RESUMEN
The codA gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum PCM 1945 coding for a creatinine deiminase (CDI) (EC 3.5.4.21) has been amplified and cloned. The recombinant strain of Escherichia coli that overproduces the (His)6 -tagged inactive CDI of C. glutamicum as inclusion bodies has been constructed. After solubilization of inclusion bodies in the presence of 0.3% N-lauroylsarcosine, the enzyme was renaturated and purified by a single-step procedure using metal-affinity chromatography. The yield of the (His)6 -tagged CDI is ~30 mg from 1 L culture. The purified enzyme is sufficiently stable under the conditions designed and possesses an activity of 10-20 U/mg. The main characteristics of the tagged enzyme remained similar to that of the natural enzyme.
Asunto(s)
Aminohidrolasas/aislamiento & purificación , Proteínas Bacterianas/aislamiento & purificación , Corynebacterium glutamicum/enzimología , Clonación Molecular , Escherichia coli/genéticaRESUMEN
Tumor cells often exhibit specific metabolic defects due to the aberrations in oncogene-dependent regulatory and/or signaling pathways that distinguish them from normal cells. Among others, many malignant cells are deficient in biosynthesis of certain amino acids and concomitantly exhibit elevated sensitivity to deprivation of these amino acids. Although the underlying causes of such metabolic changes are still not fully understood, this feature of malignant cells is exploited in metabolic enzymotherapies based on single amino acid, e.g., arginine, deprivation. To achieve efficient arginine depletion in vivo, two recombinant enzymes, bacterial arginine deiminase and human arginase I have been evaluated and are undergoing further development. This review is aimed to summarize the current knowledge on the application of arginine-degrading enzymes as anticancer agents and as bioanalytical tools for arginine assays. The problems that have to be solved to optimize this therapy for clinical application are discussed.
Asunto(s)
Arginasa/metabolismo , Antineoplásicos/metabolismo , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Arginasa/genética , Arginasa/uso terapéutico , Arginina/metabolismo , Humanos , Hidrolasas/genética , Hidrolasas/metabolismo , Hidrolasas/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Proteínas Recombinantes/biosíntesis , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Arginine deiminase is a promising anticancer drug active against melanoma, hepatocarcinoma and other tumors. Recombinant strains of Escherichia coli that express arginine deiminase from pathogenic bacteria Mycoplasma have been developed. However, production costs of heterologous arginine deiminase are high due to use of an expensive inducer and extraction buffer, as well as using diluted culture for enzyme induction. We report on a new advanced protocol for Mycoplasma hominis arginine deiminase expression, extraction and renaturation. The main improvements include manipulation with dense suspensions of E. coli, use of lactose instead of isopropyl ß-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside as an inducer and a cheaper but not less efficient buffer for solubilization of arginine deiminase inclusion bodies. In addition, supplementation of the storage culture medium with glucose and substrate (arginine) significantly stabilized the recombinant arginine deiminase producer. Homogenous preparations of recombinant arginine deiminase were obtained using anion-exchange and hydrophobic chromatography. The purified enzyme retained a specific activity of 30-34 U/mg for 12 months when stored at 4°C in 20 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.2 containing 1 M NaCl.
Asunto(s)
Clonación Molecular , Escherichia coli/enzimología , Hidrolasas/aislamiento & purificación , Hidrolasas/metabolismo , Mycoplasma hominis/enzimología , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Biotecnología , Medios de Cultivo , Escherichia coli/genética , Hidrolasas/economía , Hidrolasas/genética , Cuerpos de Inclusión , Lactosa/metabolismo , Mutagénesis Sitio-Dirigida , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/aislamiento & purificación , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismoRESUMEN
Iron deficiency causes oversynthesis of riboflavin in several yeast species, known as flavinogenic yeasts. Under iron deprivation conditions, Pichia guilliermondii cells increase production of riboflavin and malondialdehyde and the formation of protein carbonyl groups, which reflect increased intracellular content of reactive oxygen species. In this study, we found that P. guilliermondii iron deprived cells showed dramatically decreased catalase and superoxide dismutase activities. Previously reported mutations rib80, rib81, and hit1, which affect repression of riboflavin synthesis and iron accumulation by iron ions, caused similar drops in activities of the mentioned enzymes. These findings could explain the previously described development of oxidative stress in iron deprived or mutated P. guilliermondii cells that overproduce riboflavin. Similar decrease in superoxide dismutase activities was observed in iron deprived cells in the non-flavinogenic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Asunto(s)
Catalasa/metabolismo , Pichia/enzimología , Pichia/metabolismo , Riboflavina/biosíntesis , Superóxido Dismutasa/metabolismo , Hierro/metabolismo , Malondialdehído/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo , Pichia/fisiología , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismoRESUMEN
Pichia guilliermondii is a representative of a group of so-called flavinogenic yeast species that overproduce riboflavin (vitamin B(2)) in response to iron limitation. Using insertion mutagenesis, we isolated P. guilliermondii mutants overproducing riboflavin. Analysis of nucleotide sequence of recombination sites revealed that insertion cassettes integrated into the genome disrupting P. guilliermondii genes similar to the VMA1 gene of Ashbya gossypii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae and FES1 and FRA1 genes of S. cerevisiae. The constructed P. guilliermondiiΔvma1-17 mutant possessed five- to sevenfold elevated riboflavin production and twofold decreased iron cell content as compared with the parental strain. Pichia guilliermondiiΔfra1-45 mutant accumulated 1.8-2.2-fold more iron in the cells and produced five- to sevenfold more riboflavin as compared with the parental strain. Both Δvma1-17 and Δfes1-77 knockout strains could not grow at 37 °C in contrast to the wild-type strain and the Δfra1-45 mutant. Increased riboflavin production by the wild-type strain was observed at 37 °C. Although the Δfes1-77 mutant did not overproduce riboflavin, it showed partial complementation when crossed with previously isolated P. guilliermondii riboflavin-overproducing mutant rib80-22. Complementation analysis revealed that Δvma1-17 and Δfra1-45 mutants are distinct from previously reported riboflavin-producing mutants hit1-1, rib80-22 and rib81-31 of this yeast.
Asunto(s)
Pichia/genética , Riboflavina/biosíntesis , Riboflavina/genética , ADN de Hongos/química , ADN de Hongos/genética , GTP Ciclohidrolasa/metabolismo , Genes Fúngicos/genética , Peróxido de Hidrógeno , Hierro/metabolismo , Mutagénesis Insercional/métodos , Fenotipo , Pichia/metabolismo , Eliminación de Secuencia , TemperaturaRESUMEN
Pichia guilliermondii is a representative of yeast species that overproduce riboflavin (vitamin B2) in response to iron deprivation. P. guilliermondii YFH1 gene coding for frataxin homologue, eukaryotic mitochondrial protein involved in iron trafficking and storage, was identified and deleted. Constructed P. guilliermondii Δyfh1 mutant grew very poorly in a sucrose-containing synthetic medium supplemented with sulfate or sulfite as a sole sulfur source. Addition of sodium sulfide, glutathione, cysteine, methionine, N-acetyl-L-cysteine partially restored growth rate of the mutant suggesting that it is impaired in sulfate assimilation. Cellular iron content in Δyfh1 mutant was ~3-3.5 times higher as compared to the parental strain. It produced 50-70 times more riboflavin in iron sufficient synthetic media relative to the parental wildtype strain. Biomass yield of the mutant in the synthetic glutathione containing medium supplemented with glycerol as a sole carbon source was 1.4- and 2.6-fold increased as compared to sucrose and succinate containing media, respectively. Oxygen uptake of the Δyfh1 mutant on sucrose, glycerol or succinate, when compared to the parental strain, was decreased 5.5-, 1.7- and 1.5-fold, respectively. Substitution of sucrose or glycerol in the synthetic iron sufficient medium with succinate completely abolished riboflavin overproduction by the mutants. Deletion of the YFH1 gene caused hypersensitivity to hydrogen peroxide and exogenously added riboflavin and led to alterations in superoxide dismutase activities. Thus, deletion of the gene coding for yeast frataxin homologue has pleiotropic effect on metabolism in P. guilliermondii.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Unión a Hierro/metabolismo , Hierro/metabolismo , Organismos Modificados Genéticamente/metabolismo , Pichia/metabolismo , Riboflavina/farmacología , Proteínas Fúngicas/genética , Eliminación de Gen , Glicerol/metabolismo , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/farmacología , Transporte Iónico/efectos de los fármacos , Transporte Iónico/genética , Proteínas de Unión a Hierro/genética , Mitocondrias/metabolismo , Organismos Modificados Genéticamente/genética , Pichia/genética , Riboflavina/biosíntesis , Riboflavina/genética , Ácido Succínico/metabolismo , Sacarosa/metabolismo , Compuestos de Azufre/metabolismo , Ésteres del Ácido Sulfúrico/metabolismo , Superóxido Dismutasa/análisis , FrataxinaRESUMEN
Iron deficiency causes oversynthesis of riboflavin in several yeast species, known as flavinogenic yeasts. However, the mechanisms of such regulation are not known. We found that mutations causing riboflavin overproduction and iron hyperaccumulation (rib80, rib81 and hit1), as well as cobalt excess or iron deficiency all provoke oxidative stress in the Pichia guilliermondii yeast. Iron content in the cells, production both of riboflavin and malondialdehyde by P. guilliermondii wild type and hit1 mutant strains depend on a type of carbon source used in cultivation media. The data suggest that the regulation of riboflavin biosynthesis and iron assimilation in P. guilliermondii are linked with cellular oxidative state.
Asunto(s)
Hierro/metabolismo , Mutación , Estrés Oxidativo , Pichia/metabolismo , Riboflavina/biosíntesis , Cobalto/metabolismo , Regulación Fúngica de la Expresión Génica , Malondialdehído/metabolismo , Microscopía Electrónica de Transmisión , Pichia/genética , Pichia/ultraestructuraRESUMEN
Pichia guilliermondii is a representative of a yeast species, all of which over-synthesize riboflavin in response to iron deprivation. Molecular genetic studies in this yeast species have been hampered by a lack of strain-specific tools for gene manipulation. Stable P. guilliermondii ura3 mutants were selected on the basis of 5'-fluoroorotic acid resistance. Plasmid carrying Saccharomyces cerevisiae URA3 gene transformed the mutant strains to prototrophy with a low efficiency. Substitution of a single leucine codon CUG by another leucine codon CUC in the URA3 gene increased the efficiency of transformation 100 fold. Deletion cassettes for the RIB1 and RIB7 genes, coding for GTP cyclohydrolase and riboflavin synthase, respectively, were constructed using the modified URA3 gene and subsequently introduced into a P. guilliermondii ura3 strain. Site-specific integrants were identified by selection for the Rib(-) Ura(+) phenotype and confirmed by PCR analysis. Transformation of the P. guilliermondii ura3 strain was performed using electroporation, spheroplasting or lithium acetate treatment. Only the lithium acetate transformation procedure provided selection of uracil prototrophic, riboflavin deficient recombinant strains. Depending on the type of cassette, efficiency of site-specific integration was 0.1% and 3-12% in the case of the RIB1 and RIB7 genes, respectively. We suggest that the presence of the ARS element adjacent to the 3' end of the RIB1 gene significantly reduced the frequency of homologous recombination. Efficient gene deletion in P. guilliermondii can be achieved using the modified URA3 gene of S. cerevisiae flanked by 0.8-0.9 kb sequences homologous to the target gene.
Asunto(s)
Biología Molecular/métodos , Pichia/genética , Transformación Genética , Codón , ADN de Hongos/genética , Electroporación , Proteínas Fúngicas/genética , GTP Ciclohidrolasa/genética , Eliminación de Gen , Vectores Genéticos/genética , Mutagénesis Insercional , Plásmidos/genética , Mutación Puntual , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Riboflavina Sintasa/genéticaRESUMEN
It is known for many years that iron represses synthesis of riboflavin (RF) and most of RF-synthesizing enzymes in several yeast species, known as flavinogenic yeasts. However, the mechanism of such repression is not known. We have found that iron represses transcription of RIB1 and RIB7 genes coding for the first and the last enzymes of RF biosynthesis in the model flavinogenic organism Pichia guilliermondii. To decipher molecular mechanisms of iron-dependent repression, isolation and study of the regulatory mutants defective in corresponding regulation is desirable. However, no suitable methods for isolation of such mutants were previously available. We have produced a single-point transition mutation in the RIB1 gene. The corresponding rib1-86 mutant exhibits leaky phenotype and is unable to grow in iron-sufficient minimal medium without exogenous RF. However, it can grow in minimal iron-deficient medium without RF, or in iron-sufficient medium upon introduction of the previously-isolated regulatory mutation rib81, which leads to increase in RF production. Using the rib1-86 mutant as parental strain, a collection of mutants able to grow in iron-sufficient medium without exogenous RF has been isolated. The mutants appeared to be defective in regulation of RF biosynthesis and iron homeostasis and were divided into six new complementation groups. Study of one corresponding mutant, red6, showed derepression of RIB1 mRNA synthesis in iron-sufficient medium.