RESUMEN
We conducted a survey using serology and polymerase chain reaction assays to detect HIV 1 and/or HTLV-I antibodies and viral DNA, respectively, in 113 intravenous drug abusers and in 62 sexually active high risk individuals attending two Drug Addict Centres and a Centre for Venereal Diseases in Buenos Aires, Argentina. At the time of the survey 137 of these subjects were known to be HIV 1 seropositive but none of them was symptomatic. Serological tests for HTLV-I were found to be positive in 38 (21.7%) of the HIV 1 positive individuals, whereas all of the 38 HIV 1 seronegative subjects were also seronegative for HTLV-I antibodies. Gene amplification assays carried out in blood sample DNA from the 38 HIV 1/HTLV-I seronegative individuals, revealed HIV 1 DNA in six out of 28 intravenous drug abusers (21.5%). One subject (2.6%) was positive for both HIV 1 and HTLV-I DNA sequences, whereas four (10.5%) showed HTLV-I DNA only. To determine whether these individuals were infected with HTLV-I and/or HTLV-II, DNA samples were also amplified with HTLV-II specific primers and no evidence of HTLV-II infection was observed. None of the subjects seroconverted according to conventional serological tests during the 2 year follow-up period. The 10 seronegative subjects belonging to the sexual risk group were negative for both HIV 1 and HTLV-I in polymerase chain reaction assays. We conclude that not only HIV 1, but also HTLV-I is a widely spread infection in intravenous drug abusers and sexually active high risk individuals in Argentina.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por VIH/epidemiología , VIH-1 , Infecciones por HTLV-I/epidemiología , Virus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano , Adolescente , Adulto , Argentina/epidemiología , Secuencia de Bases , Southern Blotting , Western Blotting , Estudios de Cohortes , ADN Viral , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Infecciones por VIH/complicaciones , Seropositividad para VIH/epidemiología , Seroprevalencia de VIH , VIH-1/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por HTLV-I/complicaciones , Virus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Prevalencia , Provirus/aislamiento & purificación , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
In order to detect an association between HIV infection and tuberculosis (TB), 130 TB inpatients were studied one of whom presented a pulmonary disease due to Mycobacterium avium intracellulare. All had advanced TB, 95.4%, with pulmonary localization. Serum anti-HIV antibodies were detected by ELISA and their presence confirmed by immunoblotting in 4 (3.1%) individuals, three males and one female, with different degrees of pulmonary TB. Of the males, 1 was bisexual, 2 were promiscuous, and the female was the sexual partner of a non symptomatic HIV-infected man. No immunological disturbances or other AIDS related alterations were observed. There was one case of miliary TB, but neither atypical X-ray abnormalities nor extrapulmonary involvement were found. Tuberculin reaction was positive in three of the four HIV infected patients. Clinical, radiological and bacteriological evolution were favorable. Adverse drug reaction occurred in two cases, one of them presenting serious toxidermia caused by isoniazid. Of the 130 individuals, 12 presented risk factors for HIV infection so that the prevalence of anti-HIV antibodies presented here, 4 cases out of 12, is consistent with data from previous reports for high risk populations.
Asunto(s)
Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/complicaciones , Tuberculosis/complicaciones , Serodiagnóstico del SIDA , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/inmunología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Anticuerpos Anti-VIH/análisis , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores de Riesgo , Tuberculosis/diagnóstico , Tuberculosis Pulmonar/complicacionesRESUMEN
In order to detect an association between HIV infection and tuberculosis (TB), 130 TB inpatients were studied one of whom presented a pulmonary disease due to Mycobacterium avium intracellulare. All had advanced TB, 95.4
, with pulmonary localization. Serum anti-HIV antibodies were detected by ELISA and their presence confirmed by immunoblotting in 4 (3.1
) individuals, three males and one female, with different degrees of pulmonary TB. Of the males, 1 was bisexual, 2 were promiscuous, and the female was the sexual partner of a non symptomatic HIV-infected man. No immunological disturbances or other AIDS related alterations were observed. There was one case of miliary TB, but neither atypical X-ray abnormalities nor extrapulmonary involvement were found. Tuberculin reaction was positive in three of the four HIV infected patients. Clinical, radiological and bacteriological evolution were favorable. Adverse drug reaction occurred in two cases, one of them presenting serious toxidermia caused by isoniazid. Of the 130 individuals, 12 presented risk factors for HIV infection so that the prevalence of anti-HIV antibodies presented here, 4 cases out of 12, is consistent with data from previous reports for high risk populations.
RESUMEN
A serologic study of hepatitis and HIV infections among 99 I.V. drug abusers with hepatitis was conducted between December 1986 and September 1987. The average age of the study subjects was 21 years. Eighty-nine (90%) of the subjects were male, including four whose sexual orientation was homosexual/bisexual. Serologic tests indicated that 87 of the 99 subjects had hepatitis B virus infections, 62 acute and 25 chronic. Nine (10%) of these 87 patients were coinfected with the delta agent. Two subjects had acute cases of hepatitis A, and the 10 remaining subjects had non-A non-B hepatitis. Forty-seven of the study subjects were also found to be infected with HIV-1. The prevalence of the delta marker was surprisingly high, because Argentina has been regarded as nonendemic for the delta virus. Given the trend of increasing I.V. drug abuse in Argentina, these results presage a significant increase in the delta agent's prevalence in the immediate future.
Asunto(s)
Serodiagnóstico del SIDA , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/transmisión , Hepatitis Viral Humana/etiología , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/complicaciones , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Antígenos Virales/análisis , Argentina , Femenino , Hepatitis Viral Humana/inmunología , Humanos , Inyecciones Intravenosas , MasculinoRESUMEN
Splenocytes from Junin-virus-persistently-infected euthymic mice taken at 45 days postinfection seemed unable to induce overt signs of disease, to cause death, or to modify brain viral levels when transferred to athymic Junin-virus-infected mice. Findings differed sharply when the same recipients were transferred with splenocytes taken at 6 or 30 days postinfection from immunocompetent mice infected in adult life, since mortality reached 80 or 50%, respectively, and brain viral titers were significantly lowered. Furthermore, splenocytes taken at 6 days postinfection from whole adult mice proved harmless to persistently infected euthymic mice. These findings strongly suggest the existence of an immune system alteration in the immunocompetent mouse, attributable to Junin virus persistence. This premise is based on the fact that splenocytes from persistently infected mice were unable to recognize viral antigen expressed on recipient-infected cells. The absence or impairment of a specific cytotoxic T cell population is hereby postulated.
Asunto(s)
Fiebre Hemorrágica Americana/inmunología , Inmunización Pasiva , Monocitos/trasplante , Animales , Enfermedad Crónica , Coriomeningitis Linfocítica/inmunología , Ratones , Ratones Desnudos , Monocitos/inmunología , Bazo/citología , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Newborn mice surviving intracerebral infection with Junín virus (JV) strain XJ showed viral persistence in brain up to 140 days post-infection (p.i.). Mild meningoencephalitis or encephalitis, but not the neutralizing antibody titres (NtAb) correlated with virus presence.
Asunto(s)
Arenaviridae/aislamiento & purificación , Arenavirus del Nuevo Mundo/aislamiento & purificación , Encéfalo/microbiología , Fiebre Hemorrágica Americana/microbiología , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Anticuerpos Antivirales/análisis , Arenavirus del Nuevo Mundo/inmunología , Encefalitis/microbiología , Riñón/microbiología , Meningoencefalitis/microbiología , Ratones , Pruebas de Neutralización , Bazo/microbiología , Factores de Tiempo , Células VeroAsunto(s)
Arenaviridae/fisiología , Arenavirus del Nuevo Mundo/fisiología , Fiebre Hemorrágica Americana/microbiología , Timo/microbiología , Animales , Antígenos Virales/análisis , Arenavirus del Nuevo Mundo/inmunología , Arenavirus del Nuevo Mundo/aislamiento & purificación , Médula Ósea/microbiología , Encéfalo/microbiología , Enfermedad Crónica , Fiebre Hemorrágica Americana/inmunología , Ratones , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso/etiología , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso/microbiología , Ratas , Especificidad de la Especie , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
The percentage of suckling mice that developed paralysis after intracerebral Junin virus (XJ-JV pathogenic strain) inoculation (13.8%) consistently increased after 5 serial passages of virus-infected brain or spinal cord obtained from paralytic animals, reaching 37.9 and 45.7%, respectively. As expected, all paralytic mice exhibited an identical spinal cord histologic picture, with widespread JV antigen in spinal cord astrocytes and neurons, particularly the large motor neurons of the anterior horn. These findings strongly support the existence of a motor neurotropic viral particle subpopulation in parental XJ-JV stock.
Asunto(s)
Arenaviridae/patogenicidad , Arenavirus del Nuevo Mundo/patogenicidad , Encéfalo/patología , Parálisis/microbiología , Médula Espinal/patología , Animales , Animales Lactantes , Antígenos Virales/análisis , Arenavirus del Nuevo Mundo/inmunología , Arenavirus del Nuevo Mundo/aislamiento & purificación , Encéfalo/microbiología , Ratones , Parálisis/etiología , Médula Espinal/microbiología , Cultivo de VirusRESUMEN
Inoculation of guinea pigs with attenuated XJO Junín virus (JV) strain confers protection against challenge with pathogenic XJ-JV strain starting as early as 3 days post infection (p.i.). The protection increased continuously up to 100% by 30 days p.i. Neither stimulation of non-specific cell mediated mechanisms by previous BCG sensitization nor circulating interferon (IFN) seemed essential for such protection. The early detection of the virus in guinea pig organs considered the site of primary JV multiplication suggests that early resistance phenomenon was attributed mainly to direct viral interference.
Asunto(s)
Arenaviridae/patogenicidad , Arenavirus del Nuevo Mundo/patogenicidad , Vacunas Atenuadas , Animales , Arenavirus del Nuevo Mundo/inmunología , Arenavirus del Nuevo Mundo/aislamiento & purificación , Cobayas , Fiebre Hemorrágica Americana/prevención & control , Inmunidad Celular , Interferones/análisis , Ganglios Linfáticos/microbiología , Mycobacterium bovis/inmunología , Especificidad de la Especie , Bazo/microbiología , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Persistent infection of MRC-5 cells was established following inoculation with attenuated Junín virus (JV). In the acute phase of the infection both the pathogenic XJ and the attenuated XJ0 and XJC13 strains showed severe c.p.e. and free viral titres reached 10(5) p.f.u./ml. Recovery and establishment of persistently infected MRC-5 sublines (MRC-5PI) proved a very common event and seemed to be independent of viral strain, m.o.i. employed or virus passage history. These MRC-5PI sublines released virus throughout their life span and infectious centre assays performed at different passage levels with two sublines showed that 5 to 9% of the cells were producing virus. Heterotypic but not heterologous resistance to superinfection developed, as observed in persistent JV-heteroploid cell systems. Analysis of released JV showed that attenuation had not been markedly altered, but alteration in plaque morphology under methyl cellulose, appearance of temperature-sensitive mutants and alterations in mouse pathology imply that some properties of JV have been altered. Results presented here stress once again the ability of JV to establish persistent infections. The source and diploid characteristics of MRC-5 cells make them a satisfactory model for JV persistence studies.
Asunto(s)
Arenaviridae/fisiología , Arenavirus del Nuevo Mundo/fisiología , Animales , Arenavirus del Nuevo Mundo/genética , Arenavirus del Nuevo Mundo/patogenicidad , Línea Celular , Supervivencia Celular , Efecto Citopatogénico Viral , Diploidia , Cobayas , Humanos , Mutación , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas , Factores de Tiempo , Ensayo de Placa Viral , Virulencia , Replicación ViralRESUMEN
The purpose of this work was to elucidate the pathogenesis of attenuated Junin virus (JV) strains in the guinea pig model. Three groups of guinea pigs were infected by the IM route with 10(3) PFU of the XJC13 and XJO-attenuated strains or with the XJ pathogenic strain of JV, respectively. Viremia was studied at 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, and 14 days postinfection (pi) (a) in serum samples of all animals and in washed cells from XJC13-infected guinea pigs by conventional techniques and (b) in whole blood samples from XJC13 and XJO animals by coculture with Vero cells. Virus spread was studied at 14 days pi in brain, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow by parallel suckling mouse inoculation or organ homogenates and coculture of cell suspensions with Vero cells. By coculture techniques of whole blood, an otherwise undetectable viremia was demonstrated for both attenuated strains throughout the observation period. In contrast, XJ viremia was easily detected by direct techniques, as has already been shown. Attenuated virus was also shown to reach brain and bone marrow when coculture methods were employed. But titers were always markedly lower than those of the pathogenic strain. The sustained viremia demonstrated in guinea pigs infected with either attenuated strain explains the mode of viral dissemination and accounts for viral rescue and antigen detection from some organs. These results suggest that attenuated strains do not differ greatly in their invasive capacity in guinea pigs, but later on viral replication is impaired. Therefore, these findings reveal potential risks and should be noted when developing human vaccines.
Asunto(s)
Arenaviridae/patogenicidad , Arenavirus del Nuevo Mundo/patogenicidad , Fiebre Hemorrágica Americana/microbiología , Animales , Arenavirus del Nuevo Mundo/inmunología , Células Cultivadas , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Cobayas , Fiebre Hemorrágica Americana/prevención & control , Vacunas Atenuadas/efectos adversos , Vacunas Virales/efectos adversos , Viremia/microbiologíaRESUMEN
The effect of the attenuated XJC13 and XJ0 strains of Junin virus (JV) was studied in guinea pigs infected before and during pregnancy. The 58% mortality rate in animals infected during gestation and the 16.7% mortality rate in chronically infected animals were attributed to a viral effect. An abortion rate of 33% occurred in animals infected before the 7th week of gestation. Regardless of the time of infection, JV was isolated from central nervous system tissue, placentas, and fetuses of animals killed just before parturition, even when circulating neutralizing antibodies were present. Results confirmed that transplacental infection is a regular event and showed that guinea pigs are more susceptible to attenuated JV strains during pregnancy, most probably due to immunosuppression, hormonal changes, or both.
Asunto(s)
Fiebre Hemorrágica Americana/microbiología , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/microbiología , Animales , Arenavirus del Nuevo Mundo/aislamiento & purificación , Femenino , Cobayas , Fiebre Hemorrágica Americana/mortalidad , Embarazo , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/mortalidadRESUMEN
Junin virus infection of immune system organs was correlated with persistence establishment in the mouse and rat. Rockland mice under 24 or at 72 and 120 h of age received 10(4) pfu of Junin virus XJ strain by ic route. Separately, two groups of mice under 24 h old were infected with the same dose of XJ or XJCl3 strain by the same route respectively. Results showed that higher thymus virus titer correlated with greater survival. In turn, the former also seemed to correlate with decreasing age at inoculation time, although there was considerable strain dependence. In order to correlate replication levels in thymus with clinical progress in mice, animals under 24 h of age were inoculated with XJ. At 14 days pi apparently healthy mice from this batch were separated from those presenting severe neurologic sings. In the asymptomatic mice, thymus titers ranged from 1.7 to 3.2 log, while no virus was found in thymus harvested from obviously ill animals. However brain virus titers in the two groups proved similar. To confirm these findings, 72 h old Wistar rats were inoculated in with 10(4) pfu of either Junin virus strain: with XJ strain (90% survival) virus could be readily isolated from thymus and bone marrow at day 7 pi, whereas with XJCl3 (5% survival) no virus could be rescued from any organ tested. Therefore, our results strongly suggest a close correlation between productive thymic infection and Junin virus persistence establishment in these rodents, depending on immune response regulation rather than on viral variation.