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PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to assess whether violence exposure is associated with emotional/conduct problems, when adjusting for confounders/covariates and controlling for comorbidity, and to investigate interactions between violence exposure and sex and/or age. METHODS: This cross-sectional study evaluated a community-based sample of 669 in-school 11-15-year-olds. A three-stage probabilistic sampling plan included a random selection of census units, eligible households, and target child. Multivariable logistic regression investigated the effect of severe physical punishment by parents, peer victimization at school, and community violence on the study outcomes (adolescent-reported emotional/conduct problems identified by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire/SDQ) when controlling for confounders (resilience, parental emotional warmth, maternal education/unemployment/anxiety/depression) and covariates (age, sex, stressful life events, parental rejection). RESULTS: Considering interactions, emotional problems were associated with community violence victimization among girls, while conduct problems were associated with severe physical punishment among the younger, suffering peer aggression among the oldest, bullying victimization among girls, and witnessing community violence among boys. Desensitization (less emotional problems with greater violence exposure) was noted among the youngest exposed to severe physical punishment and the oldest who witnessed community violence. CONCLUSION: Age and sex are moderators of the association between violence exposure and emotional/conduct problems. Interventions at local health units, schools, and communities could reduce the use of harsh physical punishment as a parental educational method, help adolescents deal with peer aggression at school and keep them out of the streets by increasing the usual five hours in school per day and making free sports and cultural/leisure activities available near their homes.
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Víctimas de Crimen , Exposición a la Violencia , Adolescente , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Instituciones Académicas , ViolenciaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Exposure to peer aggression (PA) and bullying victimization (BV) are both expressions of peer victimization. OBJECTIVES: In four age-sex groups, (1) Can exposure to PA and BV be considered distinct experiences? (2) To what extent do adolescents exposed to PA consider themselves bullying victims? and (3) What is the effect on BV of the number of PA events experienced? METHODS: This cross-sectional study evaluated a probabilistic community-based sample of 669 adolescents (11-15 years, 51.7% girls). A three-stage probabilistic sampling plan involved random selection of census units, eligible households, and one target child per household selected. A 15-item scale investigated exposure to PA events (physical aggression, verbal harassment, social manipulation) occurring more than once in the past six months. BV occurring more than once a week or most days in the past six months was investigated after presenting respondents with a BV definition that required them to feel harmed by their victimization experiences. RESULTS: Adolescents exposed to PA and/or BV reported PA only (76.2%), BV only (4.7%), and both (19.1%). Rates of BV among those exposed to PA were as follows: 11-to-12-year-old boys (22.7%), 13-to-15-year-old boys (9.7%), 11-to-12-year-old girls (46.5%), and 13-to-15-year-old girls (13.2%). Multiple logistic regression analysis (outcome = BV) found a significant interaction between PA, age, and sex. PA events had a significant effect on BV for all except older girls. CONCLUSION: Exposure to PA and BV are different constructs; few older boys exposed to PA consider themselves bullying victims; and older girls are less affected by PA when it comes to BV.
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Acoso Escolar , Víctimas de Crimen , Adolescente , Agresión , Niño , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Grupo Paritario , Instituciones AcadémicasRESUMEN
Abstract Introduction Exposure to peer aggression (PA) and bullying victimization (BV) are both expressions of peer victimization. Objectives In four age-sex groups, (1) Can exposure to PA and BV be considered distinct experiences? (2) To what extent do adolescents exposed to PA consider themselves bullying victims? and (3) What is the effect on BV of the number of PA events experienced? Methods This cross-sectional study evaluated a probabilistic community-based sample of 669 adolescents (11-15 years, 51.7% girls). A three-stage probabilistic sampling plan involved random selection of census units, eligible households, and one target child per household selected. A 15-item scale investigated exposure to PA events (physical aggression, verbal harassment, social manipulation) occurring more than once in the past six months. BV occurring more than once a week or most days in the past six months was investigated after presenting respondents with a BV definition that required them to feel harmed by their victimization experiences. Results Adolescents exposed to PA and/or BV reported PA only (76.2%), BV only (4.7%), and both (19.1%). Rates of BV among those exposed to PA were as follows: 11-to-12-year-old boys (22.7%), 13-to-15-year-old boys (9.7%), 11-to-12-year-old girls (46.5%), and 13-to-15-year-old girls (13.2%). Multiple logistic regression analysis (outcome = BV) found a significant interaction between PA, age, and sex. PA events had a significant effect on BV for all except older girls. Conclusion Exposure to PA and BV are different constructs; few older boys exposed to PA consider themselves bullying victims; and older girls are less affected by PA when it comes to BV.
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Objective: Our study aimed to verify whether cyberbullying victimization among adolescents occurs concomitantly with other forms of violence exposure (at home, at school and in the community). Methods: A collaborative longitudinal study by Norwegian and Brazilian researchers was conducted in Itaboraí, a low-income city in southeast Brazil. At baseline, trained interviewers applied a semi-structured questionnaire to a population-based sample of 669 in-school adolescents (11-15 years old). The investigated types of violence exposure included cyberbullying, traditional bullying, severe physical punishment by parents and community violence (victimization and eye-witnessed violent events outside the home and school). Results: In the previous six months, 1.9% of the adolescents had been victims of cyberbullying, and 21.9% had been victims of physical aggression, verbal harassment and/or social manipulation by peers. However, only 5.5% of the adolescents considered themselves bullying victims. In the previous 12 months, 12.4% of adolescents had suffered severe physical punishment, 14.0% had been victims of community violence, and 20.9% eye-witnessed community violence. Multivariable regression analysis showed that victimization by multiple types of traditional bullying and self-perceived bullying victimization were correlates of cyberbullying victimization, while suffering violence at home and in the community were not. Conclusion: This study provides evidence of an association between cyberbullying, traditional bullying and self-perceived bullying among low-income Brazilian adolescents.
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Niño , Violencia/estadística & datos numéricos , Exposición a la Violencia/estadística & datos numéricos , Ciberacoso/psicología , Instituciones Académicas , Autoimagen , Factores Socioeconómicos , Violencia/psicología , Brasil , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Factores de Riesgo , Estudios Longitudinales , Víctimas de Crimen/psicología , Víctimas de Crimen/estadística & datos numéricos , Exposición a la Violencia/clasificación , Exposición a la Violencia/psicología , Relaciones InterpersonalesRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Our study aimed to verify whether cyberbullying victimization among adolescents occurs concomitantly with other forms of violence exposure (at home, at school and in the community). METHODS: A collaborative longitudinal study by Norwegian and Brazilian researchers was conducted in Itaboraí, a low-income city in southeast Brazil. At baseline, trained interviewers applied a semi-structured questionnaire to a population-based sample of 669 in-school adolescents (11-15 years old). The investigated types of violence exposure included cyberbullying, traditional bullying, severe physical punishment by parents and community violence (victimization and eye-witnessed violent events outside the home and school). RESULTS: In the previous six months, 1.9% of the adolescents had been victims of cyberbullying, and 21.9% had been victims of physical aggression, verbal harassment and/or social manipulation by peers. However, only 5.5% of the adolescents considered themselves bullying victims. In the previous 12 months, 12.4% of adolescents had suffered severe physical punishment, 14.0% had been victims of community violence, and 20.9% eye-witnessed community violence. Multivariable regression analysis showed that victimization by multiple types of traditional bullying and self-perceived bullying victimization were correlates of cyberbullying victimization, while suffering violence at home and in the community were not. CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence of an association between cyberbullying, traditional bullying and self-perceived bullying among low-income Brazilian adolescents.
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Víctimas de Crimen/estadística & datos numéricos , Exposición a la Violencia/estadística & datos numéricos , Violencia/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Brasil , Niño , Víctimas de Crimen/psicología , Ciberacoso/psicología , Exposición a la Violencia/clasificación , Exposición a la Violencia/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Relaciones Interpersonales , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Factores de Riesgo , Instituciones Académicas , Autoimagen , Factores Socioeconómicos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Violencia/psicologíaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: The purpose of the study is to identify early vulnerabilities for psychiatric disorders among Brazilian elementary school children, controlling for familial and community adversities. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study examining the association between child psychiatric disorders and potential early vulnerabilities (disability, low intellectual quotient, and negative dimensions of the temperament trait self-directedness (low resourcefulness, low purposefulness, low enlightened second nature), controlling for the potential confounders: familial and community adversities. SAMPLE: Four probabilistic samples of second-to-sixth grade students from public schools in four towns from different Brazilian regions (N = 1620). The following instruments were applied: the K-SADS-PL (to assess child/adolescent psychiatric disorders); the Ten-Question Screen (to measure child disability); three structured questions used as proxy of self-directedness; and the reduced version of the WISC-III to measure IQ. To evaluate familial/community adversities: Self-Report Questionnaire-SRQ-20 (to assess maternal/primary caretaker anxiety/depression); questions derived from structured questionnaires (to measure child abuse, marital physical violence, neighborhood violence); Brazilian Association of Research Companies questionnaire (to evaluate poverty/socioeconomic status). Trained psychologists interviewed mothers/primary caretakers and evaluated children/adolescents individually. RESULTS: A final logistic regression model showed that children/adolescents with low resourcefulness, low purposefulness, low enlightened second nature, lower IQ and disability were more likely to present any child psychiatric disorders. CONCLUSION: Early vulnerabilities such as low IQ, presence of disability, and dimensions of temperament were associated with psychiatric disorders among Brazilian elementary school children, after controlling for familial and ecological confounders. These early vulnerabilities should be considered in mental health prevention/intervention programs in low-middle-income countries like Brazil.
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Ansiedad/epidemiología , Depresión/epidemiología , Trastornos Mentales/epidemiología , Estudiantes/psicología , Adolescente , Ansiedad/psicología , Brasil/epidemiología , Niño , Maltrato a los Niños/psicología , Maltrato a los Niños/estadística & datos numéricos , Estudios Transversales , Depresión/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Trastornos Mentales/psicología , Madres , Pobreza , Prevalencia , Características de la Residencia/estadística & datos numéricos , Instituciones Académicas , Clase Social , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
Objective: To identify child behaviors and types of impairment that increase the likelihood of maternal recognition of emotional/behavioral problems (EBP) in children and adolescents. Methods: Maternal-reported data were obtained from two subsamples of 11-to-16-year-olds derived from cross-sectional studies conducted in two Brazilian municipalities: Itaboraí, state of Rio de Janeiro (n=480), and Embu, state of São Paulo (n=217). The Itaboraí study involved a representative sample of 6-to-16-year-olds (n=1,248; response rate = 86.0%) selected from the Family Health Program registry, which covered 85.5% of the municipal population. The Embu study was based on a probabilistic sample of clusters of eligible households (women aged 15-49 years, child < 18 years), with one mother-child pair selected randomly per household (n=813; response rate = 82.4%). The outcome variable was mother's opinion of whether her child had EBP. Potential correlates included types of child behaviors (hyperactivity/conduct/emotional problems as isolated or combined conditions) and impairment, assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ); child's age and gender; maternal education and anxiety/depression (assessed using the Self-Reporting Questionnaire [SRQ]). Results: Multivariate regression models identified the following correlates of maternal perception of child EBP: comorbidity (co-occurring hyperactivity/conduct/emotional problems), emotional problems alone, and interference of problems with classroom learning and friendships. Conclusion: Comorbidity of different problem types, emotional problems alone, and interference with classroom learning and friendships increase the likelihood of maternal recognition of EBP in children.
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Niño , Adolescente , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto Joven , Trastornos Mentales/diagnóstico , Relaciones Madre-Hijo , Brasil/epidemiología , Comorbilidad , Trastornos de la Conducta Infantil/clasificación , Trastornos de la Conducta Infantil/diagnóstico , Trastornos de la Conducta Infantil/epidemiología , Salud Mental , Estudios Transversales , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Trastornos Mentales/clasificación , Trastornos Mentales/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To identify child behaviors and types of impairment that increase the likelihood of maternal recognition of emotional/behavioral problems (EBP) in children and adolescents. METHODS: Maternal-reported data were obtained from two subsamples of 11-to-16-year-olds derived from cross-sectional studies conducted in two Brazilian municipalities: Itaboraí, state of Rio de Janeiro (n=480), and Embu, state of São Paulo (n=217). The Itaboraí study involved a representative sample of 6-to-16-year-olds (n=1,248; response rate = 86.0%) selected from the Family Health Program registry, which covered 85.5% of the municipal population. The Embu study was based on a probabilistic sample of clusters of eligible households (women aged 15-49 years, child < 18 years), with one mother-child pair selected randomly per household (n=813; response rate = 82.4%). The outcome variable was mother's opinion of whether her child had EBP. Potential correlates included types of child behaviors (hyperactivity/conduct/emotional problems as isolated or combined conditions) and impairment, assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ); child's age and gender; maternal education and anxiety/depression (assessed using the Self-Reporting Questionnaire [SRQ]). RESULTS: Multivariate regression models identified the following correlates of maternal perception of child EBP: comorbidity (co-occurring hyperactivity/conduct/emotional problems), emotional problems alone, and interference of problems with classroom learning and friendships. CONCLUSION: Comorbidity of different problem types, emotional problems alone, and interference with classroom learning and friendships increase the likelihood of maternal recognition of EBP in children.
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Trastornos de la Conducta Infantil/diagnóstico , Trastornos Mentales/diagnóstico , Relaciones Madre-Hijo , Adolescente , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiología , Niño , Trastornos de la Conducta Infantil/clasificación , Trastornos de la Conducta Infantil/epidemiología , Comorbilidad , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Trastornos Mentales/clasificación , Trastornos Mentales/epidemiología , Salud Mental , Persona de Mediana Edad , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Abstract: For the purpose of studying Alexithymia in low-educated adults, we intend to adapt the Brazilian version of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-26) and to verify its internal consistency. With that aim, we translated the original TAS-26 (English) to Portuguese, adopting a colloquial language, without content distortion. An exploratory qualitative study interviewed 50 women (38-65 years, education <9 years) and identified comprehension difficulties in 22 items, that needed adaptation. A professional translator performed the back-translation of the adapted TAS-26, that was applied to a new sample of women (90 with chronical pain and 90 without pain, 38-65 years, education <9 years) to evaluate its internal consistency. Only four items (1/2/3/16) of the pre-existing Brazilian version (appropriate to university students) did not require modification. The internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) was satisfactory for total score (0.65) and elevated for factor 1 (0.87). The adapted Brazilian version of TAS-26 is appropriate to low-educated adults.
Resumo: Com objetivo de estudar a alexitimia em indivíduos adultos de baixa escolaridade, decidimos adaptar a versão brasileira da Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-26) e verificar sua consistência interna. Para isso, traduzimos a TAS-26 original (inglês) para o português, com linguagem coloquial, sem alteração de conteúdo. Em estudo exploratório qualitativo foram entrevistadas 50 mulheres (38-65 anos, escolaridade <9 anos) e identificamos dificuldade de compreensão em 22 itens, que necessitaram de adaptação. Após retro-tradução feita por tradutor profissional, a TAS-26 adaptada foi então aplicada a nova amostra de mulheres (90 com dor crônica e 90 sem dor, 38-65 anos, escolaridade <9 anos) para avaliar sua consistência interna. Apenas quatro itens (1/2/3/16) da versão brasileira pré-existente (apropriada a universitários) não sofreram modificação. A consistência interna (alfa de Cronbach) foi satisfatória na pontuação total (0,65) e elevada no fator 1 (0,87). A versão brasileira da TAS-26 adaptada é adequada a indivíduos adultos de baixa escolaridade.
Resumen: Con objeto de estudiar la Alexitimia en adultos con bajo nivel de educación, buscamos adaptar la versión brasileña de la Escala de Alexitimia de Toronto (TAS-26) y comprobar su consistencia interna. Para esto, traducimos la TAS-26 original (inglés) al portugués, con la adopción de un lenguaje sencillo, sin cambiar el contenido. Una encuesta cualitativa entrevistó a 50 mujeres (38-65 años, escolaridad <9 años) e identificamos dificultad de comprensión sobre 22 puntos, que demandaron adaptaciones. Tras la retro-traducción por un traductor profesional, la TAS-26 adaptada fue aplicada a una nueva muestra de mujeres (90 con dolor crónico y 90 sin dolor, 38-65 años, escolaridad <9 años) para evaluar su consistencia interna. Sólo cuatro ítems (1/2/3/16) de la versión brasileña preexistente (apropiada para universitarios) no fueron cambiados. La consistencia interna (alfa de Cronbach) fue satisfactoria en la puntuación total (0,65) y alta en el factor 1 (0,87). La versión brasileña de la TAS-26 adaptada es adecuada para adultos con bajo nivel de escolaridad.
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Humanos , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Síntomas Afectivos , Escolaridad , Psicometría , Investigación CualitativaRESUMEN
Little is known about specific learning disorder (SLD) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and even less from representative school samples in small size cities outside huge urban centers. Few studies addressed the new DSM-5 criteria for SLDs. We investigated the prevalence of DSM-5 SLDs, their comorbidities and correlates in school samples of students from the second to sixth grades living in median cities from four different geographic regions in Brazil. A national test for academic performance covering reading, writing and mathematical abilities was applied. Psychiatric diagnoses were assessed by the K-SADS-PL applied to the primary caregiver. A total of 1618 children and adolescents were included in the study. The following prevalence rates of SLDs were found: 7.6% for global impairment, 5.4% for writing, 6.0% for arithmetic, and 7.5% for reading impairment. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was the only comorbidity significantly associated with SLD with global impairment (p = 0.031). Anxiety disorders and ADHD were associated with SLD with arithmetic impairment. Significant differences were detected in prevalence rates among cities, and several socio-demographic correlates (age, gender, IQ, and socioeconomic status) were significantly associated with SLD with global impairment in our sample. Careful validation and normatization of instruments to assess academic performance is a major problem in LMICs. As expected, we found a significant heterogeneity in prevalence rates of SLD according to geographic regions considering that Brazil is a country with a robust diversity. SLD with global and arithmetic impairment was significantly associated with psychiatric comorbidities.
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Trastornos de Ansiedad/epidemiología , Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad/epidemiología , Dislexia/epidemiología , Trastorno Específico de Aprendizaje/epidemiología , Logro , Adolescente , Trastornos de Ansiedad/diagnóstico , Trastornos de Ansiedad/psicología , Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad/diagnóstico , Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad/psicología , Brasil/epidemiología , Niño , Comorbilidad , Estudios Transversales , Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales , Dislexia/diagnóstico , Dislexia/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Trastornos Mentales/diagnóstico , Trastornos Mentales/epidemiología , Trastornos Mentales/psicología , Prevalencia , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica , Instituciones Académicas , Clase Social , Trastorno Específico de Aprendizaje/diagnóstico , Trastorno Específico de Aprendizaje/psicologíaRESUMEN
The goal of this study was to evaluate family functioning in two groups of adolescents: adolescents with major depressive disorder (cases) and adolescents with no psychiatric disorders (controls). A total of 18 adolescents (13-18 years) and their first-degree relatives (N = 70) were evaluated. Cases and controls were matched for the adolescent's age, gender, level of education, number and age of siblings, parental marital status, and economic condition. A family therapist conducted the Structured Family Interview with each family to evaluate nine family functioning dimensions (communication, rules, roles, leadership, conflict, aggressiveness, affect, individuation, and integration). The interview transcripts were independently rated by two different family therapists blinded to case-control status, i.e., without knowing whether they were evaluating cases or controls. The raters scored all interview items using a standardized coding system (overall agreement = 83.5%), and when compared to the controls, the cases showed lower mean scores in seven dimensions, particularly affect (p = 0.0078). There was no difference between cases and controls regarding the dimensions rules and leadership. Difficulty in expressing affect in parent-child relationship was the main disturbance in the families of depressive adolescents evaluated.(AU)
Avaliar a dinâmica familiar em dois grupos de adolescentes, um com transtorno depressivo maior (casos) e outro sem transtornos psiquiátricos (controles), totalizando 18 adolescentes (13-18 anos) acompanhados de seus pais e irmãos (N = 70). Pareou-se casos e controles segundo idade, sexo, escolaridade, número e idade dos irmãos, estado civil parental e condição econômica. Uma terapeuta familiar aplicou a Entrevista Familiar Estruturada a cada família, avaliando nove dimensões da dinâmica familiar (comunicação, normas, papéis, liderança, conflito, agressividade, afeto, individualização, integração). As sessões transcritas foram independentemente avaliadas por duas outras terapeutas familiares que desconheciam se as famílias constituíam casos ou controles. A pontuação dos itens da entrevista baseou-se em um sistema de codificação padronizado (concordância geral = 83,5%). Comparados aos controles, os casos obtiveram médias de escores mais baixas em sete dimensões, especialmente afeto (p = 0,0078); não houve diferença nas dimensões normas e liderança. A dificuldade em expressar afeto nas relações entre pais e filhos foi a principal disfunção nas famílias dos adolescentes deprimidos avaliados.(AU)
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Humanos , Adolescente , Adolescente , Afecto , Relaciones Familiares , Trastorno Depresivo MayorRESUMEN
The goal of this study was to evaluate family functioning in two groups of adolescents: adolescents with major depressive disorder (cases) and adolescents with no psychiatric disorders (controls). A total of 18 adolescents (13-18 years) and their first-degree relatives (N = 70) were evaluated. Cases and controls were matched for the adolescent's age, gender, level of education, number and age of siblings, parental marital status, and economic condition. A family therapist conducted the Structured Family Interview with each family to evaluate nine family functioning dimensions (communication, rules, roles, leadership, conflict, aggressiveness, affect, individuation, and integration). The interview transcripts were independently rated by two different family therapists blinded to case-control status, i.e., without knowing whether they were evaluating cases or controls. The raters scored all interview items using a standardized coding system (overall agreement = 83.5%), and when compared to the controls, the cases showed lower mean scores in seven dimensions, particularly affect (p = 0.0078). There was no difference between cases and controls regarding the dimensions rules and leadership. Difficulty in expressing affect in parent-child relationship was the main disturbance in the families of depressive adolescents evaluated.
Avaliar a dinâmica familiar em dois grupos de adolescentes, um com transtorno depressivo maior (casos) e outro sem transtornos psiquiátricos (controles), totalizando 18 adolescentes (13-18 anos) acompanhados de seus pais e irmãos (N = 70). Pareou-se casos e controles segundo idade, sexo, escolaridade, número e idade dos irmãos, estado civil parental e condição econômica. Uma terapeuta familiar aplicou a Entrevista Familiar Estruturada a cada família, avaliando nove dimensões da dinâmica familiar (comunicação, normas, papéis, liderança, conflito, agressividade, afeto, individualização, integração). As sessões transcritas foram independentemente avaliadas por duas outras terapeutas familiares que desconheciam se as famílias constituíam casos ou controles. A pontuação dos itens da entrevista baseou-se em um sistema de codificação padronizado (concordância geral = 83,5%). Comparados aos controles, os casos obtiveram médias de escores mais baixas em sete dimensões, especialmente afeto (p = 0,0078); não houve diferença nas dimensões normas e liderança. A dificuldade em expressar afeto nas relações entre pais e filhos foi a principal disfunção nas famílias dos adolescentes deprimidos avaliados.
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Humanos , Adolescente , Adolescente , Afecto , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor , Relaciones FamiliaresAsunto(s)
Trastorno Bipolar/diagnóstico , Lista de Verificación , Trastornos de la Conducta Infantil/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Trastorno Bipolar/epidemiología , Niño , Conducta Infantil , Trastornos de la Conducta Infantil/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Humanos , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica , RiesgoRESUMEN
Objective: To quantitatively study the exposure to childhood maltreatment and urban violence in children from families with at least one child working on the streets and to investigate the relationship between these factors and street work. Methods: Families who participated in a nongovernmental organization (NGO) program to eliminate child labor were included. Data concerning sociodemographic characteristics, punishment methods used in the family environment against the children, five types of abuse and neglect perpetrated by the caregivers, urban violence exposure and family functioning were collected. Results: The sample included 126 children who were working on the streets and 65 siblings who were not working on the streets. Caregivers reported high levels of severe physical punishment. The children reported high levels of abuse and neglect, and high levels of urban violence exposure. The families showed a predominance of dysfunctional and unsatisfactory relationships. A multiple logistic regression model showed that age older than 12 years and severe physical punishment at home were associated with street work. Conclusion: Interventions to decrease the risk of child street work should be family-focused and should aim to reduce violence in the family environment. .
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Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Maltrato a los Niños/estadística & datos numéricos , Empleo/estadística & datos numéricos , Violencia/estadística & datos numéricos , Brasil , Maltrato a los Niños/psicología , Empleo/psicología , Relaciones Familiares , Modelos Logísticos , Castigo , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Factores de Riesgo , Factores Socioeconómicos , Población Urbana/estadística & datos numéricos , Violencia/psicologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To quantitatively study the exposure to childhood maltreatment and urban violence in children from families with at least one child working on the streets and to investigate the relationship between these factors and street work. METHODS: Families who participated in a nongovernmental organization (NGO) program to eliminate child labor were included. Data concerning sociodemographic characteristics, punishment methods used in the family environment against the children, five types of abuse and neglect perpetrated by the caregivers, urban violence exposure and family functioning were collected. RESULTS: The sample included 126 children who were working on the streets and 65 siblings who were not working on the streets. Caregivers reported high levels of severe physical punishment. The children reported high levels of abuse and neglect, and high levels of urban violence exposure. The families showed a predominance of dysfunctional and unsatisfactory relationships. A multiple logistic regression model showed that age older than 12 years and severe physical punishment at home were associated with street work. CONCLUSION: Interventions to decrease the risk of child street work should be family-focused and should aim to reduce violence in the family environment.
Asunto(s)
Maltrato a los Niños/estadística & datos numéricos , Empleo/estadística & datos numéricos , Violencia/estadística & datos numéricos , Brasil , Niño , Maltrato a los Niños/psicología , Empleo/psicología , Relaciones Familiares , Femenino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Castigo , Factores de Riesgo , Factores Socioeconómicos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Población Urbana/estadística & datos numéricos , Violencia/psicologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: In Brazil, like many countries, there has been a failure to identify mental health problems (MHP) in young people and refer them to appropriate care and support. The school environment provides an ideal setting to do this. Therefore, effective programs need to be developed to train teachers to identify and appropriately refer children with possible MHP. We aimed to evaluate teachers' ability to identify and appropriately refer students with possible MHP, and the effectiveness of a psychoeducational strategy to build teachers' capability in this area. METHODS: To meet the first objective, we conducted a case-control study using a student sample. To meet the second, we employed longitudinal design with repeated measures before and after introducing the psychoeducational strategy using a teacher sample. In the case control study, the Youth Self-Report was used to investigate internalizing and externalizing problems. Before training, teachers selected 26 students who they thought were likely to have MHP. Twenty-six non-selected students acted as controls and were matched by gender, age and grade. The underlying principle was that if teachers could identify abnormal behaviors among their actual students, those with some MHP would likely be among the case group and those without among the control group. In the longitudinal study, 32 teachers were asked to evaluate six vignettes that highlighted behaviors indicating a high risk for psychosis, depression, conduct disorder, hyperactivity, mania, and normal adolescent behavior. We calculated the rates of correct answers for identifying the existence of some MHP and the need for referral before and after training; teachers were not asked to identify the individual conditions. RESULTS: Teachers were already able to identify the most symptomatic students, who had both internalizing and externalizing problems, as possibly having MHP, but teachers had difficulty in identifying students with internalizing problems alone. At least 50.0% of teachers learned to identify hypothetical cases as problematic and to make the appropriate referral, and 60.0% of teachers who before training could not identify normal adolescence learned to do so. CONCLUSIONS: The strategy was partially effective but could be improved mainly by extending its duration, and including discussion of actual cases.
Asunto(s)
Trastornos Mentales/prevención & control , Servicios de Salud Escolar , Estudiantes , Enseñanza/métodos , Adolescente , Servicios de Salud del Adolescente , Adulto , Brasil , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Servicios de Salud Mental , Persona de Mediana Edad , Evaluación de Programas y Proyectos de Salud , Derivación y Consulta , Instituciones AcadémicasRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Worldwide, a minority of disordered children/adolescents receives mental health assistance. In order to improve service access, it is important to investigate factors that influence the process leading to receiving care. Data on frequency and barriers for mental health service use (MHSU) among Brazilian children/adolescents are extremely scarce and are needed to guide public policy. OBJECTIVES: To establish the frequency of MHSU among 6-to-16-year-old with psychiatric disorders from four Brazilian regions; and to identify structural/psychosocial/demographic barriers associated with child/adolescent MHSU. METHODS: Multicenter cross-sectional-study involving four towns from four out of five Brazilian regions. In each town, a representative sample of elementary public school students was randomly selected (sample: 1,721). Child/adolescent MHSU was defined as being seen by a psychologist/psychiatrist/neurologist in the previous 12 months. Standardized instruments measured: (1) children/adolescent characteristics [(1.1) Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children (K-SADS-PL)-psychiatric disorders; (1.2) Ten Questions Screen-neurodevelopment problems; (1.3) two subtests of WISC-III-estimated IQ; (1.4) Academic Performance Test-school performance)], (2) factors related to mothers/main caregivers (Self-Reporting Questionnaire-anxiety/depression), (3) family (Brazilian Research-Companies-Association's Questionnaire-SES). RESULTS: Only 19.8% of children/adolescents with psychiatric disorder have used mental health services in the previous 12 months. Multiple logistic regression modeling identified five factors associated with lower rates of MHSU (female gender, adequate school performance, mother/main caregiver living with a partner, lower SES, residing in deprived Brazilian regions) regardless of the presence of any psychiatric disorders/neurodevelopmental problems. CONCLUSIONS: Only a small proportion of children/adolescents with psychiatric disorders had been seen by a mental health specialist in the previous 12 months. Structural/psychosocial/demographic factors were associated with uneven access to service for certain groups of children/adolescents. These results call attention to the urgent need to implement programs to help reduce this large unmet mental health need; inequalities must be considered by policy makers when planning strategies to address barriers for care.
Asunto(s)
Disparidades en Atención de Salud , Trastornos Mentales/epidemiología , Servicios de Salud Mental/estadística & datos numéricos , Salud Mental , Adolescente , Brasil , Niño , Orientación Infantil/organización & administración , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud , Humanos , Masculino , Trastornos Mentales/genética , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Clase Social , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To verify if emotional/behavioral problems are associated with lifetime paid work in poor urban children, when taking into account other potential correlates. METHODS: Cross-sectional study focused on 9-to-13-year-old children (n = 212). In a probabilistic sample of clusters of eligible households (women 15-49 years and son/daughter <18 years), one mother-child pair was randomly selected per household (n = 813; response rate = 82.4%). CBCL/6-18 identified child emotional/behavioral problems. Potential correlates include child gender and age, socioeconomic status/SES, maternal education, parental working status, and family social isolation, among others. Multivariate analysis examined the relationship between emotional/behavioral problems and lifetime paid work in the presence of significant correlates. FINDINGS: All work activities were non-harmful (e.g., selling fruits, helping parents at their small business, and baby sitting). Children with lower SES and socially isolated were more involved in paid work than less disadvantaged peers. Children ever exposed to paid work were four times more likely to present anxiety/depression symptoms at a clinical level compared to non-exposed children. Multivariate modeling identified three independent correlates: child pure internalizing problems, social isolation, and low SES. CONCLUSION: There is an association between lifetime exposure to exclusively non-harmful paid work activities and pure internalizing problems even when considering SES variability and family social isolation.