RESUMEN
Relatar a atuação do enfermeiro e dificuldades enfrentadas no contexto intercultural e compreender o processo saúde-doença na visão do indígena. Foram utilizadas as bases de dados LILACS, Scielo, Medline e BVS Brasil. Dezoito artigos foram selecionados. Evidenciouse que a falta de conhecimento, e a ausência de capacitação profissional, denota a existência de paradigma cultural por parte dos enfermeiros. Conclui-se que para compreender o contexto indígena, é preciso enfrentar as dificuldades a ele inerentes, sendo fundamental reconhecer e compreender as crenças indígenas e valorizar seus saberes tradicionais para atuar de forma a garantir a atenção diferenciada proposta pela PNASPI
To report the nurses' performance and difficulties faced in the context and understanding the health-disease process in the indigenous's view. The databases LILACS, Scielo, Medline and VHL Brazil were used. Eighteen articles were selected. It was evidenced that the lack of knowledge, and the absence of professional qualification, indicates the existence of a cultural paradigm on the part of the nurses. It is concluded that in order to understand the indigenous context, it is necessary to confront the inherent difficulties. It is fundamental to recognize and understand indigenous beliefs and to value their traditional knowledge to act in order to guarantee the differentiated attention proposed by PNASPI
RESUMEN
Raman spectroscopy has been employed in the quantitative analysis of biochemical components in human serum. This study aimed to develop a spectral model to estimate the concentration of glucose and lipid fractions in human serum, thus evaluating the feasibility of Raman spectroscopy technique for diagnostic purposes. A total of 44 samples of blood serum were collected from volunteers submitted to routine blood biochemical assay analysis. The biochemical concentrations of glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, and high-density and low-density lipoproteins (HDL and LDL) were obtained by colorimetric method. Serum samples (200 µL) were submitted to Raman spectroscopy (830 nm, 250 mW, 50-s accumulation). The spectra of sera present peaks related to the main constituents, particularly proteins and lipids. A quantitative model based on partial least squares (PLS) regression has been developed to estimate the concentration of these compounds, taking the biochemical concentrations assayed by the colorimetric method as sample's actual concentrations. The PLS model based on leave-one-out cross-validation approach estimated the concentration of triglycerides and cholesterol with r = 0.98 and 0.96, and root mean square error of 35.4 and 15.9 mg/dL, respectively. For the other biochemicals, the r was ranging from 0.75 to 0.86. These results evidenced the possibility of performing biochemical assay in blood serum samples by Raman spectroscopy and PLS regression and may be employed as a means of diagnosis in routine clinical analysis.
Asunto(s)
Glucemia/análisis , Lípidos/sangre , Espectrometría Raman/métodos , Colorimetría , Humanos , Análisis de los Mínimos Cuadrados , Análisis Multivariante , Estándares de ReferenciaRESUMEN
Introduction Raman spectroscopy may become a tool for the analysis of glucose and triglycerides in human serum in real time. This study aimed to detect spectral differences in lipid and glucose components of human serum, thus evaluating the feasibility of Raman spectroscopy for diagnostic purposes. Methods A total of 44 samples of blood serum were collected from volunteers and submitted for clinical blood biochemical analysis. The concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density and high-density lipoproteins (LDL and HDL) were obtained using standard biochemical assays. Serum samples were placed in Eppendorf tubes (200 µL), kept cooled (5 °C) and analyzed with near-infrared Raman spectroscopy (830 nm, 250 mW, 50 s accumulation). The mean spectra of serum with normal or altered concentrations of each parameter were compared to determine which Raman bands were related to the differences between these two groups. Results Differences in peak intensities of altered sera compared to normal ones depended on the parameter under analysis: for glucose, peaks were related to glucose; for lipid compounds the main changes occurred in the peaks related to cholesterol, lipids (mainly triolein) and proteins. Principal Components Analysis discriminated altered glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides from the normal serum based on the differences in the concentration of these compounds. Conclusion Differences in the peak intensities of selected Raman bands could be seen in normal and altered blood serum samples, and may be employed as a means of diagnosis in clinical analysis.