RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Robotic-assisted sacrocolpopexy has been criticized for high cost. A strategy to increase operating room efficiency and decrease cost is implementation of a dedicated robotic team. Our objective was to determine if a dedicated robotic team decreases operative time. STUDY DESIGN: This institutional review board-approved retrospective cohort study included all robotic-assisted sacrocolpopexy performed from June 2010 to August 2015 by a single surgeon at 2 institutions in 1 health system. One hospital had a dedicated robotic team, whereas the other did not. To assess baseline differences, χ and t tests were used. Multivariable linear regression identified factors impacting operative time. RESULTS: Eighty-eight robotic-assisted sacrocolpopexy cases met inclusion criteria. Subjects were primarily white (92.8%) and postmenopausal (85.5%) with stage III prolapse (71.1%). Mean age was 60.6 ± 9.0 years, and BMI was 28.5 ± 5.1 kg/m. Seventeen cases (19.3%) had a dedicated team. In the 71 cases without a dedicated team, there were 16 different surgical technologist and no advanced practice providers. Groups had similar baseline characteristics (all P > 0.05).Mean operative time for the dedicated team was significantly less (131.8 vs 160.2 minutes, P < 0.001), a 17.7% time reduction. The decrease persisted on multivariable regression (ß = -25.98 minutes, P < 0.001) after adjusting for case order on the day (ß = -8.6 minutes, P = 0.002) and prior to hysterectomy (ß = -36.1 minutes, P < 0.001). Operative complications and prolapse recurrence were low overall and not different between the dedicated and nondedicated teams (0% vs 2.9%, P = 0.50; 0% vs 7.5%, P = 0.29). CONCLUSIONS: A dedicated robotic team during robotic-assisted sacrocolpopexy significantly decreased operative time by 26 minutes, a 17.7% reduction at our institution.
Asunto(s)
Histerectomía/economía , Tempo Operativo , Prolapso de Órgano Pélvico/cirugía , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Robotizados/economía , Anciano , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Femenino , Humanos , Histerectomía/estadística & datos numéricos , Modelos Lineales , Persona de Mediana Edad , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/etiología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Robotizados/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to assess the impact of intraoperative personnel handoffs on clinical outcomes in patients undergoing minimally invasive sacrocolpopexy (SCP). METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed SCPs performed at an academic center between 2009 and 2014. We analyzed the number of staff handoffs, defined as any instance a scrub technician (tech) or circulating nurse handed off responsibility for a break or shift change. Outcomes included operative (OR) time and composite variables for major complications (conversion to an open procedure, bladder injury, bowel injury, blood transfusion, infection, ileus, bowel obstruction, readmission, or mesh complication) and prolapse recurrence (prolapse at or beyond the hymen or retreatment). Postoperative complications were defined as being within 6 weeks of surgery. Mesh complications and prolapse recurrence were recorded for the entire 68-month study period. RESULTS: Of 814 patients, 97.4% were white, 85.3% postmenopausal, mean (SD) age 59.7 (8.8) years, and mean (SD) body mass index 27.5 (4.5) kg/m. Most had stage 3 prolapse (n = 563, 69.9%). There were 478 (58.7%) laparoscopic and 336 (41.3%) robotic SCPs. The median scrub tech and nurse handoff per case was 1.0 (interquartile range [IQR], 0.0-1.0) and 1.0 (IQR, 1.0-2.0), respectively. Mean (SD) OR time was 204.8 (69.0) minutes. One hundred twenty-nine patients (15.8%) had a major complication and 45 (7.5%) experienced prolapse recurrence over a median follow-up interval of 41.0 weeks (IQR, 12.0-101.0). On multivariable linear regression, each tech and nurse handoff was associated with an increased OR time of 13.6 (P < 0.001) and 9.4 minutes (P < 0.001), respectively. Thus, the median of 1 tech and 1 nurse handoff per case will increase OR time by 23.0 minutes (11.2%). On multivariable logistic regression, staff handoffs were not associated with major complications or prolapse recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative scrub technician and circulating nurse handoffs increased OR time for minimally invasive SCP procedures.
Asunto(s)
Laparoscopía/estadística & datos numéricos , Quirófanos , Tempo Operativo , Pase de Guardia/estadística & datos numéricos , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Robotizados/estadística & datos numéricos , Prolapso Uterino/cirugía , Anciano , Análisis de Varianza , Femenino , Humanos , Complicaciones Intraoperatorias/etiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pase de Guardia/economía , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/etiología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Mallas Quirúrgicas/efectos adversosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Despite good anatomic and functional outcomes, urogynecologic polypropylene meshes that are used to treat pelvic organ prolapse and stress urinary incontinence are associated with significant complications, most commonly mesh exposure and pain. Few studies have been performed that specifically focus on the host response to urogynecologic meshes. The macrophage has long been known to be the key cell type that mediates the foreign body response. Conceptually, macrophages that respond to a foreign body can be dichotomized broadly into M1 proinflammatory and M2 proremodeling subtypes. A prolonged M1 response is thought to result in chronic inflammation and the formation of foreign body giant cells with potential for ongoing tissue damage and destruction. Although a limited M2 predominant response is favorable for tissue integration and ingrowth, excessive M2 activity can lead to accelerated fibrillar matrix deposition and result in fibrosis and encapsulation of the mesh. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to define and compare the macrophage response in patients who undergo mesh excision surgery for the indication of pain vs a mesh exposure. STUDY DESIGN: Patients who were scheduled to undergo a surgical excision of mesh for pain or exposure at Magee-Womens Hospital were offered enrollment. Twenty-seven mesh-vagina complexes that were removed for the primary complaint of a mesh exposure (n = 15) vs pain in the absence of an exposure (n = 12) were compared with 30 full-thickness vaginal biopsy specimens from women who underwent benign gynecologic surgery without mesh. Macrophage M1 proinflammatory vs M2 proremodeling phenotypes were examined via immunofluorescent labeling for cell surface markers CD86 (M1) vs CD206 (M2) and M1 vs M2 cytokines via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The amount of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) proteolytic enzymes were quantified by zymography and substrate degradation assays, as an indication of tissue matrix degradation. Statistics were performed with the use of 1-way analysis of variance with appropriate post hoc tests, t-tests, and Fisher's Exact test. RESULTS: Twenty-seven mesh-vaginal tissue complexes were excised from 27 different women with mesh complications: 15 incontinence mid urethral slings and 12 prolapse meshes. On histologic examination, macrophages surrounded each mesh fiber in both groups, with predominance of the M1 subtype. M1 and M2 cytokines/chemokines, MMP-9 (pro- and active), and MMP-2 (active) were increased significantly in mesh-vagina explants, as compared with vagina without mesh. Mesh explants that were removed for exposure had 88.4% higher pro-MMP-9 (P = .035) than those removed for pain. A positive correlation was observed between the profibrotic cytokine interleukin-10 and the percentage of M2 cells (r = 0.697; P = .037) in the pain group. CONCLUSION: In women with complications, mesh induces a proinflammatory response that persists years after implantation. The increase in MMP-9 in mesh explants that were removed for exposure indicates degradation; the positive association between interleukin-10 and M2 macrophages in mesh explants that are removed for pain is consistent with fibrosis.