RESUMEN
McNeil and Rainwater's Fear of Pain Questionnaire III (FPQ-III, 1998) is an empirically derived self-report inventory that assesses fear of three broad categories of pain: Severe, Minor, and Medical Pain. Previous exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses suggest that the original 3-factor model of the FPQ-III has a poor fit [Osman A, Breitenstein JL, Barrios FX, Gutierrez PM, Kopper BA. The Fear of Pain Questionnaire-III: further reliability and validity with nonclinical samples. J Behav Med 2002;25:155-73; Albaret MC, Sastre MTM, Cottensin A, Mullet E. The Fear of Pain Questionnaire: factor structure in samples of young, middle-aged and elderly European people. Eur J Pain 2004;8:273-81; Roelofs J, Peters ML, Deutz J, Spijker C, Vlaeyen JWS. The Fear of Pain Questionnaire (FPQ): further psychometric examination in a non-clinical sample. Pain 2005;116:339-46.]. The goals of this study were to empirically evaluate the previously proposed 3-factor models of the FPQ-III, identify and remove items that contribute to the factor instability of the FPQ-III, and evaluate potential alternative models based on a reduced item pool. A sample of 589 participants from the University of Regina and the University of Manitoba communities was randomly divided into two subsamples of approximately equal size. FPQ-III data from these subsamples were subjected to confirmatory factor analysis and an iterative combination of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. The initial confirmatory factor analysis revealed that none of the previous models had acceptable fit to the data. Following iterative factor analyses and item reductions, a 4-factor model with good fit to the data and invariance across gender was identified. This model comprised 20-items distributed on factors representing Severe, Minor, Injection, and Dental Pain. The total scale and subscale scores based on the 4-factor model had good internal consistency, and preliminary support for construct validity was obtained. Use of this short version of the measure--the FPQ-Short Form--is discussed and directions for future research outlined.
Asunto(s)
Miedo/psicología , Dolor/psicología , Psicometría/normas , Encuestas y Cuestionarios/normas , Adolescente , Adulto , Análisis Factorial , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Dolor/diagnóstico , Psicometría/métodos , Distribución AleatoriaRESUMEN
The purpose of this article is to summarize strategies for effectively managing the symptoms of anxiety. The distinction between the cognitive, physiological and behavioral components of fear and anxiety is explained and various treatment targets are outlined. Empirically-supported strategies that are effective in alleviating common symptoms of anxiety are reviewed. These include various forms of psychosocial intervention (i.e., cognitive and behavioral therapies), pharmacotherapy, in addition combined treatment approaches. Expert consensus guidelines, prognostic factors, patient preferences and accessibility issues are discussed with regard to treatment selection in addition to emerging challenges in the field and future research directions.