RESUMEN

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Disturbed body perception is a common characteristic of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after childhood sexual abuse (CSA). We examined the extent to which biased information processing of body related stimuli was related to CSA. METHODS: Patients with PTSD after CSA (PTSD group; n = 61) were compared to healthy controls (HC group; n = 30). The PTSD group was subdivided into patients with comorbid Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD; PTSD+ group) and patients without BPD (PTSD-group). We used an emotional Stroop task (EST) with body-related words to assess biased information processing. RESULTS: Only patients in the PTSD+ group but not in the PTSD-group showed a significantly stronger attentional bias to body related words compared to the HC group (p = .009). LIMITATIONS: Recruitment in in-patient setting might have led to a non-representative sample of PTSD patients. The PTSD patients were not characterized regarding anything other than the mentioned mental disorders. Potentially, the body related words may have been associated with offenders' body areas, but not with the patients. CONCLUSION: We found that patients with PTSD and comorbid BPD had a stronger attentional bias towards body related stimuli in comparison to other groups. This suggests that the observed attentional bias is a product of CSA combined with the emotion regulation difficulties characteristic of BPD. Future studies should test whether directly targeting body-related abnormalities in information processing can improve existing treatments for patients with CSA and BPD.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

In a series of experiments in two ileo-rectostomized pigs the precaecal apparent and true digestibilities for crude protein of seven 15N-labelled feedstuffs were studied using the mobile bag technique. True digestibility values of crude protein calculated with the help of isotope dilution were 4-14 units higher than the corresponding apparent digestibility values. This is caused by the infiltration of the bag residues with endogenous unlabelled nitrogen. In dependence on the kind of feedstuff the endogenous N portion in the bags amounted to 25-70% of the total N. In addition, the contamination is influenced by differences between the animals (mean 4-7%) and by different treatments of bags after gut passage (3-10%).

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The apparent precaecal nutrient digestibility and amino acid (a.a.) absorption of 10 diets were estimated in pigs with end-to-side ileorectal anastomoses (IRA) as well as with ileocaecal re-entrant cannulae (IZB). The digestibilities of organic matter and crude carbohydrates were significantly higher in IRA pigs than in IZB pigs in two resp. three diets only. There were no practical important differences for the digestibilities of crude protein and crude fat in all diets. Out of the 180 a.a. absorption comparisons only 20 (i.e. 11%) showed differences larger than 5%-units. The absorption rates of several a.a. were lower in IRA than in IZB pigs and of some other a.a. on the contrary. The methionine absorption of five legume diets and one barley + lysine diet were up to 15% resp. 4%-units lower in IRA pigs. Possibly this was due to the activity of microbes in the rectum in connection with a small intake level of protein bound methionine. In order to minimize such a falsification it is proposed to use the end-to-end anastomosis. The deviations in the apparent a.a. absorption between IRA and IZB pigs can be explained partly by differences in the quantity of precaecally excreted endogenous a.a. per 100 g DM intake.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The mobile bag technique (MBT) was used in two ileorectostomized and two intact pigs with duodenal cannulae, in order to estimate the precaecal and total crude protein digestibility and amino acid (lysine, methionine, cystine, threonine, tryptophan) absorption of ten single feedstuffs (field bean, lupin, rapeseed meal, fish meal, barley, wheat) and three diets. For each feed 36 bags were applied per animal. After a peptic predigestion in vitro, application of the bags through the duodenal cannula into the intestine and their passage through the gut, the residues remaining in the bags were pooled to collective samples and just as the original feed material analysed on dry matter, nitrogen and amino acids. The directly determined MBT-digestibilities (BV) and the values obtained by regressive calculations (BVb) have been compared with apparent digestibilities (sV) conducted from conventional digestion experiments. 74 per cent of all BV data was higher than the corresponding sV values. Similarities of BV with sV showed in 58 per cent, those of BVb with sV only in 17 per cent. In all cases differences of > +/- 4 digestibility units showed. Checking additivity of diet-BV by means of calculations from the BV of their single ingredients did not generally lead to the same results as the directly estimated diet-BV; in some cases the results were contrary. Therefore the use of MBT for mixed feed diets has to be further investigated. For single feedstuffs the MBT can be used successfully as a rapid and simple technique when regressive calculations are employed.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

In faeces and ileal digesta samples of 31 intact (INT) as well as 73 surgically differently prepared pigs bacterial fractionations and 2.6-diaminopimelic acid (DAP) estimations were carried out in order to calculate the bacterial N proportion in faeces N and digesta N after feeding various diets. Because of a high individual variability and the analytical variation width of the DAP/N-ratios no distinct influences of the fed diets could be found. The average DAP/N-values in the faeces (0.224) of INT pigs ranged in the same magnitude as in the digesta (0.0272) of ileorectostomized (IRA) pigs with open colon descendens (IRAo), where a digesta backflow is possible. Distinct lower DAP/N-ratios (0.0125 resp. 0.0043), however, were found in the digesta of pigs with ileo-caecal cannulae (IZB) or IRA pigs with closed colon (IRAg). On the base of various premises (N of the "bacterial fraction" C is only bacterial N; the DAP found in fraction A originates from intestinal bacteria adhering to feed particles) conducted calculations of the bacterial N proportions (in per cent of total N) led to the following data: Faeces of INT pigs: 43.0 ... 68.2 vs. 69.6 ... 89.0; digesta of operated pigs (except protein free diet) IRAo: 22.3 ... 57.0 vs. 46.2 ... 73.8; IZB: 17.0 ... 35.7 vs. 25.2 ... 53.6; IRAg (only 3 pigs): 23.6 vs. 24.2. The proportion of bacterial N in the digesta N of protein free fed IRAo pigs was 22.0 vs. 22.6%.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

A method is described for estimation of 2.6-diaminopimelic acid (DAP) using an automated amino acid analyzer and MOORE and STEIN ninhydrin reagent. Investigations were made concerning the influence of sample treatment on DAP content of faeces and ileal digesta of pigs and isolated bacteria. Oxidation before hydrolysis did not change DAP content of faeces and bacterial samples, but increased DAP of digesta. Since analytical reasons were excluded, different accessibility of DAP in faeces and digesta for hydrolysis is suggested. Lyophilization or preservation of fresh samples with formaldehyde and phenolic solution, resp., resulted in no significant influence on DAP content.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

In order to guarantee an equally good development of ileorectostomized pigs (IRA) used for the determination of precaecal protein digestibility and the absorption of amino acids as for intact animals (INT), the supplementation of their rations with easily soluble carbohydrates and minerals is necessary. The effects of these supplements on live weight development, nitrogen balance and N utilization level were the subject of the assessment of 21 rations with 129 and 117 balance measuring resp. with growing IRA and INT pigs. Without any supplementation of the rations the N balances of the IRA pigs showed significantly lower and partly negative N balances and N utilization levels in comparison to the INT pigs. The combined supplement of easily soluble carbohydrates (100 g/kg DM intake) and 300 ... 400 ml electrolyte solution per day (approximately 1 ... 1.3 g additional Na) resulted in N balances almost equal to those of INT pigs. The supplement of both electrolyte solution and NaHCO3 (approximately 2 g Na per animal and day additionally) to a barley + lysine ration resulted in a significant increase of the N balance and N utilization in IRA pigs of a live weight between 120 and 140 kg in contrast to the control period. A supplement of carbohydrates to a ration consisting of barley + fish meal + grass meal and electrolyte supplements of 400 ml per animal and day only resulted in significantly higher N balances and N utilization levels in the live weight range up to 70 kg in comparison to the control periods, which then corresponded to those of INT pigs. There was no essential influence of carbohydrate supplementations on pigs of more than 70 kg live weight. The postileal digestibility of the crude carbohydrates (CC) of 14 rations calculated from the difference between total digestibility (faecal analysis) and precaecal digestibility (analysis of the ileal chyme of IRA pigs) showed that between 40 and 100 g (70 g on average) out of the 780 g CC per kg DM consumed disappear in the large intestine. These studies show that in the testing of concentrates and mixed feed rations the supplementation of 100 g easily soluble carbohydrates/kg DM intake should be sufficient to guarantee a normal development of IRA pigs. In addition, an oral supply of 1 to 2 g sodium in the form of electrolyte solution exceeding the requirement of INT pigs is necessary as this supplementation significantly improves the N retention of IRA pigs even heavier than 100 kg.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

In a tripartite experiment with five rats each the suitability of 51Cr2O3 and TiO2 as markers was tested for estimating the transit time and passage rate as well as the total protein digestibility and the proportion of endogenous nitrogen in the small intestine with very small samples. Both markers are suited for these tests because of their simple analysis, their high recovery rate (94...105% for 51Cr2O3; 98...105% for TiO2) and their quantitative excretion in faeces within 3 days. Depending on the level of crude fibre (5.1 resp. 9.4% of DM) the transit time was found to be 7...8 h for a commercial breeding feed and 5...6 h for this commercial feed +15% straw meal. After the application of a single doses, the marker excretion of 50% appeared within 10 +/- 1 h resp. 8 +/- 1 h, and after the 12th hour there were no significant differences at all. The apparent N-digestibilities estimated by the conventional or the 51Cr2O3 resp. TiO2 indicator method did not show any differences. The proportion of endogenous nitrogen at the end of the small intestine calculated on the basis of the indicator dilution method was 83 +/- 11% for 51Cr2O3 and 83 +/- 12% for TiO2.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

In addition to a basic ration (barley, dried green fodder, fishmeal) pigs (castrated males, 100 ... 130 kg live weight) received a supplement of raw potato starch, raw ensiled potatoes, cooked potato starch or steamed ensiled potatoes; nutrient and amino acid passage and digestibility (absorption) were measured in the small intestine, the upper large intestine and the total digestive tract with the help of simple cannulae at the distal ileum and the middle of the hind gut and the estimation of the HCl insoluble ash as an indicator. In addition, the amounts of bacteria in faeces were determined and the influence of raw and cooked potato starch on N retention was ascertained. When raw potato products were fed, distinctly higher amounts of dry matter, organic matter and starch pass the ileum, which get into the colon undigested, i.e. the digestibility of these substances is low at the end of the ileum (raw potato starch 24%, starch of raw ensiled potatoes 36%). Up to the middle of the colon there is intensive bacterial starch degradation so that in this place the difference between raw and thermically treated potatoes is only small. No matter what the previous treatment of the potatoes was, there is hardly any starch in faeces, i.e. it was nearly 100% digested up to the end of the digestive tract. The passage and digestibility resp. of ash and crude cellulose from the basic ration is not influenced by the supplement of raw or thermically treated potato products in the individual sections of the digestive tract. At the end of the ileum there are no differences between the apparent digestibility of the crude protein and absorption of amino acids of supplemented raw or cooked potato starch or steamed ensiled potatoes; after the use of raw ensiled potatoes they are, however, significantly more reduced than the comparison of analyses of faeces shows. In the large intestine the high amount of potato starch stimulates the metabolism and the reproduction of faecal bacteria as is shown by an increase by 20-30% in bacteria N excretion in faeces. Apparent crude protein digestibility and amino acid absorption are diminished by that. The increased N excretion in faeces after the supplement of raw potato starch to the basic ration is-in comparison with the supplement of heated starch-compensated by a commensurately lower N excretion in urine so that N retention practically remains uninfluenced by the supplement of variously treated potato starch.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The slaughtering and cutting up of 7 (6) female pigs in each of 3 groups (live weight approximately 113 kg) fed on approximately 80, 100 and 120% protein (lysine) of the norm as well as the determination of nitrogen and amino acids in the individual parts of the body had--in comparison to 6 reference animals (live weight approximately 36 kg) treated in the same way at the beginning of the experiment--the following results: In the course of growth the quota (in % of the slaughter weight) of bacon, belly fat + intestinal fat tissue is more than doubled; the relative quotas of bones, skin + ears, bristles + claws, blood and entrails, however, decrease. The total meat quota is 54% and remains relatively equal independent of the live weight. The N-quotas (in % of the empty body-N) of muscle and fat tissue and of the skin increase in the course of fattening, those of bones, useable organs and offal decrease distinctly. At the end of fattening the muscle protein of the animals amounted to 59% of the empty body protein and to 87% of the carcass protein. The amino acid content (g/16 g N) hardly changes in the individual parts during growth; the percentage amino acid distribution follows the weight-and N-distribution. The lysine content of the edible parts of the carcass is 8.4 g/16 g N. The chosen grades in the protein (lysine) supply of the test animals did not result in any significant changes with regard to the qualitative parameters (protein and amino acid content of the valuable and less valuable parts of the body as well as their percentage distribution in the empty body). The quantitative parameters (live weight gain, protein (amino acid) retention per day) are diminished in approximately the same relation as the insufficiency of the alimentary supply; by excessive supply, however, they do not significantly increase. The results are compared with corresponding data from literature and discussed.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The slaughtering of female fattening pigs differently supplied with protein and lysine (nearly constant proportions) showed that a high supply (III) in comparison to the standard supply (II) did not bring about better results. The lower consumption of digestible crude protein and lysine (I) resulted in a prolonged fattening period, lower daily protein retention (by 23%) and a lower content in live weight growth (by 5%). The two feeding variants I and III are therefore ineconomical and not recommendable. There are significant positive correlations between N-retention calculated from 3 N-balance measurings in the first fattening period (up to the 44th fattening day) and N-deposit ascertained after the analysis at the carcasses at the beginning and at the end of fattening. By means of the calculated estimate functions (1) y = 4.724 + 0.5432x and (2) y = 7.850 + 0.4961x the level of the real protein deposition (y) in the total fattening period can be derived from the N-balance (x) both in g per animal and day (1) and in g per kg live weight growth (2). The four complexes of causes for the differences in N-retention according to N-balance and N-deposit according to carcass analysis: 1. high N-deposition in the first fattening period; 2. unascertainable N-losses 3. the difference between slaughtering and total body weight and 4. physiologically caused deviations in the N-storage of the living organism, are discussed. Protein and lysine utilisations are comparable with values from literature achieved under similar conditions. In the group supplied according to standard (II) it is 29.5 and 45.6% resp. or, related to the digested quota, 36.6 and 57.7% resp. Here the protein (10.1 kg) and lysine (1,640 g) assigned for a live weight growth of 80 kg (35-115 kg) in 100 fattening days were consumed, which means that 162 g lysine were needed for 1 kg deposited protein.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Growing female pigs provided with re-entrant ileum resp. ileocecal cannulae received 6 different rations (fattening feed I and II for pigs, rations with dried skim milk, wheat gluten + lysine resp. wheat + wheat gluten + lysine, N-free mixture). The ileum chyme was separated into the fractions supernatant 1 and sediment 1 and by a treatment of supernatant 1 with trichloracetic acid and subsequent centrifuging into supernatant 2 and sediment 2. In the complete chyme as well as in all fractions the crude protein and amino acid contents were determined. The distribution in per cent of the crude protein and the amino acids over the fractions was calculated as well. The influence of the rations, in particular rations of dried skim milk, on the amino acid pattern of the complete chyme and the chyme fractions could be established. An influence of the rations could not be recognised on sediment 2 only, which indicates a uniform amino acid pattern of these probably endogenous proteins. The percentage of crude protein and amino acids in the fractions was also influenced by the rations.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The crude protein digestibility and the amino acid absorption of six female pigs (average live weight 61 kg) with duodenal and ileocecal re-entrant cannulae, which were fed with a wheat + wheat gluten + lysine ration and an N-free ration, were determined in various segments of the intestines. Comparative experiments concerning the N-metabolism with pigs without and with cannulae showed that the animals renormalised their metabolism 14 days after narcosis and fistulation of the intestines. The extents of secretion and absorption of the various amino acids vary as it is shown from the values of the apparent and true digestibility resp. rate of passage through various segments of the intestines. While for methionine and glutamic acid absorption exceeds endogenous secretion already in the duodenum, the amino acids with a high endogenous quota (glycine, alanine, threonine, tryptophan) are, even at the terminal ileum, not as well absorbed as the others. Methionine is obviously synthesised on a large scale by the colon flora and excreted in feces. The fractionation of the duodenal and ileum chyme after feeding wheat + wheat gluten + lysine as well as N-free mixture, into the fractions "solid particles", "peptides-free amino acids" and "proteines precipitable by trichlor-acetic acid" supplies information on the degree of protein degradation in various segments of the intestines.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Growing pigs with ileum and ileocecal re-entrant canulae were given 5 different rations (pig fattening feed 1 and 2, rations with dried skim milk, wheat gluten + lysine and wheat + wheat gluten + lysine). The crude protein and amino acid excretion was quantitatively determined with ileum chyme and feces. The calculation of the amino acid balances (apparent and true digestibility) at the end of the small intestine, at the end of the wholedigestive tract and the isolated colon showed characteristic differences for the individual amino acids. On ileum level the amino acids with relatively high endogenous quotas, threonine, tryptophane, alanine, aspartic acid and glycine showed a distinctly lower, the amino acids arginine, methionine, phenylalanine, glutamic acid, proline and tyrosine a distinctly higher digestibilityhan crude protein. In comparison of the values on the feces level, including the true digestibility, these differences are largely balanced out. At the end of the small intestine the absorption of the amino acids is in the main completed. The disappearance rate of amino acids from the colon shows large differences with reference to the different rations as well as the individual amino acids. They were particularly high for various rations as far as proline, tryptophane, glycine and cystine are concerned. If wheat gluten + lysine rations were given, a net synthesis of methionine in the colon could be proved.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Re-entrance cannulae were applied by way of operations at the end of the small intestine of a larger number of growing pigs. After a post-operative phase these animals were fed with various rations (N-free diet, fattening feed for pigs, rations with dried skim milk resp. wheat gluten + lysine and wheat + wheat gluten + lysine). During the main experiment periods the ileum digesta (24 hour-periods of collecting) and the feces were quantitatively registered. The protein and amino acid content ascertained in the feed rations, the digesta and feces samples are reported, comparatively evaluated and discussed. The amount of amino acids (in mg per kg intake of dry matter) contained in the ileum digesta after N-free feeding were statistically calculated with regard to differences occuring between the animals and days. For most amino acids a significant decrease in the ileum digesta could be detected during the course of the N-free feeding period. Moreover, the amount of amino acids in the ileum digesta was compared with the metabolic fecal amino acids, from which conclusions could be drawn concerning the disappearance rate of the individual amino acids in large intestine.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Crude cell wall preparations from Cicer arietinum L. cell suspension cultures show high activity for the hydrolysis of coniferyl alcohol beta-D-glucoside (coniferin). Various beta-glucosidase activities could be solubilized from these preparations by 0.5 M NaCl treatment and one of these could be shown to possess a high activity for the hydrolysis of coniferin. The enzyme activities were purified to near homogeneity by Sephadex G-200 and CM-Sephadex chromatography. Isoelectric focussing indicated the occurrence of beta-glucosidase isoenzymes with identical catalytic activity (pI 8.5-10). Molecular weights were determined as 110 000, with two subunits of 63 000 and 43 000. Maximum hydrolytic activity is at pH 5. The beta-glucosidase isoenzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of various beta-glucosides with aromatic aglycone structure and different sugar moieties. However, coniferin has been found to be one of the best substrates (km = 0.8 mM; V = 6 mumol.min-1.mg protein-1) for these beta-glucosidase isoenzymes. The data suggest that beta-glucosidase-catalyzed reaction might be involved in lignification of these plant cell cultures.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The biological activity of several gibberellin (GA) conjugates was studied and compared with that of the corresponding free GAs. The following conjugates were included: O(3)-ß-D-glucopyranosides of GA1, GA3 and GA4; O(13)-ß-D-glucopyranosides of GA1, GA3 and GA5; O(13)-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-GA5-ß-D-glucopyranosyl ester; GA3-ß-D-glucopyranosyl ester and GA3-α-D-glucopyranosyl ester; N-GA3-oyl-glycine, its methyl ester, N-GA3-oyl-glycylglycine, and N-GA3-oyl-proline. All compounds were synthesized chemically but some of them are known to occur as endogenous plant products, or to be formed in plants upon application of a free GA. Activity was determined in the dwarf pea, dwarf corn, dwarf rice, and lettuce hypocotyl bioassays. The GA conjugates were found to posses different relative activities depending on the chemical structure, the bioassay system, and the site of application (shoot or roots). It is concluded that the activity of GA conjugates as measured in different bioassays is based upon the ability of plant enzymes and possibly of certain microorganisms to hydrolyze glucosidic, glucosyl ester, and amide-like linkages.

Asunto(s)