RESUMEN
Endoscopic ultrasound can be highly accurate for the staging of neoplasms in early rectal cancer.
RESUMEN
The prevalence of sexual dysfunction in schizophrenia patients was investigated as part of this large (n = 7655), prospective, international (27 countries) study. Based on patient reports, sexual dysfunction affected approx. 50% of patients and the prevalence of complaints varied significantly between regions (p < 0.0001). The prevalence of sexual dysfunction, as perceived by psychiatrists, also varied significantly across regions (p < 0.0001). Psychiatrists significantly underestimated the presence of impotence/sexual dysfunction (p < 0.0001) and loss of libido (p < 0.0001), compared to reports from patients. The frequency of sexual dysfunction was significantly higher in patients who had been using prolactin-elevating antipsychotics prior to study entry, compared to those who had been treated with prolactin-sparing antipsychotics (patient reports, p = 0.002; psychiatrist perception, p = 0.0004). This study has shown that the prevalence of sexual dysfunction is high in both male and female patients with schizophrenia and frequently underestimated by psychiatrists. Regional variation is evident in both psychiatrist perceptions and patient reports of sexual dysfunction. Given the importance of sexual function to quality of life and treatment compliance, proactive assessment of sexual function is required to optimize schizophrenia management.
Asunto(s)
Esquizofrenia/epidemiología , Psicología del Esquizofrénico , Disfunciones Sexuales Fisiológicas/epidemiología , Disfunciones Sexuales Psicológicas/epidemiología , Adulto , Demografía , Femenino , Humanos , Cooperación Internacional , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prevalencia , Estudios Prospectivos , Esquizofrenia/complicaciones , Factores Sexuales , Disfunciones Sexuales Fisiológicas/etiología , Disfunciones Sexuales Psicológicas/etiologíaRESUMEN
The phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3k)-AKT survival pathway is activated in many malignancies. We observed constitutive AKT phosphorylation (on S473) consistent with pathway activation in seven of nine human pancreatic carcinoma cell lines in vitro. Exposure of the cells to two structurally distinct inhibitors of PI3k (worthmannin and LY294002) resulted in a dose-dependent induction of apoptosis in six of seven of the cell lines that displayed constitutive AKT phosphorylation but not in either of the cell lines that did not. The mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase-mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor PD98059 also induced apoptosis in two of the cell lines, including one of the LY294002-insensitive lines (AsPC-1). Exposure of orthotopic L3.6pl pancreatic tumors to LY294002 resulted in dose-dependent inhibition of tumor growth, and decreased peritoneal and liver metastases, effects that were associated with an inhibition of AKT phosphorylation and increased terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling staining characteristic of apoptosis. Furthermore, a suboptimal dose of LY294002 (25 mg/kg) produced additive inhibition of tumor growth when combined with a suboptimal dose of gemcitabine (62 mg/kg). Together, our results establish that the PI3k/AKT pathway is constitutively activated in a majority of human pancreatic cancer cell lines and establish that the pathway is a promising target for therapeutic intervention.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma/patología , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patología , Inhibidores de las Quinasa Fosfoinosítidos-3 , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Androstadienos/farmacología , Animales , Apoptosis , Carcinoma/enzimología , Cromonas/farmacología , Colágeno/farmacología , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Combinación de Medicamentos , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Flavonoides/farmacología , Humanos , Immunoblotting , Inmunohistoquímica , Etiquetado Corte-Fin in Situ , Laminina/farmacología , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Desnudos , Morfolinas/farmacología , Trasplante de Neoplasias , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/enzimología , Fosforilación , Proteoglicanos/farmacología , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt , Células Tumorales Cultivadas , WortmaninaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Loss of contact with the extracellular matrix (ECM) triggers a specialized form of apoptosis known as "anoikis" in normal epithelial cells. Dependence on adhesion to ECM is often lost in transformed cells, and the degree of anchorage independence may vary in non-metastatic and metastatic cancer cells. BCL-2 oncoprotein overexpression correlates with the progression and metastases of prostate cancer. Materials and Methods We studied anoikis in suspension cultures of PC-3 and LNCaP prostate carcinoma cells selected for enhanced metastatic potential in vivo and in PC-3 and LNCaP cells stably transfected with BCL-2. Apoptosis-associated DNA fragmentation was measured by agarose gel electrophoresis and propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry. Expression of BCL-2 family polypeptides was determined by immunoblotting. RESULTS: Non-metastatic PC-3P cells were significantly more sensitive to anoikis than the metastatic PC-3 variants (PC-3M, PC-3M-PRO-4, and PC-3M-LN-4), but anoikis resistance did not correlate with metastatic potential in LNCaP-derived cell lines. Expression of BCL-2 was higher in metastatic PC-3 and LNCaP subclones compared to isogenic non-metastatic cells, but these levels were not affected by anoikis. Enforced overexpression of BCL-2 did not protect either PC-3P or LNCaP-PRO-5 cells from anoikis, even though it rendered them resistant to thapsigargin and inhibited cytochrome c release. Strikingly, cells that died of anoikis maintained their pretreatment levels of BCL-2, whereas the cells that survived anoikis expressed much lower levels of the protein. CONCLUSIONS: Sensitivity to anoikis is regulated by BCL-2 independent mechanisms in LNCaP and PC-3 prostate cancer cells.