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PURPOSE: To report the preliminary experience and initial clinical results following SMILE for the treatment of mixed astigmatism. METHODS: Thirteen eyes of nine patients with a mean age of 27 ± 4.36 years were included in the series. In 8/13 eyes, myopic SMILE license and in 4/13 eyes, hyperopic SMILE license (available as part of an open/research software) was used for the treatment. The mean follow-up was 9.5 ± 8.7 (0.5-24) months, and the median follow-up was 6 months. SETTING: Nethradhama Superspeciality Eye Hospital, Bangalore, India. DESIGN: Exploratory study. RESULTS: The mean preoperative sphere, cylinder, and spherical equivalent (SE) were 1.44 ± 1.63, -2.70 ± 2.30, and -0.24 ± 1.14 D, which changed to -0.03 ± 0.30, -0.28 ± 0.48, and -0.18 ± 0.49 D, respectively, 6 months postoperatively. Furthermore, 85% (11/13) eyes were within ± 0.50 D, 92% (12/13) eyes were within ± 1.00 D, while all eyes were within ± 1.50 D of SE correction. All eyes were within ± 1.00 D of cylinder correction. In addition, 92% (12/13) eyes had UDVA better than 20/32, with 54% (7/13) eyes having UDVA 20/20 or better. Safety and efficacy indices were 1.08 and 0.92, respectively. No eyes lost more than 1 line of CDVA. The mean corneal higher order aberrations (HOA) increased from 0.111 ± 0.048 to 0.209 ± 0.056 (P < 0.001). The mean objective scatter index (OSI) did not show a significant change (pre = 0.71 ± 0.69, 6 months = 0.89 ± 0.20; P = 0.35). CONCLUSION: Early experience showed that SMILE was feasible for the management of eyes with mixed astigmatism, without any intraoperative complications, unique to the procedure.

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PURPOSE: Lamellar surgeries with SMILE lenticules are an evolving field of refractive surgery. This chapter intends to discuss the reported clinical results of using SMILE derived lenticules in terms of feasibility, safety and predictability; or the potential management of hyperopia, keratoconus, SMILE ectasia and presbyopia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Donor SMILE lenticules were prepared under microscope tocreate doughnut shaped lenticules. For hyperopia, this tissue was then inserted into afemtosecond laser enabled pocket created using VisuMax FS Laser at a depth of 160µm. For ectasia induced by keratoconus and post refractive procedure (SMILE), 0.23% riboflavin dye was instilled into the interface and then lenticule was inserted followed by exposure to UV-A radiation with total energy of 6.3 J. RESULTS: Spherical equivalent (S.E.) of within ± 0.5 D was observed in 50% (n=21) eyes and within 1 D was seen in 71% eyes treated for hyperopia. A significant increase in the K mean anterior, central corneal thickness, Q-value and corneal aberrations was seen 2 weeks post-op. Clinical improvement in terms of S.E. and uncorrected distance visual acuity in eyes treated for ectasia after keratoconus and post refractive procedure (SMILE) was seen. CONCLUSION: With the ample availability of SMILE- derived lenticules, researchers are exploring the possibility of using this tissue for the treatment of various refractive and corneal conditions.

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PURPOSE: To compare the clinical outcomes and rotational stability after implantation of a toric intraocular lens (IOL) with textured haptics in eyes with normal vs high axial lengths (ALs). SETTING: Nethradhama Superspeciality Eye Hospital, Bangalore, India. DESIGN: 2-arm, retrospective comparative study. METHODS: This retrospective study included 114 eyes of 114 patients who underwent femtolaser cataract surgery followed by implantation of the HOYA Vivinex Toric monofocal IOL (Model XY1A-SP), of which 62 and 52 eyes belonged to normal (≤23.9 mm) and high (≥24 mm) AL groups, respectively. 1 week and 3 months postoperatively, clinical outcomes and rotational stability of the toric IOL was evaluated. RESULTS: 3 months postoperatively, % eyes achieving refractive astigmatism accuracy within ≤0.50 diopter, was 100% (n = 62) in the normal vs 94% (n = 49) in the high AL group. All eyes that is, 100% (n = 62) in the normal and 96.15% (n = 50) eyes in the high myopia group were <5 degrees of the intended axis. The mean change in postoperative rotation from 1 week to 3 months was 0.28 ± 0.09 degrees in the normal, and 0.30 ± 1.11 degrees in the high AL group ( P = .80). No significant correlation was observed between AL and white-to-white diameter with 1-week postoperative rotation values. No eye required repositioning of toric IOL for significant misalignment. CONCLUSIONS: No significant differences were observed for clinical outcomes and postoperative rotational stability between eyes with normal and high ALs, suggesting excellent rotational stability of the Vivinex Toric IOL with textured haptics in all eyes, irrespective of the preoperative AL measurements.

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PURPOSE: To compare the safety, effectiveness, and changes in endothelial cell density (ECD) after standard phacoemulsification and femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS) in dense cataracts (Lens Opacities Classification System III grade 3.0 NO and above). SETTING: Nethradhama Superspeciality Eye Hospital, Bangalore, India. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, comparative study. METHOD: 100 eyes of 100 patients were randomly assigned to either conventional phacoemulsification surgery (CPS) or FLACS (LENSAR Laser System) using predefined patterns of nuclear fragmentations. Measured outcomes included intraoperative phacoemulsification time, irrigation fluid volume, surgical time, and complication rates. ECD was evaluated at baseline, 2 weeks, and 6 months postoperatively. RESULTS: The CPS group had significantly higher mean total phacoemulsification time (11.17 ± 6.5 seconds vs 8.03 ± 3.77 seconds), effective phacoemulsification time (6.14 ± 3.62 seconds vs 4.42 ± 2.07 seconds), and total surgical time (8.18 ± 2.36 minutes vs 7.11 ± 1.55 minutes) than the FLACS group ( P < .001). Volume of irrigation fluid was comparable between the 2 groups (CPS, 36.7 ± 12.18 mL; FLACS, 38.64 ± 13.73 mL ( P = .45). Mean corneal edema score and central corneal thickness values on postoperative day 1 were significantly higher for the CPS group. At 6 months, % ECD loss was significantly higher in the CPS group (16.08%) vs the FLACS group (12.8%) ( P < .001). 3 eyes in the CPS group had wound burns of varying severity. CONCLUSIONS: FLACS with customized nuclear fragmentation patterns resulted in significantly less intraoperative phacoemulsification time, surgical time, and endothelial cell loss compared with conventional phacoemulsification when treating dense cataracts. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: CTRI/2021/12/038887.

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PURPOSE: To compare the dynamic vault range (the difference in the central vault height from scotopic to photopic light condition) after implantation of the ICL/TICL (STAAR Surgical) and Eyecryl phakic/Eyecryl phakic toric intraocular lens (IOL) (Biotech Healthcare). METHODS: This retrospective study included patients with myopia or myopic astigmatism eligible for phakic IOL implantation with either the ICL/TICL or Eyecryl phakic/Eyecryl phakic toric IOL. Vault changes in varying light conditions (scotopic, mesopic, and photopic) were assessed using an anterior segment optical coherence tomography-based tomographer and dynamic vault range (DVR) was compared between the two groups. RESULTS: A total of 60 eyes from 36 patients (30 eyes in each group) with a mean age of 28.63 ± 6.36 years were included. The mean postoperative follow-up at the time of assessment was 9.4 ± 5.3 and 8.9 ± 5.28 months (P = .75) in the ICL and Eyecryl groups, respectively. The mean values of scotopic, mesopic, and photopic vault were 490.56 ± 238.64, 453.56 ± 224.30, and 373.96 ± 200.24 µm in the ICL group and 515.46 ± 174.34, 490.26 ± 184.04, 450.43 ± 173.92 µm in the Eyecryl group (P = .32, .24, and .05, respectively). The DVR was 116.6 ± 59.29 µm in the ICL group versus 65.03 ± 31.78 µm in the Eyecryl group (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The Eyecryl phakic IOL showed significantly fewer light-induced changes in the central vault height (DVR) compared to the ICL, which may be attributed to the difference in the material of the two phakic IOL models. This may be clinically significant in eyes with low postoperative vaults with respect to their follow-up and risk assessment of cataractogenesis in the long term. [J Refract Surg. 2023;39(8):546-554.].

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A well-centered, adequately sized continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (CCC) is a prerequisite for successful cataract surgery. A perfect capsulorhexis ensures safe and effective performance of various steps of surgery as well as a correctly positioned intraocular lens (IOL) with optimal rotational stability. Ganesh and Grewal (GG) cystitome maker is a step toward standardizing the creation of a cystitome to reduce variations and complications associated with the crucial step of CCC in cataract surgery. We conducted a study to measure the repeatability and precision of cystitomes made by the GG cystitome maker versus those made manually with a needle holder. The results showed that the cystitomes made with GG cystitome maker had a lesser degree of variation. This indicates a more repeatable cystitome, which will inadvertently help in reducing the error caused by the instrument in making a good CCC during cataract surgery.

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PURPOSE: To assess the inter-observer agreement and reliability of central topography (CT) of IOL Master 700 with that of Pentacam HR, as a screening tool for determining the suitability for premium (toric, monofocal and presbyopia correcting) intraocular lens (IOL) implants. SETTING: Nethradhama Superspeciality Eye Hospital, Bangalore, India. METHOD: 200 eyes of eligible patients undergoing unilateral or bilateral phacoemulsification with premium IOL's were included in the study. Preoperatively, IOL Master 700 CT and Pentacam scans were performed for corneal topography evaluation. 2 experienced clinicians were randomised to interpret the axial map of either of the scans at a time and their responses were then enclosed in an envelope, and forwarded to a third observer for analysis. If there was a conflict, final decision was based on the interpretation of the Pentacam scan. RESULTS: Of the total scans interpreted by the 2 observers, 77.5% (n = 155) showed agreement whereas 22.5% (n = 45) showed disagreement. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value (NPV) of IOL Master 700 CT in diagnosing irregular corneas when compared with Pentacam HR, was 72.73%, 78.09%, 29.09% and 95.86% respectively. The Cohen's κ inter-observer agreement value was 0.44, signifying a moderate degree of agreement, which was statistically significant (P < .00). CONCLUSIONS: High NPV of IOL Master CT suggested that the device efficiently ruled out irregular corneas, while any suspicious scan should be confirmed with Pentacam HR or a similar device for appropriate decision-making regarding premium IOL selection. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: CTRI/2021/11/038053.

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Insufficient pupillary dilatation is a significant challenge during cataract surgery, as it increases the risk of various intraoperative complications. Implantation of toric intraocular lenses (TIOL) is particularly difficult in eyes with small pupils, as the toric marks are provided in the periphery of the IOL optic, making the visualization of the same difficult for proper alignment. Attempts at visualizing these marks using a second instrument such as a dialler or iris retractor lead to additional manipulations in the anterior chamber resulting in increased chances of postoperative inflammation and intraocular pressure rise. A new intraocular lens (IOL) marker to guide the implantation of TIOLs in eyes with small pupils is described, which can potentially be beneficial in achieving accurate alignment of toric IOLs in small pupils, without the need for additional manipulations, thus improving safety, efficacy, and success rates of TIOL implantation in these eyes.

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Purpose: To report the 1-year clinical outcomes related to safety, efficacy, predictability, contrast sensitivity, patient satisfaction, complications, and overall results with Optiflex Genesis and Eyecryl Plus (ASHFY 600) monofocal aspheric intraocular lenses (IOLs) and compare the same with Tecnis-1 monofocal IOL. Methods: This prospective, single-center, single-surgeon, randomized, three-arm study included 159 eyes of 140 eligible patients who underwent cataract extraction with IOL implantation with any of the three study lenses. Clinical outcomes related to safety, efficacy, predictability, contrast sensitivity, patient satisfaction, complications, and overall results were compared at a mean follow-up of 1 year (12 ± 1.20 months). Results: Preoperatively, age and baseline ocular parameters of all the three groups were matched. At 12 months post-op, no significant differences were noted among the groups in terms of mean postoperative uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuity (UDVA and CDVA, respectively) sphere, cylinder, and spherical equivalent (SE; P > 0.05 for all parameters). Eighty-nine percent eyes in the Optiflex Genesis group as against 96% eyes in the Tecnis-1 and Eyecryl Plus (ASHFY 600) groups were within ± 0.5 D, and 100% of eyes in all the three groups were within ± 1.00 D of SE accuracy. Postoperative internal higher-order aberrations (HOAs) and coma, and mesopic contrast sensitivity at all spatial frequencies were comparable across all the three groups. Two eyes in the Tecnis-1 group, two eyes in the Optiflex group, and one eye in the Eyecryl Plus (ASHFY 600) group underwent YAG capsulotomy at the last follow-up. No eye in any of the groups showed glistenings or required IOL exchange due to any reason. Conclusion: At 1-year post-op, all the three aspheric lenses showed comparable results in visual and refractive parameters, post-op aberrations, contrast sensitivity, and posterior capsule opacification (PCO) behavior. Further follow-up is needed to evaluate the long-term behavior for refractive stability and PCO rates of these lenses. Trial registry: CTRI/2019/08/020754 (www.ctri.nic.in).

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A 36-year-old woman was referred to our clinic in October 2021 with suboptimal vision at intermediate and near distances and halos and photophobia after a small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) in December 2019. The patient needs to increase font size of her computer to 150% to read text, but images still appear blurred. She indicates that sunglasses seem to improve her contrast. Preoperatively, her refractive error was -2.5 diopters (D) and -2.25 D for right and left eyes. The optical zone size of the SMILE procedure was 6.8 mm. There is no further information available on the peroperative course of the SMILE procedure. Her uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) is 20/20 in both eyes and does not improve with correction. The Schirmer tear test is 14 to 13 mm. Slitlamp biomicroscopy of the right eye and the left eye reveals hyperreflective small opacities in the anterior one-third of the corneal stroma ( Figures 1 and 2JOURNAL/jcrs/04.03/02158034-202209000-00021/figure1/v/2022-08-29T115553Z/r/image-tiffJOURNAL/jcrs/04.03/02158034-202209000-00021/figure2/v/2022-08-29T115553Z/r/image-tiff ). No other abnormalities are seen. The scotopic pupil sizes are 6.41 and 6.73 mm. Straylight measurements are within normal limits. Higher-order aberrations (HOAs) measure for the right eye (6.03 mm pupil) 0.818 µm and for the left eye (6.17 mm pupil) 0.560 µm. The corneal Scheimpflug tomography quad maps for both eyes are shown in Supplemental Figures 1 and 2 ( http://links.lww.com/JRS/A663 , http://links.lww.com/JRS/A664 ). What is your diagnosis or are additional diagnostic methodologies needed to establish a diagnosis? What is your treatment advice for this patient?

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PURPOSE: To report the long-term clinical experience following femtosecond intrastromal lenticule implantation (FILI) for the management of moderate to high hyperopia. METHODS: Eligible patients who underwent FILI for moderate to high hyperopia from July 2013 to October 2020 were included. A donor small incision lenticule extraction lenticule, matched for refractive error, was implanted into the recipient's corneal pocket created using a femtosecond laser at 160 µm depth. Visual and refractive outcomes and long-term complications were evaluated at the end of a mean follow-up of 68 ± 17.28 months (5.6 years). RESULTS: Forty-two eyes of 25 patients (mean age: 27.29 ± 5.52 years) were analyzed. The mean spherical equivalent reduced significantly from +5.50 ± 1.96 to +0.66 ± 1.17 diopters (D) at last follow-up visit. Thirty eyes (71%) were within ±1.00 D of spherical equivalent correction. Cumulative uncorrected distance visual acuity of 20/40 or better was achieved in 34 eyes (81%). Efficacy and safety indices were 0.86 ± 0.19 and 1.17 ± 0.39, respectively. There was a significant increase in mean keratometry (Kmean) anterior, central corneal thickness, Q-value, and corneal higher order aberrations and a decrease in Kmean posterior 2 weeks postoperatively, without any significant change in these parameters thereafter (P > .05). Four eyes of 3 patients underwent enhancement and another 4 eyes underwent explantation of the lenticule followed by exchange (2 eyes) and hyperopic laser in situ keratomileusis (2 eyes). No eye lost more than one line of CDVA. CONCLUSIONS: At 5 years of follow-up, FILI for moderate to high hyperopia showed good safety, efficacy, and reversibility. Modification of nomograms and surgical planning may be employed for further refinement of the outcomes. [J Refract Surg. 2022;38(6):348-354.].

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Purpose: To compare the long-term safety, efficacy, predictability, and refractive stability following SMILE versus SMILE combined with accelerated cross-linking (SMILE XTRA), and to specifically study the regression patterns following the two procedures. Methods: This retrospective study included 54 eyes of SMILE and 54 eyes of SMILE XTRA treated for normal and borderline cases of myopia/myopic astigmatism, respectively, based on certain predefined topographic features and risk factors. Patients in both the groups were matched for age and refractive error. The mean postoperative follow-up for the SMILE group was 22.18 ± 10.41 months and the SMILE XTRA group was 21.81 ± 10.19 months. Results: At the end of follow-up, the mean sphere, cylinder, and SE reduced to -0.03, -0.09, and -0.08 D in the SMILE group and -0.06, -0.15, and -0.13 D in the SMILE XTRA group. 96% and 93% eyes remained within ±0.50 D in SMILE and SMILE XTRA groups, respectively, and 94% eyes maintained an UDVA of 20/20 or better in the SMILE as well as SMILE XTRA groups. Safety and efficacy indices for the SMILE group were 1.03 and 1.00. For the SMILE XTRA group, the safety and efficacy indices were 1.00 and 0.99. No eye in either group had postoperative ectasia or enhancement performed for significant residual refractive error. Conclusion: Both the SMILE and SMILE XTRA groups exhibited comparable visual outcomes, safety, and efficacy. Contrary to the belief, combination of prophylactic CXL with SMILE did not result in a hyperopic shift in the long term. No eye in either group encountered postoperative ectasia; however, further follow-up is suggested to establish the long-term effects on refractive and corneal stability following SMILE XTRA, as all the eyes treated in this group were borderline.

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PURPOSE: To evaluate the feasibility and report long-term outcomes with Bowman's membrane relaxation (BMR) for enhancing the residual refractive error following femtosecond intrastromal lenticule implantation (FILI). METHODS: BMR was performed using a Hessburg-Barron trephine to create a circular incision into the Bowman's membrane and anterior corneal fibers up to the depth of approximately 120 to 130 µm. After enhancement, clinical outcomes were analyzed for a mean period of 36 months (range: 14 to 57 months). RESULTS: Four eyes of 3 patients (mean age: 29 years) underwent enhancement with BMR for a significant residual refractive error of +2.25 diopters (D) spherical equivalent following FILI for high hyperopia (mean spherical equivalent: +7.00 D). After BMR, the residual refraction reduced to +0.31 D, resulting in improvement in uncorrected distance visual acuity from 0.55 to 0.33 logMAR. The mean front keratometry values increased from 46.20 to 49.30 D, and the mean back keratometry values increased from -5.90 to -6.30 D following BMR, the latter returning to the baseline (pre-FILI) value of -6.30 D. An increase in Q-value with a corresponding increase in higher order aberrations was observed. Corneal biomechanics indicated reduction of stiffness and other parameters after enhancement. No intraoperative or postoperative complications were noted. CONCLUSIONS: BMR may be an effective technique for enhancement of residual hyperopia following tissue addition techniques such as FILI. BMR may reverse the posterior curvature changes, negating the steepening effect of the anterior cornea following tissue addition, potentially aiding in the enhancement. [J Refract Surg. 2022;38(2):134-141.].

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PURPOSE: To report the incidence of ectasia after small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) in a high-volume refractive surgery center in India. METHODS: To derive the incidence of ectasia after SMILE, all eyes that underwent SMILE or SMILE Xtra (SMILE combined with prophylactic accelerated corneal cross-linking) from November 2012 to August 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Furthermore, these cases were classified as being "normal" or "borderline" based on certain predefined criteria. Only eyes with a minimum follow-up of 12 months were included. RESULTS: Of the total 7,024 eyes analyzed, 6,619 eyes underwent SMILE, of which 10 eyes developed ectasia at a mean interval of 21.3 months, making the incidence of ectasia after SMILE 0.15%. Of these 10 eyes with ectasia, 2 eyes had normal preoperative topography, whereas the remaining 8 eyes were borderline as per the predefined criteria. Retrospective data analysis revealed that 6,025 of 7,024 eyes were normal and thus suitable for a standard SMILE procedure, whereas 999 eyes were borderline, of which 594 eyes underwent SMILE and 405 eyes underwent SMILE Xtra. The incidence of ectasia in borderline eyes undergoing SMILE was 0.80% (8 of 999) versus 0% (none) for borderline eyes undergoing SMILE Xtra (chi square, P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of ectasia after SMILE in the early postoperative period was 0.15%, with borderline eyes accounting for most cases. Borderline eyes treated with SMILE Xtra did not progress to ectasia, potentially suggesting a protective role of simultaneous CXL. [J Refract Surg. 2021;37(12):800-808.].

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PURPOSE: To evaluate the visual outcomes, contrast sensitivity, reading performance and patient satisfaction after bilateral implantation of AT LARA extended depth of focus (EDoF) intraocular lenses (IOLs). METHODS: Patients undergoing phacoemulsification for age-related cataract and satisfying the eligibility criteria underwent bilateral implantation with AT LARA EDoF IOLs (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany). At follow-up visits of 1, 3, 6 and 12 months, binocular uncorrected and corrected distance, intermediate and near visual acuity, reading performance, defocus curve, contrast sensitivity and patient satisfaction for dysphotopsia and spectacle independence were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 60 eyes from 30 patients with a mean age of 65.40±7.71 years were included in the study. At 12 months, 83% of patients (n=25) had binocular cumulative uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) of 20/20 or better. Postoperative spherical equivalent refraction accuracy was within ±0.50 D for 95% of eyes (n=57) and refractive cylinder accuracy was within ≤0.50 D in 95% of eyes (n=57). The mean binocular uncorrected near visual acuity (UNVA) was 0.16±0.09 logMAR, and the mean uncorrected intermediate visual acuity (UIVA) at 60 and 80 cm was 0.01±0.09 and 0.03±0.08 logMAR, respectively, at 12 months. Reading speeds at 40, 60 and 80 cm showed improvement over time. No patient had complaints of severe dysphotopsia and none of the patients required glasses for any activity. No eye underwent YAG-laser capsulotomy for significant posterior capsule opacification at the end of mean follow-up. CONCLUSION: In our limited experience of 30 patients at 12 months, AT LARA EDoF IOLs resulted in excellent visual outcomes for uncorrected distance, intermediate and near visual acuity. The incidence of dysphotopsia and spectacle dependence was low, resulting in good patient satisfaction. TRIAL REGISTRY: CTRI/2020/08/027105 (www.ctri.nic.in).

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PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction after implantation of Optiflex Trio, a new trifocal intraocular lens (IOL) following cataract surgery. METHODS: Patients undergoing phacoemulsification for age-related cataracts and who satisfy the eligibility criteria underwent bilateral implantation with Optiflex Trio trifocal IOL. At follow -up visits of 1, 3, 6, and 12 months, binocular uncorrected and corrected distance, intermediate and near visual acuity, reading performance, contrast sensitivity (CS) and patient satisfaction for dysphotopsia and spectacle independence were evaluated using questionnaires. RESULTS: A total of 54 eyes from 27 patients with mean age of 66.30±7.48 years were included in the study. At 12 months, 78% (n = 21) patients had binocular cumulative UDVA of 20/20 or better. Post-op SE refraction accuracy was within ±0.50 D for 93% (n = 50) eyes, and refractive cylinder accuracy was within ≤0.50 D in 94% (n = 51) eyes. The mean binocular UNVA was 0.01±0.05 LogMAR, and the mean UIVA at 60 and 80 cm was 0.07±0.06 and 0.03±0.05 LogMAR, respectively, at 12 months. Reading speeds at 40, 60 and 80 cm showed improvement overtime. No patient had complained of severe dysphotopsia, and none of the patients required glasses for any activity. No eye underwent YAG-laser capsulotomy for significant PCO at the end of mean follow-up. CONCLUSION: After 12 months, Optiflex Trio trifocal IOL provided a complete visual restoration with good visual quality outcomes in terms of uncorrected distance, intermediate and near visual acuity. The incidence of dysphotopsia was low, and spectacle independence was high, resulting in good patient satisfaction. TRIAL REGISTRY: CTRI/2019/10/021647 (www.ctri.nic.in).

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PURPOSE: To report the functional outcomes and reading speeds following PRESBYOND laser blended vision (LBV) using nonlinear aspheric ablation profiles with micro-monovision with the Carl Zeiss Meditec MEL 90 platform. METHODS: Data have been collected retrospectively for all patients who underwent PRESBYOND LBV using the MEL 90 excimer laser. Postoperative binocular uncorrected distance and near visual acuity, stereo-acuity, contrast sensitivity, and reading performance were compared with pre-op values measured with patient's progressive glasses. Mean follow-up was 6 ± 1.2 months. RESULTS: Sixty eyes of 30 patients (mean age 50.47 ± 6.43 years) were included. Of these, 18 patients were hyperopic and 12 patients were myopic with mean SE of 1.28 ± 1.38 D and -2.84 ± 1.86 D, respectively. At 6 months, the mean binocular UDVA was ≥-0.03 ± 0.06 log MAR and the mean binocular UNVA was ≥0.22 ± 0.04 log MAR. The uncorrected reading speeds (words per minute) at the preferred reading distance of 46.17 cm, 60 cm, and 80 cm were significantly better (p value <0.01), whereas the smallest letter size and reading acuities were comparable to the preoperative values (p > 0.05 for all distances). Uncorrected contrast sensitivity log values showed mild reduction; however, this was not statistically significant for any spatial frequency. There was a significant reduction in post uncorrected stereopsis to 89.67 arc sec, compared with pre-op corrected stereopsis (50.67 arc sec); however, it recovered fully with near correction (53.33 arc sec, p > 0.05 compared with pre). CONCLUSION: PRESBYOND LBV resulted in significantly better reading speeds and satisfactory functional visual outcomes, without a permanent change in stereo-acuity and contrast sensitivity 6 months postoperatively.