RESUMEN
Last decennia much attention has been paid to improve the oral health of schoolchildren. The purpose of this study was to examine the present caries prevalence and the state of oral health of schoolchildren. Therefore 1.147 children from group 2 and group 8 of the primary school (6 and 12 years of age) in the province Drenthe were examined. Of the children 33% had caries and 13% had gingivitis. The highest percentages of caries were found in the low SES-group and among children that have education at schools for children with special needs. The study showed that these children brushed their teeth less often, they visited the dentist for the first time at an older age and they were eating many snacks. Children who had received an instruction in how to brush one's teeth, did not score better in the caries prevalence compared to children without previous instruction. Also the children whose parents had information about oral health, did not score better than the other children.
Asunto(s)
Caries Dental/epidemiología , Gingivitis/epidemiología , Salud Bucal , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Países Bajos/epidemiología , Higiene Bucal , Prevalencia , Instituciones Académicas , Factores SocioeconómicosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Description of causes of death among asylum seekers in the Netherlands compared to the Dutch standard population and identification of preventive measures to avoid preventable death. METHODS: An analysis of the causes of death of asylum seekers accommodated in housing facilities of the Central Organ Asylum seekers (COA) for the period 1998-1999 was performed. The primary cause of death was attributed using the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) and grouped according to the most important causes of death list issued by Statistics Netherlands. After stratification for gender and age standardised mortality ratios (SMR) were computed. RESULTS: In 82% of the observed deaths amongst asylum seekers a description of the cause and circumstances of death could be obtained. During the 2-year study period 156 asylum seekers died (of which 49 due to an unnatural cause of death and 15 due to infectious diseases). Fourteen stillbirths were registered in an index population of 37,688 in 1998 and 54,110 in 1999. The crude mortality rate was 1.95 per 1000 for male asylum seekers and 1.25 per 1000 for female asylum seekers. Compared to the Dutch standard population, the SMR was 1.23 (95%-CI: 1.01-1.42) for male asylum seekers and 0.85 (0.59-1.11) for female asylum seekers. The elevated mortality in male asylum seekers was due to the high mortality for infectious diseases with an SMR of 4.1 (1.3-6.9) and unnatural death with an SMR of 2.5 (1.7-3.2). More specifically, drowning had an SMR of 11.1 (2.3-20.7), murder and manslaughter 7.3 (2.5-12.0) and suicide 2.8 (1.5-4.1). AIDS accounted for half of the mortality due to infectious diseases. CONCLUSION: In 1998-1999, drowning, murder, manslaughter and suicide contributed significantly to an elevated mortality rate amongst male asylum seekers in the Netherlands. Some of these unnatural deaths could be avoided by implementing preventive measures.
Asunto(s)
Causas de Muerte , Enfermedades Transmisibles/mortalidad , Refugiados/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Niño , Preescolar , Demografía , Ahogamiento/mortalidad , Emigración e Inmigración , Femenino , Homicidio/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Países Bajos/epidemiología , Dinámica Poblacional , Distribución por Sexo , Estadística como Asunto , Suicidio/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
In the mediaeval Dutch manuscript Der naturen bloeme ('On the flowers of nature') by Jacob van Maerlant (circa 1230-circa 1296), an encyclopaedia of descriptions of people, animals, plants and minerals dating from about 1270, many illustrations refer to the text. An intriguing part of the book is called 'Vreemde volkeren' ('Exotic people'). In another manuscript of Van Maerlant, Dit is die istory van Troyen ('The history of Troyes') in the chapter 'De wonderen van het Verre Oosten' ('The miracles of the Far East') the exotic people are also described. These exotic people have many features similar to congenital malformations. 'Hippopodes' are probably based on the lobster claw syndrome, 'Cynocephali' on anencephaly, 'Arimaspi' on cyclopia, 'Blemmyae' on acardiacus, the double-faced on diprosopus, 'Sciopods' on polydactyly and 'Antipodes' on the sirenomelia sequence.
Asunto(s)
Anomalías Congénitas/historia , Manuscritos como Asunto/historia , Ilustración Médica/historia , Anomalías Teratoides Graves/historia , Enciclopedias como Asunto , Femenino , Historia Medieval , Humanos , Masculino , Países BajosRESUMEN
Thirty eight human sera, seropositive for herpes simplex virus (HSV) and 56 human sera, seronegative for HSV by immunofluorescence and by ELISA, were investigated for reactivity with a series of overlapping synthetic peptides of HSV type 1 glycoprotein D (gD-1). Thirty four out of the 38 human sera positive for HSV reacted with peptides located between residues 300 and 369; the HSV-negative sera reacted with six of the gD-1 peptides, but with none of the peptides within residues 300 to 369.
Asunto(s)
Péptidos/síntesis química , Simplexvirus/inmunología , Proteínas del Envoltorio Viral/inmunología , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Técnica del Anticuerpo Fluorescente , Humanos , Pruebas de Neutralización , Péptidos/inmunologíaRESUMEN
The apparently increasing evidence of herpes simplex virus infections of the genital tract has focused attention on preventing the infection by vaccination. Herpes genitalis is not, however, the most quantitatively important clinical manifestation of herpes simplex virus infections. Because 41% of the hospitalized patients are younger than 20 years, vaccination of birth cohorts would be more favourable. In this paper the financial benefits of a hypothetical herpes simplex virus vaccination were calculated with the use of a population projection model. For the Netherlands, if the price of the hypothetical herpes simplex virus vaccine equals the cost price of the mumps component of the combined mumps-measles-rubella vaccine, the herpes vaccine would be profitable within 8 years.
Asunto(s)
Herpes Simple/prevención & control , Simplexvirus/inmunología , Vacunación/economía , Vacunas Virales , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Niño , Preescolar , Análisis Costo-Beneficio , Combinación de Medicamentos , Herpes Genital/economía , Herpes Genital/prevención & control , Herpes Simple/economía , Herpes Simple/epidemiología , Humanos , Lactante , Queratitis Dendrítica/economía , Queratitis Dendrítica/epidemiología , Queratitis Dendrítica/prevención & control , Vacuna Antisarampión , Vacuna contra el Sarampión-Parotiditis-Rubéola , Persona de Mediana Edad , Modelos Teóricos , Vacuna contra la Parotiditis , Países Bajos , Vacuna contra la Rubéola , Estomatitis Herpética/economía , Estomatitis Herpética/epidemiología , Estomatitis Herpética/prevención & controlRESUMEN
Peptides corresponding to residues 1-13, 9-21, 18-30, 82-93, 137-150, 181-197, 232-243, 235-243, 267-281, 271-281 and 302-315 of glycoprotein D of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) were chemically synthesized. These peptides were coupled to carrier proteins, and the resulting conjugates were used to immunize rabbits. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine antipeptide antibody titers in serum collected after immunization. All peptides appeared to be immunogenic in rabbits. Western immunoblot analysis with detergent extracts of HSV-1-infected Vero cells showed that antibodies against each of the peptides were able to react with the parent glycoprotein under denaturing conditions. Antisera against peptides 1-13, 9-21, and 18-30 neutralized HSV-1 infectivity in vitro, peptide 9-21 being the most successful in this respect. Immunization with a mixture of peptides 9-21 and 267-281 yielded antisera which reacted strongly with glycoprotein gD in Western blot analysis and showed a more solid virus-neutralizing activity in vitro.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Antivirales/inmunología , Péptidos/inmunología , Simplexvirus/inmunología , Proteínas del Envoltorio Viral/inmunología , Vacunas Virales/inmunología , Animales , Anticuerpos Antivirales/biosíntesis , Especificidad de Anticuerpos , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Sueros Inmunes/inmunología , Inmunización , Inmunoensayo , Pruebas de Neutralización , Péptidos/síntesis química , Conejos , Vacunas Sintéticas/inmunología , Células VeroRESUMEN
The N-terminal fragment, comprising residues -5 to 55 of herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein D was expressed as a beta-galactosidase fusion protein in Escherichia coli. This gD-fusion protein reacts with monoclonal antibody LP 14 directed against glycoprotein D of HSV. Antisera obtained after immunization of rabbits with purified gD-fusion protein react with HSV-1 gD in a Western blot and with N-terminal synthetic peptides of gD. In addition, these antisera are able to neutralize viral infectivity in vitro.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusión/inmunología , Proteínas Recombinantes/inmunología , Simplexvirus/inmunología , Proteínas del Envoltorio Viral/inmunología , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Anticuerpos Antivirales/biosíntesis , Anticuerpos Antivirales/inmunología , Chinchilla , Clonación Molecular , Escherichia coli/genética , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Plásmidos , Conejos , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusión/biosíntesis , Simplexvirus/genética , Proteínas del Envoltorio Viral/biosíntesis , Proteínas del Envoltorio Viral/genética , beta-Galactosidasa/genéticaRESUMEN
Thirty-two cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from eighteen patients with confirmed herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) were assayed by an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the presence of viral antigens. The results are expressed as an antigen ratio distinguishing between herpes simplex virus (HSV) antigens containing samples and negative samples. Judged by this criterion a positive result was obtained in 33% of the patients. Overall, 25% of the CSF samples from HSE patients were positive. In one out of 33 control patients with other neurological disorders a positive antigen ratio was found. Two or more CSF samples were available from eleven patients. In six of these, the second or later samples showed a decreased antigen ratio when compared to the first CSF sample. An increase of the anti-HSV antibody titer was seen in the CSF of five of these six patients. Five out of six patients with a decreasing antigen ratio had an unfavorable outcome of their encephalitis, while a favorable outcome was seen in four of the five patients with an increasing or steady antigen ratio. A decrease of the antigen ratio in the course of HSE can be explained by the presence of immune complexes in CSF and may indicate a poor prognosis.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos Virales/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Encefalitis/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Herpes Simple/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Simplexvirus/inmunología , Anticuerpos Antivirales/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Encefalitis/diagnóstico , Encefalitis/inmunología , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Herpes Simple/diagnóstico , Herpes Simple/inmunología , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina G/líquido cefalorraquídeoRESUMEN
We investigated several methods for the rapid diagnosis of herpes simplex virus induced encephalitis in a rabbit model. The corneas of twenty-two rabbits were infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and diagnosis of Herpes encephalitis was made by virus isolation, immunofluorescent and peroxidase staining of brain biopsies, demonstration of anti-HSV IgM in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and by an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), designed for detection of viral antigens. With the last method we were able to demonstrate viral antigens in cerebrospinal fluid six days post infection, before clinical signs of encephalitis appeared. In three rabbits this was before anti-HSV IgM appeared in the CSF. Virus was isolated from brain samples of 67 per cent of the animals which died from Herpes encephalitis. Nine rabbits received cortisone before infection, resulting in markedly lower antibody titers and a higher lethality, 77 per cent, as compared to 46 per cent in nontreated rabbits. For rapid diagnosis of Herpes encephalitis in rabbits, demonstration of herpes simplex virus antigens in CSF by means of an indirect ELISA is superior to the other methods investigated.