RESUMEN

The plant Miconia albicans (Sw.) Triana has been popularly used in Brazil to treat chronic inflammatory disturbances, such as osteoarthritis. This disease affects 250 million people worldwide, and is associated with intense pain and loss of articular function. There is a lack of information about the phytochemistry and bioactivity of M. albicans. Therefore, this study determined the chemical composition of some extracts and evaluated their cytotoxicity, along with their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, activities using in vitro models. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts were prepared. Afterwards, a liquid-liquid partition was developed using chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol. The extracts were characterized by LC-MS, and their biological activities were evaluated on epithelial cells (Vero), tumoral hepatic cells (Hep-G2), and THP-1 macrophages. LC-MS analyses identified several flavonoids in all fractions, such as quercetin, myricetin, and their glycosides. The crude extracts and n-butanol fractions did not present cytotoxicity to the cells. The non-toxic fractions presented significant antioxidant activity when evaluated in terms of DPPH scavenging activity, lipid peroxidation, and ROS inhibition. THP-1 macrophages treated with the n-butanol fraction (250 µg/mL) released fewer pro-inflammatory cytokines, even in the presence of LPS. In the future, it will be necessary to identify the phytochemicals that are responsible for anti-inflammatory effects for the discovery of new drugs. In vivo studies on M. albicans extracts are still required to confirm their possible mechanisms of action.

Asunto(s)

Melastomataceae , 1-Butanol , Antiinflamatorios/química , Antioxidantes/química , Cloroformo , Citocinas , Flavonoides/farmacología , Glicósidos , Humanos , Lipopolisacáridos , Fitoquímicos/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/química , Quercetina/farmacología , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno

RESUMEN

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare subtype of cancer, with a poor prognosis in children and adults. Mitotane is the only approved adrenolytic drug for the treatment of ACC, which has controversies regarding its efficacy and side effects on patients. Onion (Allium cepa), a worldwide consumed food, is associated with many health benefits. Along with its glycosides, the flavonoid quercetin is abundant in onions. After evaluating the cytotoxicity of A. cepa extracts on adrenocortical carcinoma cell line (H295R), the rich quercetin fractions had better results. Then, we aimed to compare the quercetin vs. mitotane effectiveness, using adrenocortical carcinoma cell lines H295R and SW-13. Quercetin showed a higher cytotoxicity response on both cancerous cell lines after 10 µM concentration, while mitotane only after 30 µM. Cell cycle dynamics were altered upon quercetin treatments, with G2 phase increase with 30 µM of quercetin on H295R cell line and G1 arrest on SW-13 cell line with 15 µM. Early and late apoptosis, alongside intracellular calcium, were increased on SW-13 treated with 30 µM of quercetin, and ROS rates were reduced by quercetin on H295R. Therefore, quercetin-rich onions have the potential to be a natural source of anticancer agents for adrenocortical carcinoma.

RESUMEN

This study presents an in vitro evaluation of the antitumor potential of a chitin-like exopolysaccharide (EPS, produced by Mortierella alpina) on Adrenocortical carcinoma cells (ACC) compared to mitotane, a commercial drug commonly used in ACC treatment, and known for its side effects. Techniques of cellular viability determination such as MTT and fluorescence were used to measure the cytotoxic effects of the EPS and mitotane in tumoral cells (H295R) and non-tumoral cells (VERO), observing high cytotoxicity of mitotane and a 10% superior pro-apoptotic effect of the EPS compared to mitotane (p < 0.05). The cytotoxic effect of the EPS was similar to the effect of 50 µM mitotane on tumoral cells (p < 0.05). A decrement of the lysosomal volume was also noted in tumoral cells treated with the EPS. To enhance the antitumor effect, a combination of mitotane at a lower dosage and the EPS (as adjuvant) was also tested, showing a slight improvement of the cytotoxicity effect on tumoral cells. Therefore, the results indicate a cytotoxic effect of the EPS produced by Mortierella alpina on adrenocortical carcinoma, and a possible application in biomedical formulations or additional treatments.

Asunto(s)

Carcinoma Corticosuprarrenal/tratamiento farmacológico , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Quitina/farmacología , Mortierella/química , Carcinoma Corticosuprarrenal/patología , Animales , Línea Celular Tumoral , Quitina/química , Chlorocebus aethiops , Humanos , Mitotano/farmacología , Polisacáridos , Células Vero

RESUMEN

The production of a chitin-like exopolysaccharide (EPS) was optimized through experimental design methods, evaluating the influence of urea, phosphate, and glucose. Under optimized conditions, up to 1.51 g/L was produced and its physicochemical characteristics were evaluated by chromatography, NMR, and FTIR spectroscopy, and rheological techniques. The results showed a homogeneous EPS (Mw 4.9 × 105 g mol-1) composed of chitin, linear polymer of ß-(1→4)-linked N-acetyl-d-glucosamine residues. The acetylation degree as determined by 13C CP-MAS NMR spectroscopy was over 90 %. The EPS biological activities, such as antioxidant effect and antitumor properties, were evaluated. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on the production of a new alternative of extracellular chitin-like polysaccharide with promising bioactive properties from the filamentous fungus M. alpina.

Asunto(s)

Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Neoplasias de la Mama/tratamiento farmacológico , Quitina/química , Fermentación , Mortierella/metabolismo , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/química , Antioxidantes/química , Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Femenino , Glucosa/metabolismo , Humanos , Polisacáridos/química , Polisacáridos/aislamiento & purificación , Células Tumorales Cultivadas

RESUMEN

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Euphorbia tirucalli L. is an African plant that grows well in Brazil. Individuals diagnosed with cancer frequently consume latex from E. tirucalli, dissolved in drinking water. In vitro studies confirm the antitumor potential of E. tirucalli latex, but in vivo evaluations are scarce. AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the effect of intake of an aqueous solution of E. tirucalli latex on tumor growth, cachexia, and immune response in Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Latex from E. tirucalli was collected and analyzed by LC-MS. Sixty male Wistar rats (age, 90 days) were randomly divided into four groups: C, control group (without tumor); W, Walker 256 tumor-bearing group; SW1, W animals but treated with 25 µL latex/mL water; and SW2, W animals but treated with 50 µL latex/mL water. Animals received 1 mL of latex solution once a day by gavage. After 15 d, animals were euthanized, tumor mass was determined, and glucose and triacylglycerol serum levels were measured by using commercial kits. Change in the body weight during tumor development was calculated, and proliferation capacity of tumor cells was assessed by the Alamar Blue assay. Phagocytosis and superoxide anion production by peritoneal macrophages and circulating neutrophils were analyzed by enzymatic and colorimetric assays. Data are analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test, with the significance level set at 5%. RESULTS: The analysis of the latex revealed the presence of triterpenes. The ingestion of the latex aqueous solution promoted 40% and 60% reduction of the tumor mass in SW1 and SW2 groups, respectively (p < 0.05). The proliferative capacity of tumor cells from SW2 group was 76% lower than that of cells from W group (p < 0.0001). Animals treated with latex gained, on average, 20 g (SW1) and 8 g (SW2) weight. Glucose and triacylglycerol serum levels in SW1 and SW2 animals were similar to those in C group rats. Peritoneal macrophages and blood neutrophils from SW1 and SW2 animals produced 30-40% less superoxide anions than those from W group animals (p < 0.05), but neutrophils from SW2 group showed an increased phagocytic capacity (20%, vs. W group). CONCLUSIONS: E. tirucalli latex, administered orally for 15 d, efficiently reduced tumor growth and cachexia in Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats. Decreased tumor cell proliferative capacity was one of the mechanisms involved in this effect. Further, the data suggest immunomodulatory properties of E. tirucalli latex. The results agree with folk data on the antitumor effect of latex ingestion, indicating that it may be useful as an adjunct in the treatment of cancer patients. For this, further in vivo studies in animal and human models need to be conducted.

Asunto(s)

Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/farmacología , Caquexia/prevención & control , Carcinoma 256 de Walker/tratamiento farmacológico , Euphorbia , Látex/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Animales , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/aislamiento & purificación , Biomarcadores/sangre , Glucemia/efectos de los fármacos , Glucemia/metabolismo , Caquexia/sangre , Caquexia/inmunología , Caquexia/fisiopatología , Carcinoma 256 de Walker/patología , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Euphorbia/química , Látex/aislamiento & purificación , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/inmunología , Masculino , Neutrófilos/efectos de los fármacos , Neutrófilos/inmunología , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Ratas Wistar , Triglicéridos/sangre , Carga Tumoral/efectos de los fármacos , Pérdida de Peso/efectos de los fármacos

RESUMEN

An environmental friendly process was developed to produce Arthrospira maxima's biomass from sugarcane vinasse, which was generated in a bioethanol production chain, at laboratory and pilot scale. Peptides fractions were than obtained from enzymatically hydrolyzed biomass. High microalgae biomass productivities were reached (0.150 g L-1 day-1) coupled with a significant reduction of BOD and COD (89.2 and 81%, respectively). Three peptide fractions were obtained from microalgae biomass through single or sequential enzymatic hydrolysis. Antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and/or anti-collagenase activities of biopetides' fractions were observed. The PHS showed multi-biological activities. The three peptides fractions could be potential candidates for different applications in pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industry.

Asunto(s)

Productos Biológicos/metabolismo , Biomasa , Microalgas/metabolismo , Biosíntesis de Péptidos , Péptidos/metabolismo , Saccharum/metabolismo , Spirulina/metabolismo , Proyectos Piloto

RESUMEN

Cancer chemotherapy is associated with neutropenia and impaired neutrophil function. This study aimed to investigate whether supplementation with low dose fish oil (FO), providing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy after surgical tumor (mainly gastrointestinal) removal is able to improve the function of blood neutrophils. Patients (n = 38) receiving chemotherapy (5-fluorouracil and leucovorin) were randomized into two groups; one group (control) did not receive a supplement, while the other group (FO) received 2 g FO/day for 8 weeks; the FO provided 0.3 g eicosapentaenoic acid plus 0.4 g docosahexaenoic acid per day. Patients in the control group lost an average of 2.5 kg of weight over the 8 weeks of the study. The number of blood polymorphonuclear cells (PMNC), mainly neutrophils, and their functions (phagocytosis and hydrogen peroxide production) decreased in the control group (average decreases of approximately 30, 45 and 17%, respectively). FO prevented these decreases and actually increased body weight (average of 1.7 kg weight gain; p < 0.002 vs. control group), PMNC number (average 29% increase), phagocytosis (average 14% increase) and superoxide production (average 28% increase). FO may be useful in preventing chemotherapy-induced decline in neutrophil number and function.

Asunto(s)

Aceites de Pescado/administración & dosificación , Neoplasias Gastrointestinales/metabolismo , Neutrófilos/metabolismo , Fagocitosis/efectos de los fármacos , Antineoplásicos/administración & dosificación , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Brasil , Suplementos Dietéticos , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos/análisis , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/análisis , Femenino , Fluorouracilo/administración & dosificación , Fluorouracilo/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias Gastrointestinales/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Gastrointestinales/cirugía , Humanos , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/agonistas , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/metabolismo , Leucovorina/administración & dosificación , Leucovorina/uso terapéutico , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neutrófilos/efectos de los fármacos , Superóxidos/agonistas , Superóxidos/metabolismo , Aumento de Peso , Pérdida de Peso

RESUMEN

Fish oil (FO) is widely known by its capacity to positively modulate immune parameters and decrease the growth of some tumors. Despite the enormous number of studies addressing the effects of FO, there are few reports showing similar results using other marine sources of lipid compounds with biologic importance. This study aimed to compare the effects of shark liver oil (SLO), which is a source of omega-3 fatty acids and alkylglycerols, with those obtained with FO administration, or the association of both, on tumor growth and the innate immune system in Walker-256 tumor-bearing rats. Beginning at 21 days of age, Wistar rats were fed regular chow and/or FO and/or SLO supplement (1 g/kg body weight per day) for 14 weeks. Walker-256 tumor cells were inoculated on the 90th day. As expected, 14 days after inoculation, rats fed with FO presented tumor weights that were 50% lower than the control tumors (P < .05). The association of both FO and SLO and ingestion of SLO alone also reached the same reduction level. Except for adhesion, all macrophage parameters assayed were 200% higher in rats fed with FO and those supplemented with both FO and SLO compared with control rats. Only reactive nitrogen species production was increased by SLO. These results suggest that SLO might also have indirect antitumor properties. Conversely, there were no additive effects when SLO was administered with FO. Therefore, SLO is another marine compound with in vivo antitumor effects, but its action mechanisms seem not to be related to major modifications on macrophage function.

Asunto(s)

Carcinoma 256 de Walker/prevención & control , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/farmacología , Macrófagos Peritoneales/metabolismo , Nitritos/metabolismo , Administración Oral , Animales , Carcinoma 256 de Walker/dietoterapia , Suplementos Dietéticos , Aceites de Pescado/química , Fagocitosis , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Superóxidos/metabolismo

RESUMEN

This study investigated the effect of Ganoderma lucidum supplementation on lymphocytes and peritoneal macrophages from mice. Our results show that G. lucidum in vivo was able to increase interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) concentration but reduced CD3(+) and CD8(+) spleen lymphocytes. Ex vivo, IFN-gamma; and interleukin-10 levels were increased and the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) level was reduced by peritoneal macrophages from mice fed with G. lucidum. In the absence of stimuli nitric oxide production was reduced in mice fed with G. lucidum, and with lipopolysaccharide stimulation nitric oxide production was increased but was lower than control values (P < .05). G. lucidum was grown by solid-state culture in wheat grain, and a chow containing 10% G. lucidum mycelium was formulated (G10). Swiss male mice were divided into two groups, termed G10 and control groups according to the diet, and were fed for 3 months. Peritoneal macrophages were obtained and investigated with regard to phagocytosis, lysosomal volume, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion, and cytokines ex vivo. In the plasma we investigated concentrations of cytokines, and in the spleen we determined subsets of CD3(+), CD4(+), CD8(+), and CD19(+) lymphocytes.

Asunto(s)

Citocinas/metabolismo , Suplementos Dietéticos , Ganoderma , Factores Inmunológicos/farmacología , Macrófagos Peritoneales/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/biosíntesis , Bazo/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Complejo CD3 , Antígenos CD8 , Citocinas/sangre , Interferón gamma/metabolismo , Interleucina-10/metabolismo , Lipopolisacáridos , Masculino , Ratones , Micelio , Semillas , Bazo/inmunología , Subgrupos de Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Triticum , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismo

RESUMEN

Cancer cachexia syndrome contributes to wasting and weight loss leading to inefficacy of anticancer therapy. In this study, the anticatabolic agent beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) was supplemented to adult Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats during 8 weeks aiming to determine if tumor burden could be reduced. Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to nontumor and tumor-bearing groups and fed regular chow or regular chow plus HMB supplemented (76 mg/kg body weight). Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation induced a lower tumor weight and tumor cell proliferation ex vivo, totally prevented glycemia reduction, as well as blunted the increase in the serum lactate concentrations and also preserved glycogen stores in tumor-bearing rats. Reduction in tumor cell proliferation ex vivo was accompanied by increased nuclear factor-kappaB inhibitor-alpha content by more than 100%. In contrast, nuclear factor-kappaB p65 subunit content was suppressed by 17% with HMB supplementation. In conclusion, HMB supplementation, at a similar dose used in humans to increase muscle mass, caused antitumor and anticachectic effects, with tumor-cell nuclear factor-kappaB pathway participation, which might be a potential nutritional strategy in cancer therapy.

Asunto(s)

Caquexia/prevención & control , Carcinoma 256 de Walker/patología , FN-kappa B/análisis , Valeratos/administración & dosificación , Animales , Caquexia/etiología , Carcinoma 256 de Walker/química , Carcinoma 256 de Walker/complicaciones , División Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Glucógeno/análisis , Hígado/química , Masculino , Músculo Esquelético/química , Ratas , Ratas Wistar

RESUMEN

Here, we investigated the effect of jump exercise on tumor growth, cancer cachexia, lymphocyte proliferation and macrophage function in Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats. Male Wistar rats (60 days) were divided into sedentary (C) and exercised (E) groups. Jump training consisted of six sets of 10 jumps in water with overload of 50% of body mass with 1 min of resting, four times per week for 8 weeks. After 6 weeks of training, half of each group was inoculated with 2 x 10(7) cells of Walker 256 tumor. Sedentary tumor-bearing and exercised tumor-bearing are referred to as T and TE, respectively. Tumor weight in the T group was 25 g. These animals display loss of weight, hypertriacylglycerolemia, hyperlacticidemia, depletion of glycogen stores and increase in PIF expression. Jump exercise (TE) induced a significant lower tumor weight, preserves liver glycogen stores, partly prevented the hypertriacylglycerolemia, hyperlacticidemia and, prevented the fall in body weight and reduced PIF expression. Lymphocyte was increased by tumor burden (T) and was higher by including exercise (TE). The same was observed regarding phagocytosis and lysosomal volume. Anaerobic exercise decreases tumor growth, cancer cachexia and increases innate and adaptative immune function.

Asunto(s)

Caquexia/fisiopatología , Carcinoma 256 de Walker/patología , Carcinoma 256 de Walker/fisiopatología , Linfocitos/fisiología , Macrófagos/fisiología , Condicionamiento Físico Animal/fisiología , Animales , Peso Corporal/fisiología , Proliferación Celular , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Glucógeno/metabolismo , Lactatos/sangre , Linfocitos/patología , Macrófagos/patología , Masculino , Fagocitosis/fisiología , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Triglicéridos/metabolismo , Pérdida de Peso/fisiología

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Glutamine plays a key role in immune response. Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to severe loss of muscle mass and to a high incidence of infections. This study investigated the acute effect of SCI (2 and 5 days) on the plasma glutamine and skeletal muscle concentrations and immune responses in rats. METHODS: A total of 29 adult male Wistar rats were divided as follows: control (C; n = 5), sham-operated (S2; n = 5) and spinal cord-transected (T2; n = 7). They were killed on day 2 after surgery/transection (acute phase). Another set was sham-operated (S5; n = 5), spinal cord-transected (T5; n = 7), and killed at day 5 after surgery/transection (secondary phase). Blood was collected; the white portion of the epitrochlearis and gastrocnemius muscles and the red portion of soleus muscles were dissected to measure the glutamine concentration. Gut-associated lymphocytes and peritoneal macrophages were obtained for immune parameters measurements. RESULTS: Glutamine concentration in the plasma, gastrocnemius, and soleus muscles in rats with SCI were significantly reduced but not in the epitrochlearis muscle in the acute (2 days) and secondary (5 days) phases. Phagocytic response was reduced in the acute phase but increased in the secondary phase in rats with SCI. Superoxide production, on the other hand, was significantly increased at days 2 and 5 after SCI, and CD8+ lymphocytes subset decreased significantly on days 2 and 5. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed reduction in plasma glutamine and skeletal muscle concentrations after spinal cord transection. They also suggest that SCI and glutamine reduction contribute to an alteration in immune competence.

Asunto(s)

Infecciones Bacterianas/metabolismo , Ácido Glutámico/sangre , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Atrofia Muscular/metabolismo , Parálisis/complicaciones , Traumatismos de la Médula Espinal/complicaciones , Animales , Infecciones Bacterianas/diagnóstico , Infecciones Bacterianas/inmunología , Biomarcadores/análisis , Biomarcadores/sangre , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Metabolismo Energético/fisiología , Activación de Linfocitos/inmunología , Macrófagos/inmunología , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Masculino , Metabolismo/fisiología , Músculo Esquelético/inervación , Músculo Esquelético/fisiopatología , Atrofia Muscular/diagnóstico , Atrofia Muscular/inmunología , Péptido Hidrolasas/metabolismo , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Sepsis/diagnóstico , Sepsis/inmunología , Sepsis/metabolismo , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Linfocitos T/metabolismo

RESUMEN

The effect of coconut fat (rich in medium saturated fatty acids) or fish oil (rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids) supplementation for 2 generations on tumor growth, cancer cachexia, animal survival and macrophage function was investigated in Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats. Female Wistar rats were supplemented with coconut fat or fish oil prior to mating and then throughout pregnancy and gestation. Both supplementations were daily and orally given at 1 g per kg body weight as a single bolus. Same treatment was performed by the 2 following generations. At 90 days of age, male offspring (50%) from F2 generation were subcutaneously inoculated with 2 x 10(7) Walker 256 tumor cells. At 14 days after tumor implantation, rats not supplemented displayed cancer cachexia characterized by loss of body weight, hypoglycemia, hyperlacticidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, decreased food intake and depletion of glycogen stores in the liver and skeletal muscles. Supplementation with coconut fat did not affect these parameters. However, supplementation with fish oil decreased tumor growth (59%), prevented body weight loss and food intake reduction and attenuated cancer cachexia. In addition, fish oil increased animal survival up to 20 days (from 25% in rats not supplemented to 67% in rats supplemented with fish oil) and improved macrophage function characterized by increased phagocytosis capacity and production of hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide. These results suggest that fish oil supplementation for 2 generations improves macrophage function in association to reduced tumor growth and attenuated cancer cachexia, maintaining food intake and increasing animal survival.

Asunto(s)

Caquexia/inmunología , Caquexia/prevención & control , Carcinoma 256 de Walker/complicaciones , Aceites de Pescado/administración & dosificación , Macrófagos Peritoneales/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Glucemia/análisis , Peso Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Caquexia/etiología , Aceite de Coco , Ingestión de Alimentos/efectos de los fármacos , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/análisis , Femenino , Aceites de Pescado/química , Glucógeno/análisis , Hipertrigliceridemia/prevención & control , Hipoglucemia/prevención & control , Ácido Láctico/sangre , Glucógeno Hepático/análisis , Músculo Esquelético/química , Fagocitosis , Aceites de Plantas/administración & dosificación , Ratas , Ratas Wistar

RESUMEN

Supplementation of the diet with fish oil (FO) decreases growth of the Walker 256 tumor and decreases the cachexia associated with tumor-bearing. The mechanisms by which FO inhibits tumor growth and cachexia are unknown. Macrophages are very important in host defence against tumors since they produce several anti-tumor agents which in turn have been shown to be modified by dietary FO, but rarely in the setting of tumor bearing and never in relation to lifelong exposure. In this study, we compared the effects of supplementation of the diet of pregnant and lactating rats and subsequent supplementation of the offspring with coconut fat or FO on macrophage activities involved in anti-tumor defence. FO supplementation was able to induce an increase in phagocytosis, in O2-, H2O2, nitric oxide, and TNF-alpha production by macrophages and in lysosomal volume in non-tumor-bearing rats. However, phagocytosis, production of O2- and H2O2 and lysosomal volume were not affected by the FO diet when rats were bearing tumors, although nitric oxide production was higher in these animals. It appears that tumor bearing activates the innate immune system and that dietary FO has little effect on innate immunity in the presence of Walker 256 tumors. Thus, it is still unclear how FO decreases the growth of Walker 256 tumors and the associated cachexia.

Asunto(s)

Carcinoma 256 de Walker/inmunología , Grasas Insaturadas en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Grasas Insaturadas en la Dieta/farmacología , Aceites de Pescado/administración & dosificación , Aceites de Pescado/farmacología , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/inmunología , Envejecimiento/fisiología , Animales , Células Cultivadas , Femenino , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/metabolismo , Lipopolisacáridos/farmacología , Lisosomas/efectos de los fármacos , Lisosomas/metabolismo , Macrófagos/citología , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Masculino , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Fagocitosis/efectos de los fármacos , Embarazo , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Superóxidos/metabolismo , Factores de Tiempo , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/biosíntesis , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Ensayos Antitumor por Modelo de Xenoinjerto