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Introduction: Nellore cattle (Bos taurus indicus) is the main beef cattle breed raised in Brazil. This breed is well adapted to tropical conditions and, more recently, has experienced intensive genetic selection for multiple performance traits. Over the past 43 years, an experimental breeding program has been developed in the Institute of Animal Science (IZ, Sertaozinho, SP, Brazil), which resulted in three differentially-selected lines known as Nellore Control (NeC), Nellore Selection (NeS), and Nellore Traditional (NeT). The primary goal of this selection experiment was to determine the response to selection for yearling weight (YW) and residual feed intake (RFI) on Nellore cattle. The main objectives of this study were to: 1) identify copy number variation (CNVs) in Nellore cattle from three selection lines; 2) identify and characterize CNV regions (CNVR) on these three lines; and 3) perform functional enrichment analyses of the CNVR identified. Results: A total of 14,914 unique CNVs and 1,884 CNVRs were identified when considering all lines as a single population. The CNVRs were non-uniformly distributed across the chromosomes of the three selection lines included in the study. The NeT line had the highest number of CNVRs (n = 1,493), followed by the NeS (n = 823) and NeC (n = 482) lines. The CNVRs covered 23,449,890 bp (0.94%), 40,175,556 bp (1.61%), and 63,212,273 bp (2.54%) of the genome of the NeC, NeS, and NeT lines, respectively. Two CNVRs were commonly identified between the three lines, and six, two, and four exclusive regions were identified for NeC, NeS, and NeT, respectively. All the exclusive regions overlap with important genes, such as SMARCD3, SLC15A1, and MAPK1. Key biological processes associated with the candidate genes were identified, including pathways related to growth and metabolism. Conclusion: This study revealed large variability in CNVs and CNVRs across three Nellore lines differentially selected for YW and RFI. Gene annotation and gene ontology analyses of the exclusive CNVRs to each line revealed specific genes and biological processes involved in the expression of growth and feed efficiency traits. These findings contribute to the understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying the phenotypic differences among the three Nellore selection lines.

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The beef cattle industry has experienced a shift driven by a market demand for healthier meat, cost efficiency and environmental sustainability in recent years. Consequently, there has been a growing focus on the fatty acids content and functions of meat in cattle breeding programmes. Besides, a deeper understanding of the biological mechanisms influencing the expression of different phenotypes related to fatty acid profiles is crucial. In this study, we aimed to identify Single-Nucleotide Variants (SNV) and Insertion/Deletion (InDels) DNA variants in candidate genes related to fatty acid profiles described in genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic studies conducted in beef cattle breeds. Utilizing whole-genome re-sequencing data from Brazilian locally adapted bovine breeds, namely Caracu and Pantaneiro, we identified SNVs and InDels associated with 23,947 genes. From these, we identified 318 candidate genes related to fatty acid profiles that contain variants. Subsequently, we select only genes with SNVs and InDels in their promoter, 5' UTR and coding region. Through the gene-biological process network, approximately 19 genes were highlighted. Furthermore, considering the studied trait and a literature review, we selected the main transcription factors (TF). Functional analysis via gene-TF network allowed us to identify the 30 most likely candidate genes for meat fatty acid profile in cattle. LIPE, MFSD2A and SREBF1 genes were highlighted in networks due to their biological importance. Further dissection of these genes revealed 15 new variants found in promoter regions of Caracu and Pantaneiro sequences. The gene networks facilitated a better functional understanding of genes and TF, enabling the identification of variants potentially related to the expression of candidate genes for meat fatty acid profiles in cattle.

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BACKGROUND: Feeding costs represent the largest expenditures in beef production. Therefore, the animal efficiency in converting feed in high-quality protein for human consumption plays a major role in the environmental impact of the beef industry and in the beef producers' profitability. In this context, breeding animals for improved feed efficiency through genomic selection has been considered as a strategic practice in modern breeding programs around the world. Copy number variation (CNV) is a less-studied source of genetic variation that can contribute to phenotypic variability in complex traits. In this context, this study aimed to: (1) identify CNV and CNV regions (CNVRs) in the genome of Nellore cattle (Bos taurus indicus); (2) assess potential associations between the identified CNVR and weaning weight (W210), body weight measured at the time of selection (WSel), average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI), residual feed intake (RFI), time spent at the feed bunk (TF), and frequency of visits to the feed bunk (FF); and, (3) perform functional enrichment analyses of the significant CNVR identified for each of the traits evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 3,161 CNVs and 561 CNVRs ranging from 4,973 bp to 3,215,394 bp were identified. The CNVRs covered up to 99,221,894 bp (3.99%) of the Nellore autosomal genome. Seventeen CNVR were significantly associated with dry matter intake and feeding frequency (number of daily visits to the feed bunk). The functional annotation of the associated CNVRs revealed important candidate genes related to metabolism that may be associated with the phenotypic expression of the evaluated traits. Furthermore, Gene Ontology (GO) analyses revealed 19 enrichment processes associated with FF. CONCLUSIONS: A total of 3,161 CNVs and 561 CNVRs were identified and characterized in a Nellore cattle population. Various CNVRs were significantly associated with DMI and FF, indicating that CNVs play an important role in key biological pathways and in the phenotypic expression of feeding behavior and growth traits in Nellore cattle.

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BACKGROUND: Near-infrared irradiation photobiomodulation (NIR-PBM) has been successfully used in periodontal treatment as an adjuvant tool to locally improve cell function and regeneration. Although the relationship between periodontitis and systemic disease constitutes an important aspect of periodontal clinical research, the systemic effects of NIR-PBM in periodontitis are not well known. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of NIR-PBM on systemic oxidative stress and inflammation in an apolipoprotein E (ApoE) knockout mouse model of periodontal disease (PD). METHODS: We evaluated alveolar bone loss by measuring the distance from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) to the alveolar bone crest (ABC), reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in blood cells, inflammatory activity, plasma cholesterol levels, and lipid peroxidation levels in three experimental groups: (1) ApoEC, control group without intervention; (2) ApoEP, first molar ligation-induced periodontitis for 4 weeks; and (3) ApoEP + PBM, exposed to 808 nm continuous wave, ø ~ 3 mm2, 100 mW, 60 s of NIR-PBM for 7 consecutive days after 4 weeks of periodontitis. At the end of the experimental protocols, ApoEP mice presented significantly increased alveolar bone loss, ROS production, inflammatory activity, plasma cholesterol, and lipid peroxidation levels compared to the ApoEC group (P < 0.05). NIR-PBM for 7 days in the ApoEP + PBM mice significantly decreased systemic ROS production, inflammatory response, plasma cholesterol, and lipid peroxidation levels, similar to those found in the ApoEC group (P > 0.05). However, it was not capable of preventing alveolar bone loss (P > 0.05 compared to ApoEP mice). CONCLUSION: A 7-day treatment with NIR-PBM effectively reduces systemic oxidative stress and inflammatory parameters in hypercholesterolemic mice with PD. However, more studies with longer evaluation times are needed to confirm the systemic effects of locally applied NIR-PBM on PD associated with hypercholesterolemia.

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Studying structural variants that can control complex traits is relevant for dairy cattle production, especially for animals that are tolerant to breeding conditions in the tropics, such as the Dairy Gir cattle. This study identified and characterized high confidence copy number variation regions (CNVR) in the Gir breed genome. A total of 38 animals were whole-genome sequenced, and 566 individuals were genotyped with a high-density SNP panel, among which 36 animals had both sequencing and SNP genotyping data available. Two sets of high confidence CNVR were established: one based on common CNV identified in the studied population (CNVR_POP), and another with CNV identified in sires with both sequence and SNP genotyping data available (CNVR_ANI). We found 10 CNVR_POP and 45 CNVR_ANI, which covered 1.05 Mb and 4.4 Mb of the bovine genome, respectively. Merging these CNV sets for functional analysis resulted in 48 unique high confidence CNVR. The overlapping genes were previously related to embryonic mortality, environmental adaptation, evolutionary process, immune response, longevity, mammary gland, resistance to gastrointestinal parasites, and stimuli recognition, among others. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the Gir breed genome. Moreover, the CNV identified in this study can potentially affect genes related to complex traits, such as production, health, and reproduction.

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Knowledge of animal behavior can be indicative of the well-being, health, productivity, and reproduction of animals. The use of accelerometers to classify and predict animal behavior can be a tool for continuous animal monitoring. Therefore, the aim of this study was to provide strategies for predicting more and less frequent beef cattle grazing behaviors. The behavior activities observed were grazing, ruminating, idle, water consumption frequency (WCF), feeding (supplementation) and walking. Three Machine Learning algorithms: Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Naïve Bayes Classifier (NBC) and two resample methods: under and over-sampling, were tested. Overall accuracy was higher for RF models trained with the over-sampled dataset. The greatest sensitivity (0.808) for the less frequent behavior (WCF) was observed in the RF algorithm trained with the under-sampled data. The SVM models only performed efficiently when classifying the most frequent behavior (idle). The greatest predictor in the NBC algorithm was for ruminating behavior, with the over-sampled training dataset. The results showed that the behaviors of the studied animals were classified with high accuracy and specificity when the RF algorithm trained with the resampling methods was used. Resampling training datasets is a strategy to be considered, especially when less frequent behaviors are of interest.

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The identification of genomic regions associated with reproductive traits as well as their biological processes allows a better understanding of the phenotypic variability of these traits. This information could be applied to animal breeding programs to accelerate genetic gain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) with a scrotal circumference at 365 days of age (SC365) and at 450 days of age (SC450), gestation length (GL) as a calf trait, age at first calving (AFC), accumulated productivity (ACP), heifer early calving until 30 months (HC30), and stayability (STAY) traits, in order to identify candidate genes and biological pathways associated with reproductive traits in Nelore cattle. The data set consisted of pedigree, phenotypes, and genotypes of Nelore cattle from the "Associação Nacional de Criadores e Pesquisadores" (ANCP). The association analyses were performed using the Weighted Single-Step Genome-Wide Association method; the regions, consisting of 10 consecutive SNP, which explained more than 0.5% of additive genetic variance, were considered as a significant association. A total of 3, 6, 7, 5, 10, 25, and 12 windows were associated with SC355, SC450, GL, AFC, ACP, HC30, and STAY, respectively. The results revealed genes with important functions for reproductive traits, such as fertility and precocity. Some genes were associated with more than one trait, among them CAMK1D, TASP1, ACOXL, RAB11FIP5, and SFXN5. Moreover, the genes were enriched in functional terms, like negative regulation of fat cell differentiation, fatty acid alpha-oxidation, and sphingolipids signaling pathway. The identification of the genes associated with the traits, as well as genes enriched in the terms and pathway mentioned above, should contribute to future biological validation studies and may be used as candidate genes in Nelore breeding programs.

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A infecção congênita pelo zika vírus (ZIKV) tornou-se uma pandemia em meados de 2015 e é considerada uma emergência em saúde pública de interesse mundial, no que tange à prevalência, transmissão e possíveis sequelas neurológicas fetais. O artigo busca realizar uma revisão sobre a infecção do ZIKV na gestação e suas consequências para o feto. Realizada revisão a partir de estudos qualitativo, retrospectivo e documental, baseando-se em levantamento de produções científicas publicadas entre 2016 e 2018. Por meio da estratégia de busca, localizou-se 194 artigos, dos quais 28 foram selecionados para redação final. Conclui-se que as alterações ultrassonográficas, advindas de infecção no primeiro e segundo trimestre, são devidas à ação viral direta, efeito de imunoglobulinas e alterações na placentação. As alterações fetais são sobretudo as neurológicas, cardíacas e oftalmológicas. Gestantes com infecção comprovada, ou suspeitada, devem ser acompanhadas até o parto. Os investimentos em medicamentos e vacinas devem ser continuados.(AU)

Congenital zika virus (ZIKV) infection has become pandemic by mid-2015 and is considered a public health emergency of global concern with regard to prevalence, transmission and possible fetal neurological sequelae. The article aims to review the ZIKV infection in pregnancy and its consequences for the fetus. A review was carried out based on a qualitative, retrospective and documental studies, based on a survey of scientific productions published between 2016 and 2018. Through the search strategy, 194 articles were found, of which 28 were selected for final writing. It is concluded that ultrasonographic changes, due to infection in the first and second trimester, are due to direct viral action, immunoglobulins effect and changes in placentation. Fetal alterations are especially those neurological, cardiac and ophthalmologic. Pregnant women with proven or suspected infection should be followed up until delivery. Investments in drugs and vaccines should be continued.(AU)

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Objetivos: Verificar a frequência, as características e os métodos usados para a perda rápida de peso por lutadores de Taekwondo do estado do Rio Grande do Sul.Métodos: Um estudo transversal recrutou atletas que preencheram os seguintes critérios de inclusão: a) ser lutador de Taekwondo, b) graduado em faixa preta e c) competidor no evento em que ocorreu a coleta dos dados. A coleta dos dados foi realizada durante a primeira etapa do Circuito Costa Doce – Seletiva para Seleção Gaúcha, em 2013. Os dados foram coletados com questionário validado sobre perda de peso em lutadores, composto por três seções, preenchido antes da pesagem.Resultados: Dos 23 voluntários, 21 (91,3%) relataram perder peso para competir. A maioria perdeu entre 1 e 3 kg no período anterior à competição, durante três a quatro dias, até duas vezes por ano, através dos seguintes métodos: aumento de atividade física, omissão de refeições e restrição da ingestão hídrica. A maioria dos homens perdeu de 1 a 2 kg e as mulheres entre 1 e 2,5 kg. Os homens recuperaram até 2 kg após a pesagem, enquanto as mulheres chegaram a recuperar até 7 kg. O mestre foi a pessoa que mais os influenciou.Conclusões: Observou-se alta freqência da rápida redução de peso em atletas de Taekwondo. O profissional citado como maior influente na perda de peso foi o mestre. Os métodos mais utilizados foram o aumento de atividade física, diminuição na ingestão de alimentos e restrição hídrica...

AIMS: To assess frequency, characteristics and methods used for rapid weight loss by Taekwondo fighters in the state of Rio Grande do SulMETHODS: A cross-sectional study recruited athletes who met the following inclusion criteria: a) to be a Taekwondo fighter, b) to have a black belt degree c) being competitor in the event in which data collection occurred. Data collection took place during the first stage of the Costa Doce Circuit - Selective to State Team in 2013. Data were collected using a validated questionnaire on weight loss in wrestlers, consisting of three sections, completed before weighing.RESULTS: Of the 23 volunteers, 21 (91.3%) reported losing weight to compete. Most lost between 1 and 3 kg in the pre-competition period for three to four days, up to twice a year, by the following methods: increasing physical activity, skipping meals and restriction of fluid intake. Most men lost 1-2 kg and women between 1 and 2.5 kg. Men recovered until 2 kg after weighing, while the women came to recover up to 7 kg. The master was the person who most influenced them.CONCLUSIONS: We observed a high frequency of fast weight reduction in Taekwondo athletes. Professional cited as most influential in weight loss was the Master. The methods used were increased physical activity, decreased intake of food and fluid restriction...

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BACKGROUND: Inappropriate ionising medical imaging has been escalating in the last decades. This trend leads to potential damage to health and has been associated to bioethical and legal issues of patient autonomy. METHODS: While the doctrine underlines the importance of using informed consent to improve patient autonomy and physician-patient communication, some researchers have argued that it often falls short of this aim. There are basically two different informed consent practices. The first - the so-called "event-based model" - regards informed consent as a passive signature of a standard unreadable template, performed only once in each medical pathway. The second - the so-called "process-based model" - integrates information into the continuing dialogue between physician and patient, vital for diagnosis and treatment. RESULTS: Current medical behaviour often embraces the event-based model, which is considered ineffective and contributes to inappropriateness. We sought, in this review, to analyse from juridical and communication standpoints whether process-based informed consent can deal with scientific uncertainties in radiological decision-making. The informed consent is still a distinctive process in defence of both patients' and physicians' health and dignity in rule-of-law states and consequently in curtailing the abuse of ionising medical radiation. MAIN MESSAGES: • Inappropriate ionising medical imaging is widespread and increasing worldwide. • This trend leads to noteworthy damage to health and is linked to the issue of patient autonomy. • Some authors have argued that informed consent often falls short of improving patient autonomy. • Process-based informed consent can deal with scientific uncertainties to contrast inappropriateness. • Informed consent is still a distinctive process in defence of both patients and physicians.

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To develop a more realistic assessment of costs, herein named "true" costs, the extra-cancer from medical radiation, environmental damage from imaging paraphernalia and radioactive wastes must be included as long-term costs from imaging examinations. It is urgent to define the "true" costs across imaging modalities as it interferes on physicians' decision to request an exam and on research projects such as cost-effectiveness analysis. Cardiology is the specialty that most will benefit from the outcome as cardiovascular exams represent almost 30% of the total exams acquired annually worldwide.

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Guidelines on informed consent for clinical practice exhort physicians to use standard plain language to enhance patient comprehension and facilitate shared decision making. The aim of this study was to assess and improve quality and readability of current informed consent forms used in cardiology. We evaluated the currently used informed consent forms, previously written in Italian and English, of 7 common imaging examinations, according to the recommendations of scientific societies. For each text, we also developed a revised informed consent form according to reference standards, including Federal Plain Language guidelines. Regarding readability scores, we analyzed each text (standard and revised) with Flesch-Kincaid (F-K) grade level (higher numbers indicating harder-to-read text) and the Italian language-tailored Gulpease level (from 0 [difficult] to 100 [easy]). Overall quality and readability was poor for both the original English and Italian versions, and readability was improved with the revised form, with higher readability evidenced by changes in both F-K grade level (standard 10.2 ± 2.37% vs. revised 6.5 ± 0.41%; p < 0.001) for English and Gulpease (standard 45.7 ± 2% vs. revised 84.09 ± 2.98%; p < 0.0001) for Italian. In conclusion, current informed consent forms are complex, incomplete, and unreadable for the average patient. Substantial quality improvement and higher readability scores can be achieved with revised forms that explicitly discuss risks and are prepared following standard recommendations of plain writing.

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PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of a radioprotective oral agent containing a formulation of antioxidants and glutathione-elevating compounds on the extent of x-ray-induced γ-H2AX foci formation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was approved by local ethics committee and informed consent was obtained from each subject. In vitro experiments with blood lymphocytes of 25 healthy volunteers were performed without antioxidants and with antioxidants added either before or immediately after irradiation (10 mGy). For in vivo/in vitro tests, blood samples were obtained before, 15, 30, and 60 minutes (n=17) after, and 2, 3, and 5 hours (n=11) after oral ingestion of antioxidant pills and were irradiated (10 mGy). DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) were quantified in isolated lymphocytes 5 minutes (in vitro and in vivo/in vitro) and 15 minutes (in vitro) after irradiation by enumerating γ-H2AX foci. To validate the data, additional in vitro experiments with use of 53BP1 as another independent marker for DSBs were performed. Nonirradiated samples served as controls. Statistical analyses were performed by using Wilcoxon rank-sum tests (in vitro), repeated-measures test, and Dunnett test (in vivo/in vitro). RESULTS: In the in vitro experiments, 15-minute preincubation with antioxidants significantly reduced mean γ-H2AX foci levels by 23% (P<.0001), whereas addition of antioxidants immediately after irradiation did not lead to a reduction of x-ray-induced foci (P=.6905). Mean 53BP1 foci were also reduced by preincubation with the radioprotectant. In the in vivo/in vitro tests, oral pretreatment with antioxidants also led to a significant reduction of γ-H2AX foci formation; administration 60 minutes before irradiation resulted in a mean foci reduction of 58% (P<.0001). CONCLUSION: The tested formulation of antioxidants significantly reduced formation of γ-H2AX and 53BP1 foci after irradiation at a radiologic radiation dose typical for computed tomographic imaging; administration 60 minutes prior to irradiation seems to be appropriate and leads to a significant reduction in foci.

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Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate interobserver reliability in the presence of chondral injuries of the knee among radiologists, orthopaedic surgeons, radiologists, and orthopaedic surgeons. Methods. This was a prospective, web-based multi-institutional survey, consisting of 6 magnetic resonance exams of knee chondral injuries and a questionnaire to be completed by the participants. Two radiologists and two orthopaedic surgeons were enrolled, with more than 5 years of clinical experience. Kappa statistics test was used to calculate interobserver reliability between participants. Results. Kappa ranged from -0.13 through 0.29 between orthopaedists; from 0.06 through 0.78 between radiologists; from -0.10 through 0.24 between orthopaedists and radiologists. Cases 3 and 6 had skewed results among radiologists: with Kappa scores of 0.78 and 0.53, respectively. Conclusions. Our study reveals that the interobserver agreement between radiologists is higher than among orthopaedists in the evaluation of chondral knee lesions by MRI.

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Noninvasive evaluation of hepatic tumor response is necessary to improve the survival rate and quality of life of cancer patients. Among radiologic imaging modalities, MRI plays a significant role in the management of patients with hepatic tumor and is crucial for diagnosis, treatment planning and assessment of response or recurrence, because of its high contrast resolution, lack of ionizing radiation and the possibility of performing functional imaging sequences. This review provides an overview of the MRI findings after various treatments in patients with primary and secondary focal liver malignancies. The imaging methods described focus on the recent trends of using MRI techniques as biomarkers for disease. We also describe the appearance of successful and incomplete response for the various forms of treatment, including transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, ablative therapy, systemic chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI is regarded as an established noninvasive method and potential biomarker for tumor detection, as well as for the characterization of the tumor response. Diffusion-weighted MRI, perfusion-weighted MRI and MRS are also promising functional biomarkers to help select patients for various therapies and to assess the response to treatments. However, further validation and standardization should be performed before their widespread use as imaging biomarkers.

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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether specific findings determined to be critical and standard of care by expert witnesses in a legal case are identifiable by radiologists blinded to clinical outcome and litigation. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Images from six CT studies were sent to radiologists for interpretation. Two studies were performed for screening after major trauma, one of the cases being the subject of a settled legal action; three were randomly selected from studies performed in the evaluation of emergency department patients; and one was the control. The cases were selected to simulate a typical emergency department caseload. In the medicolegal case, four plaintiff expert witness radiologists had identified three findings in the CT study that were not described by the radiologist of record (primary reader). One of these findings was considered critical and was the basis for the legal case. RESULTS: Thirty-one radiologists participated in the study. The three findings made by the expert witnesses-T3 and T10 vertebral body fractures and 1-mm symmetric widening of the facet joints at T10-were made by none, 19 (61.3%), and none of the 31 radiologists in this study. CONCLUSION: Thirty-one radiologists who had no knowledge of the clinical outcome or litigation did not confirm the expert witness interpretation. This finding prompts questions about the current method of determining standard of care in legal cases, that is, use of paid medical expert witnesses. Our findings suggest that use of radiologists blinded to clinical outcome may be a more objective method of evaluating legal cases.

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OBJECTIVE: To describe differences in radiographic features of hip osteoarthritis (OA) between African American and white men and women. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of radiographic hip OA using baseline data from the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project, using Kellgren/Lawrence (K/L) grade, and the presence, location, and severity of 4 individual radiographic features (joint space narrowing [JSN], subchondral cysts, sclerosis, and osteophytes). Sex-specific logistic regression was used to evaluate associations between race and individual radiographic features, adjusting for age, body mass index, education, and prior hip injury. Robust variance estimators via generalized estimating equations were used to account for correlation between hips from the same individual. RESULTS: The sample (n = 2,739) comprised 57% women and 31% African American participants. Among women, African Americans and whites had a similar prevalence of hip OA, defined as K/L grade > or =2 (23% versus 22%), but African American women were significantly more likely to have superior or medial JSN, moderate or severe axial JSN, medial or lateral osteophytes, and subchondral cysts. Among men, 21% of African Americans and 17% of whites had hip OA; African American men were more likely to have superior or medial JSN and lateral osteophytes, but were less likely to have axial JSN. CONCLUSION: Individual radiographic features and patterns of hip OA differed by race among women and men, suggesting the possibility of anatomic and/or developmental variation in the hip joint. African Americans have an increased frequency of features that have been predictive of hip replacement in other populations, a finding worthy of further study.

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OBJECTIVE: The objective of our study was to describe our 10-year experience using MRI to evaluate response to local thermoablative interventions in the treatment of malignant liver lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted from 1998 to 2008. MRI studies were performed at 1.5 and 3 T and were acquired < 4, 4-9, and > 9 months after radiofrequency ablation (RFA), cryoablation, and microwave ablation. MR features were evaluated on the basis of signal intensity on unenhanced T1-weighted images and the presence of ill-defined perilesional enhancement, well-defined lesional enhancement, or washout on contrast-enhanced images. Imaging features were evaluated with all interventional modalities together and separately. RESULTS: The study population was composed of 135 men and 36 women (203 ablated lesions) with a mean age of 65 years (range, 39-78 years). When the data for all treatment methods were combined, well-defined lesional enhancement and washout were significant findings among the resolved and unresolved outcome groups regardless of follow-up time category. After RFA, ablated areas had a tendency to show high signal intensity on T1 images, whereas low signal was seen after cryoablation and a hyperintense rim was seen after microwave ablation. Washout was only depicted 9 months after cryoablation but was seen in 12% of lesions < 4 months after RFA. No difference was appreciated on ill-defined perilesional enhancement with all methods combined or separately. CONCLUSION: MRI findings after ablation are dependent on the treatment modality and the length of time between the procedure and follow-up examination.

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