does not form the expected bis-NTA-(Ni(2+))(2) exclusively. Instead of the major formation of bis-NTA-(Ni(2+))(2) species, it appears that cyclic discrete 1:1 and 2:2 entities are predominantly formed. It is proposed that these species interact upon ring-opening with multivalent histidine tags. The occurrence of this phenomena accounts for the overall one- to two-order-of-magnitude increase in affinity of ternary complexes involving bis-NTA ligands.
Asunto(s)
Histidina/metabolismo , Níquel/química , Ácido Nitrilotriacético/química , Compuestos Organometálicos/química , Compuestos Organometálicos/metabolismo , Proteínas/metabolismo , Calorimetría , Polarización de Fluorescencia , Ligandos , Coloración y EtiquetadoRESUMEN
Among the various molecular interactions used to construct supramolecular self-assembling systems, homoliganded metallic NTA-Ni-NTA complexes have received little attention despite their considerable potential applications, such as the connection of different biochemical functions. The stability of this complex is investigated here by using two concordant nanotechniques (surface forces apparatus and vesicle micromanipulation) that allow direct measurements of adhesion energies due to the chelation of nickel ions by nitrilotriacetate (NTA) groups grafted on surfaces. We show that two NTA groups can share a nickel ion, and that the association of a Ni-NTA complex with an NTA group has a molecular binding energy of 1.4 kcal/mol. Binding measurements in bulk by isothermal titration calorimetry experiments give the same value and, furthermore, indicate that the Ni-NTA chelation bond is about five times stronger than the NTA-Ni-NTA one. This first direct proof and quantification of the simultaneous chelation of a nickel ion by two NTA groups sheds new light on association dynamics involving chelation processes and offers perspectives for the development of new supramolecular assemblies and anchoring strategies.